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Dean Martin was a comedy professional.
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" Dean Martin Dean Martin ( born Dino Paul Crocetti ; June 7 , 1917 -- December 25 , 1995 ) was an Italian-American singer , actor , comedian , and film producer . One of the most popular and enduring American entertainers of the mid-20th century , Martin was nicknamed the `` King of Cool '' for his seemingly effortless charisma and self-assurance . He and Jerry Lewis were partners as the immensely popular comedy team Martin and Lewis then afterwards , he was a member of the `` Rat Pack '' and a star in concert stages , nightclubs , recordings , motion pictures , and television . He was the host of the television variety program The Dean Martin Show ( 1965 -- 1974 ) and The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast ( 1974 -- 1984 ) . Martin 's relaxed , warbling crooning voice earned him dozens of hit singles including his signature songs `` Memories Are Made of This '' , `` That 's Amore '' , `` Everybody Loves Somebody '' , `` You 're Nobody till Somebody Loves You '' , `` Sway '' , `` Volare '' , and `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' ."
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" All in a Night's Work (film) All in a Night 's Work is a 1961 romantic screwball comedy starring Dean Martin and Shirley MacLaine , and directed by Joseph Anthony .",
" Dean Paul Martin Dean Paul Martin Jr. ( November 17 , 1951 -- March 21 , 1987 ) was an American entertainer , a noted tennis player , a singer and actor , a wide receiver for the Las Vegas Casinos , and a military pilot ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Journey was once named the fifth-best American rock band by USA Today.
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" Journey (band) Journey is an American rock band that formed in San Francisco in 1973 , composed of former members of Santana and Frumious Bandersnatch . The band has gone through several phases ; its strongest commercial success occurred between 1978 and 1987 . During that period , the band released a series of hit songs , including `` Do n't Stop Believin ' ( 1981 ) , which in 2009 became the top-selling track in iTunes history among songs not released in the 21st century . Its parent studio album , Escape , the band 's eighth and most successful , reached No. 1 on the Billboard 200 and yielded another of their most popular singles , `` Open Arms '' . Its 1983 follow-up album , Frontiers , was almost as successful in the United States , reaching No. 2 and spawning several successful singles ; it broadened the band 's appeal in the United Kingdom , where it reached No. 6 on the UK Albums Chart . Journey enjoyed a successful reunion in the mid-1990s and later regrouped with a series of lead singers . Sales have resulted in two Gold albums , eight multi-platinum albums , and two diamond albums ( including seven consecutive multi-platinum albums between 1978 and 1987 ) . They have had eighteen Top 40 singles in the U.S. ( the second most without a Billboard Hot 100 number one single behind Electric Light Orchestra with 20 ) , six of which reached the Top 10 of the US chart and two of which reached No. 1 on other Billboard charts , and a No. 6 hit on the UK Singles Chart in `` Do n't Stop Believin . In 2005 , `` Do n't Stop Believin reached No. 3 on iTunes downloads . Originally a progressive rock band , Journey was described by AllMusic as having cemented a reputation as `` one of America 's most beloved ( and sometimes hated ) commercial rock/pop bands '' by 1978 , when they redefined their sound by embracing pop arrangements on their fourth album , Infinity . According to the Recording Industry Association of America , Journey has sold 48 million albums in the U.S. , making them the 25th best-selling band . Their worldwide sales have reached close to 90 million records , making them one of the world 's best-selling bands of all time . A 2005 USA Today opinion poll named Journey the fifth-best American rock band in history . Their songs have become arena rock staples and are still played on rock radio stations across the world . Journey ranks No. 96 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time . Journey was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with the class of 2017 . Inductees included lead singer Steve Perry , guitarist Neal Schon , keyboardists Jonathan Cain and Gregg Rolie , bassist Ross Valory , and drummers Aynsley Dunbar and Steve Smith ."
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" Wheel in the Sky `` Wheel in the Sky '' is a song by the American rock band Journey , recorded in 1977 and included on their fourth studio album , Infinity . It was written and composed by Robert Fleischman , Neal Schon and Diane Valory . At the time of the song 's composition , the band had decided to follow a new direction into an edgier sound and began recording simple hard rock pieces with new lead vocalist Fleischman , who was replaced by Steve Perry by the time work on Infinity began in earnest . `` Wheel In The Sky '' reached # 57 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1978 , becoming Journey 's first song to chart on the Hot 100 , and also reached # 45 on the Canadian RPM 100 .",
" Jonathan Cain Jonathan Cain ( born Jonathan Leonard Friga ; February 26 , 1950 ) is an American musician , singer and songwriter best known for his work with The Babys , Journey and Bad English . Cain was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Journey on April 7 , 2017 ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Memento received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Screenplay.
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" Memento (film) Memento is a 2000 American neo-noir psychological thriller film directed and written by Christopher Nolan , and produced by Suzanne and Jennifer Todd . The film 's script was based on a pitch by Jonathan Nolan , who later wrote the story `` Memento Mori '' from the concept . It stars Guy Pearce , Carrie-Anne Moss , and Joe Pantoliano . Pearce stars as a man who , as a result of a past trauma , suffers from anterograde amnesia , the inability to form new memories and suffers short-term memory loss approximately every five minutes . He is searching for the persons who attacked him and killed his wife , using an intricate system of Polaroid photographs and tattoos to track information he can not remember . Memento is presented as two different sequences of scenes interspersed during the film : a series in black-and-white that is shown chronologically , and a series of color sequences shown in reverse order ( simulating for the audience the mental state of the protagonist ) . The two sequences `` meet '' at the end of the film , producing one complete and cohesive narrative . Memento premiered on September 5 , 2000 , at the Venice International Film Festival and was released in European theaters starting in October . It became a blockbuster success , being acclaimed by critics who praised its nonlinear narrative structure and motifs of memory , perception , grief , and self-deception , and earning $ 39.7 million over a $ 9 million budget . It received numerous accolades , including Academy Award nominations for Best Original Screenplay and Best Film Editing . The film was subsequently ranked one of the best films of the 2000s by several critics and media outlets ."
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" The Departed The Departed is a 2006 American crime drama film directed by Martin Scorsese and written by William Monahan . It is a remake of the 2002 Hong Kong film Infernal Affairs . The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio , Matt Damon , Jack Nicholson , and Mark Wahlberg , with Martin Sheen , Ray Winstone , Vera Farmiga , Anthony Anderson and Alec Baldwin in supporting roles . The film takes place in Boston . Irish Mob boss Francis `` Frank '' Costello ( Jack Nicholson ) plants Colin Sullivan ( Matt Damon ) as a mole within the Massachusetts State Police ; the two characters are loosely based on famous gangster Whitey Bulger and corrupt FBI agent John Connolly , who grew up with Bulger . Simultaneously , the police assign undercover state trooper William `` Billy '' Costigan ( Leonardo DiCaprio ) to infiltrate Costello 's crew . When both sides realize the situation , Sullivan and Costigan both attempt to discover the other 's identity before their covers are blown . The film was a critical and commercial success and won several awards , including four Oscars at the 79th Academy Awards : Best Picture , Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Film Editing . Wahlberg was also nominated for Best Supporting Actor .",
" The English Patient (film) The English Patient is a 1996 British-American war drama film directed by Anthony Minghella from his own script based on the novel of the same name by Michael Ondaatje and produced by Saul Zaentz . The film was released to critical acclaim , and received 12 nominations at the 69th Academy Awards , eventually winning nine , including Best Picture , Best Director for Minghella and Best Supporting Actress for Juliette Binoche ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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The English Civil War started in 1642 and ended nine years later.
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" English Civil War The English Civil War ( 1642 -- 1651 ) was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians ( `` Roundheads '' ) and Royalists ( `` Cavaliers '' ) over , principally , the manner of England 's government . The first ( 1642 -- 46 ) and second ( 1648 -- 49 ) wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament , while the third ( 1649 -- 51 ) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament . The war ended with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651 . The overall outcome of the war was threefold : the trial and execution of Charles I ( 1649 ) ; the exile of his son , Charles II ( 1651 ) ; and the replacement of English monarchy with , at first , the Commonwealth of England ( 1649 -- 53 ) and then the Protectorate under the personal rules of Oliver Cromwell ( 1653 -- 58 ) and his son ( 1658 -- 59 ) . The monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship in England ended with the victors ' consolidating the established Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland . Constitutionally , the wars established the precedent that an English monarch can not govern without Parliament 's consent , although the idea of Parliament as the ruling power of England was only legally established as part of the Glorious Revolution in 1688 ."
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" Elizabethan era The Elizabethan era is the epoch in English history marked by the reign of Queen Elizabeth I ( 1558 -- 1603 ) . Historians often depict it as the golden age in English history . The symbol of Britannia was first used in 1572 , and often thereafter , to mark the Elizabethan age as a renaissance that inspired national pride through classical ideals , international expansion , and naval triumph over the Spanish -- at the time , a rival kingdom much hated by the people of the land . In terms of the entire century , the historian John Guy ( 1988 ) argues that `` England was economically healthier , more expansive , and more optimistic under the Tudors '' than at any time in a thousand years . This `` golden age '' represented the apogee of the English Renaissance and saw the flowering of poetry , music and literature . The era is most famous for theatre , as William Shakespeare and many others composed plays that broke free of England 's past style of theatre . It was an age of exploration and expansion abroad , while back at home , the Protestant Reformation became more acceptable to the people , most certainly after the Spanish Armada was repulsed . It was also the end of the period when England was a separate realm before its royal union with Scotland . The Elizabethan Age may be viewed especially highly when considered in light of the failings of the periods preceding Elizabeth 's reign and those which followed . It was a brief period of internal peace between the English Reformation and the religious battles between Protestants and Catholics and then the political battles between parliament and the monarchy that engulfed the remainder of the seventeenth century . The Protestant/Catholic divide was settled , for a time , by the Elizabethan Religious Settlement , and parliament was not yet strong enough to challenge royal absolutism . England was also well-off compared to the other nations of Europe . The Italian Renaissance had come to an end under the weight of Spanish domination of the peninsula . France was embroiled in its own religious battles due to significant Spanish intervention , that would only be settled in 1598 with the Edict of Nantes . In part because of this , but also because the English had been expelled from their last outposts on the continent by Spain 's tercios , the centuries-long conflict between France and England was largely suspended for most of Elizabeth 's reign . The one great rival was Spain , which England clashed both in Europe and the Americas in skirmishes that exploded into the Anglo-Spanish War of 1585 -- 1604 . An attempt by Philip II of Spain to invade England with the Spanish Armada in 1588 was famously defeated , but the tide of war turned against England with an unsuccessful expedition to Portugal and the Azores , the Drake-Norris Expedition of 1589 . Thereafter , Spain provided some support for Irish Catholics in a debilitating rebellion against English rule , and Spanish naval and land forces inflicted a series of reversals against English offensives . This drained both the English Exchequer and economy that had been so carefully restored under Elizabeth 's prudent guidance . English commercial and territorial expansion would be limited until the signing of the Treaty of London the year following Elizabeth 's death . England during this period had a centralised , well-organised , and effective government , largely a result of the reforms of Henry VII and Henry VIII , as well as Elizabeth 's harsh punishments for any dissenters . Economically , the country began to benefit greatly from the new era of trans-Atlantic trade , persistent theft of Spanish treasure , and the African slave trade .",
" Third English Civil War The Third English Civil War ( 1649 -- 1651 ) was the last of the English Civil Wars ( 1642 -- 1651 ) , a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists . The Preston campaign of the Second Civil War was undertaken under the direction of the Scots Parliament , not the Kirk , and it took the execution of King Charles I to bring about a union of all Scottish parties against the English Independents . Even so , Charles II in exile had to submit to long negotiations and hard conditions before he was allowed to put himself at the head of the Scottish armies . The Marquess of Huntly was executed for taking up arms for the king on 22 March 1649 . The Marquess of Montrose , under the direction of Charles II , made a last attempt to rally the Scottish Royalists early in 1650 . But Charles II merely used Montrose as a threat to obtain better conditions for himself from the Covenanters . When Montrose was defeated at the Battle of Carbisdale on 27 April , delivered up to his pursuers on 4 May , and executed on 21 May 1650 , Charles II gave way to the demands of the Covenanters and placed himself at their head . Charles II now tried to regain the throne through an alliance with his father 's former enemies in Scotland , who intended to impose Presbyterianism on England . He dismissed all the faithful Cavaliers who had followed him to exile . As the Royal army was mostly Scottish , and as the invasion was not accompanied by any major rising or support in England , the war can also be viewed as being primarily an Anglo-Scottish War rather than a continuation of the English Civil War ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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The Oprah Winfrey Show won 47 awards.
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" The Oprah Winfrey Show The Oprah Winfrey Show , often referred to simply as Oprah , is an American syndicated tabloid talk show that aired nationally for 25 seasons from September 8 , 1986 to May 25 , 2011 in Chicago , Illinois . Produced and hosted by its namesake , Oprah Winfrey , it remains the highest-rated talk show in American television history . The show has been highly influential , and many of its topics have penetrated into the American pop-cultural consciousness . Winfrey has used the show as an educational platform , featuring book clubs , interviews , self-improvement segments , and philanthropic forays into world events . The show does not attempt to profit off the products it endorses ; it has had no licensing agreement with retailers when products were promoted , nor has the show made any money from endorsing books for its book club . Oprah is one of the longest-running daytime television tabloid talk shows in history . The show received 47 Daytime Emmy Awards before Winfrey chose to stop submitting it for consideration in 2000 . In 2002 , TV Guide ranked it at # 49 on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time . In 2013 , they ranked it as the 19th greatest TV show of all time ."
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" The Golden Girls The Golden Girls is an American sitcom created by Susan Harris that originally aired on NBC from September 14 , 1985 , to May 9 , 1992 , with a total of 180 half-hour episodes spanning over seven seasons . The show stars Beatrice Arthur , Betty White , Rue McClanahan , and Estelle Getty , as four older women who share a home in Miami , Florida . It was produced by Witt/Thomas/Harris Productions , in association with Touchstone Television , and Paul Junger Witt , Tony Thomas , and Harris served as the original executive producers . The Golden Girls received critical acclaim throughout most of its run and won several awards , including the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series twice . It also won three Golden Globe Awards for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy . Each of the four stars received an Emmy Award ( from multiple nominations during the series ' run ) , making it one of only three sitcoms in the award 's history to achieve this . The series also ranked among the top-10 highest-rated programs for six of its seven seasons . In 2013 , TV Guide ranked The Golden Girls number 54 on its list of the 60 Best Series of All Time . In 2014 , the Writers Guild of America placed the sitcom at number 69 in their list of the `` 101 Best Written TV Series of All Time '' .",
" Howard Stern Howard Allan Stern ( born January 12 , 1954 ) is an American radio and television personality , producer , author , actor , and photographer . He is best known for his radio show The Howard Stern Show , which gained popularity when it was nationally syndicated on terrestrial radio from 1986 to 2005 . Stern has broadcast on Sirius XM Radio since 2006 . Stern first wished to be on the radio at five years of age . He landed his first radio jobs while at Boston University . From 1976 to 1982 , Stern developed his on-air personality through morning positions at WRNW in Briarcliff Manor , New York , WCCC in Hartford , Connecticut , WWWW in Detroit , Michigan , and WWDC in Washington , D.C. Stern worked afternoons at WNBC in New York City from 1982 until his firing in 1985 . In 1985 , Stern began a 20-year run at WXRK in New York City ; his morning show entered syndication in 1986 and aired in 60 markets and attracted 20 million listeners at its peak . Stern won numerous industry awards , including Billboard 's Nationally Syndicated Air Personality of the Year eight consecutive times , and is the first to have the number one morning show in New York City and Los Angeles simultaneously . He became the most fined radio host when the Federal Communications Commission issued fines totaling $ 2.5 million to station owners for content it deemed indecent . Stern became one of the highest paid radio figures after signing a five-year deal with Sirius in 2004 worth $ 500 million . In recent years , Stern 's photography has been featured in Hamptons and WHIRL magazines . From 2012 to 2015 , he served as a judge on America 's Got Talent . Stern has described himself as `` King of All Media '' since 1992 for his successes outside radio . He hosted and produced numerous late night television shows , pay-per-view events and home videos . His two books , Private Parts ( 1993 ) and Miss America ( 1995 ) , entered The New York Times Best Seller list at number one and sold over one million copies . The former was made into a biographical comedy film in 1997 that had Stern and his radio show staff star as themselves . It topped the US box office in its opening week and grossed $ 41.2 million domestically . Stern performs on its soundtrack which charted the Billboard 200 at number one and was certified platinum for one million copies sold . In 2012 , Stern was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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WWI was a war that never happened.
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" Triple Alliance (1882) The Triple Alliance , also known as the Triplice , was a secret agreement between Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy formed on 20 May 1882 and renewed periodically until it expired in 1915 during the Diplomatic history of World War I. Germany and Austria-Hungary had been closely allied since 1879 . Italy sought support against France shortly after it lost North African ambitions to the French . Each member promised mutual support in the event of an attack by any other great power . The treaty provided that Germany and Austria-Hungary were to assist Italy if it was attacked by France without provocation . In turn , Italy would assist Germany if attacked by France . In the event of a war between Austria-Hungary and Russia , Italy promised to remain neutral . When the treaty was renewed in February 1887 , Italy gained an empty promise of German support of Italian colonial ambitions in North Africa in return for Italy 's continued friendship . Austria-Hungary had to be pressured by German chancellor Otto von Bismarck into accepting the principles of consultation and mutual agreement with Italy on any territorial changes initiated in the Balkans or on the coasts and islands of the Adriatic and Aegean seas . Italy and Austria-Hungary did not overcome their basic conflict of interest in that region despite the treaty . In 1891 attempts were made to join Britain to the Triplice , which , though unsuccessful , were widely believed to have succeeded in Russian diplomatic circles . Shortly after renewing the Alliance in June 1902 , Italy secretly extended a similar guarantee to France . By a particular agreement , neither Austria-Hungary nor Italy would change the status quo in the Balkans without previous consultation . On 1 November 1902 , five months after the Triple Alliance was renewed , Italy reached an understanding with France that each would remain neutral in the event of an attack on the other . When Austria-Hungary found itself at war in August 1914 with the rival Triple Entente , Italy proclaimed its neutrality , considering Austria-Hungary the aggressor and defaulting on the obligation to consult and agree compensations before changing the status quo in the Balkans , as agreed in 1912 renewal of the Triple Alliance . Following parallel negotiation with both Triple Alliance , aimed to keep Italy neutral , and the Triple Entente , aimed to make Italy enter the conflict , Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary . Carol I of Romania , through his Prime Minister Ion I. C. Brătianu , had also secretly pledged to support the Triple Alliance , but he remained neutral since Austria-Hungary started the war .",
" Western Front (World War I) The Western Front or Western Theater was the main theatre of war during World War I. Following the outbreak of war in August 1914 , the German Army opened the Western Front by invading Luxembourg and Belgium , then gaining military control of important industrial regions in France . The tide of the advance was dramatically turned with the Battle of the Marne . Following the Race to the Sea , both sides dug in along a meandering line of fortified trenches , stretching from the North Sea to the Swiss frontier with France . This line remained essentially unchanged for most of the war . Between 1915 and 1917 there were several major offensives along this front . The attacks employed massive artillery bombardments and massed infantry advances . However , a combination of entrenchments , machine gun emplacements , barbed wire , and artillery repeatedly inflicted severe casualties on the attackers and counter-attacking defenders . As a result , no significant advances were made . Among the most costly of these offensives were the Battle of Verdun , in 1916 , with a combined 700,000 casualties ( estimated ) , the Battle of the Somme , also in 1916 , with more than a million casualties ( estimated ) , and the Battle of Passchendaele , in 1917 , with roughly 600,000 casualties ( estimated ) . In an effort to break the deadlock , this front saw the introduction of new military technology , including poison gas , aircraft and tanks . But it was only after the adoption of improved tactics that some degree of mobility was restored . The German Army 's Spring Offensive of 1918 was made possible by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk that marked the end of the conflict on the Eastern Front . Using the recently introduced infiltration tactics , the German armies advanced nearly 60 mi to the west , which marked the deepest advance by either side since 1914 and very nearly succeeded in forcing a breakthrough . In spite of the generally stagnant nature of this front , this theatre would prove decisive . The inexorable advance of the Allied armies during the second half of 1918 persuaded the German commanders that defeat was inevitable , and the government was forced to sue for conditions of an armistice . The terms of peace were agreed upon with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 ."
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" Total war Total war is warfare that includes any and all civilian-associated resources and infrastructure as legitimate military targets , mobilizes all of the resources of society to fight the war , and gives priority to warfare over non-combatant needs . The American-English Dictionary defines total war as `` war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used , the territory or combatants involved , or the objectives pursued , especially one in which the laws of war are disregarded . '' In the mid-19th century , scholars identified `` total war '' as a separate class of warfare . In a total war , to an extent inapplicable to less total conflicts , the differentiation between combatants and non-combatants diminishes and even sometimes vanishes entirely as opposing sides can consider nearly every human resource , even that of non-combatants , as part of the war effort . Actions that may characterize the post-19th century concept of total war include : Strategic bombing , as during World War II , the Korean War , and the Vietnam War ( Operations Rolling Thunder and Linebacker II ) Blockade and sieging of population centers , as with the Allied blockade of Germany and the Siege of Leningrad during the First and Second World Wars Scorched earth policy , as with the March to the Sea during the American Civil War and the Japanese `` Three Alls Policy '' during the Second Sino-Japanese War Commerce raiding , tonnage war , and unrestricted submarine warfare , as with privateering , the German U-Boat campaigns of the First and Second World Wars , and the United States submarine campaign against Japan during World War II Collective punishment , pacification operations , and reprisals against populations deemed hostile , as with the execution and deportation of suspected Communards following the fall of the 1871 Paris Commune or German reprisal policy targeting resistance movements , insurgents , and Untermenschen such as in France ( e.g. Maillé massacre ) and Poland during World War II The use of civilians and prisoners of war as forced labor for military operations , as with Japan and Germany 's massive use of forced laborers of other nations during World War II ( see Slavery in Japan and Forced labor under German rule during World War II ) Giving no quarter ( i.e. take no prisoners ) , as with Hitler 's Commando Order during World War II , or the Ordinance of no quarter to the Irish of 1644 .",
" Civil war A civil war , also known as an intrastate war in polemology , is a war between organized groups within the same state or country , . The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region , to achieve independence for a region or to change government policies . The term is a calque of the Latin bellum civile which was used to refer to the various civil wars of the Roman Republic in the 1st century BC . A civil war is a high-intensity conflict , often involving regular armed forces , that is sustained , organized and large-scale . Civil wars may result in large numbers of casualties and the consumption of significant resources . Most modern civil wars involve intervention by outside powers . According to Patrick M. Regan in his book Civil Wars and Foreign Powers ( 2000 ) about two thirds of the 138 intrastate conflicts between the end of II and 2000 saw international intervention , with the United States intervening in 35 of these conflicts . Civil wars since the end of II have lasted on average just over four years , a dramatic rise from the one-and-a-half-year average of the 1900 -- 1944 period . While the rate of emergence of new civil wars has been relatively steady since the mid-19th century , the increasing length of those wars has resulted in increasing numbers of wars ongoing at any one time . For example , there were no more than five civil wars underway simultaneously in the first half of the 20th century while there were over 20 concurrent civil wars close to the end of the Cold War . Since 1945 , civil wars have resulted in the deaths of over 25 million people , as well as the forced displacement of millions more . Civil wars have further resulted in economic collapse ; Somalia , Burma ( Myanmar ) , Uganda and Angola are examples of nations that were considered to have had promising futures before being engulfed in civil wars ."
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Ātman means soul in Sanskrit.
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" Ātman (Hinduism) Ātman ( -LSB- ˈɑːtmən -RSB- ) is a Sanskrit word that means inner self or soul . In Hindu philosophy , especially in the Vedanta school of Hinduism , Ātman is the first principle , the true self of an individual beyond identification with phenomena , the essence of an individual . In order to attain liberation ( moksha ) , a human being must acquire self-knowledge ( atma jnana ) , which is to realize that one 's true self ( Ātman ) is identical with the transcendent self Brahman . The six orthodox schools of Hinduism believe that there is Ātman ( soul , self ) in every being , a major point of difference with Buddhism , which does not believe that there is either soul or self ."
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" Ātman (Buddhism) Ātman , attā or attan in Buddhism refers to the concept of self , and is found in Buddhist literature 's discussion of the concept of non-self ( Anatta ) . Most Buddhist traditions and texts reject the premise of a permanent , unchanging atman ( self , soul ) . However , some Buddhist schools , sutras and tantras present the notion of an atman ( -LSB- ˈɑːtmən -RSB- ) or permanent `` Self '' , although mostly referring to an Absolute and not to a personal self .",
" Tree of Jiva and Atman The Tree of Jiva and Atman appears in the Vedic scriptures , predating current Hinduism , as a metaphysical metaphor concerning the soul . The Rig Veda samhita 1.164.20-22 , Mundaka Upanishad 3.1.1-2 , and Svetasvatara Upanisad 4.6-7 , speak of two birds , one perched on the branch of the tree , which signifies the body , and eating its fruit , the other merely watching . Rig Veda samhita says : 1.164.20 Two birds associated together , and mutual friends , take refuge in the same tree ; one of them eats the sweet fig ; the other abstaining from food , merely looks on . 1.164.21 Where the smooth-gliding rays , cognizant , distil the perpetual portion of water ; there has the Lord and steadfast protector all beings accepted me , though immature in wisdom . 1.164.22 In the tree into which the smooth-gliding rays feeders on the sweet , enters , and again bring forth light over all , they have called the fruit sweet , but he partakes not of it who knows not the protector of the universe . The first bird represents a Jiva , or individual self , or soul . She has a female nature , being a shakti , an energy of God . When the jiva becomes distracted by the fruits ( signifying sensual pleasure ) , she momentarily forgets her lord and lover and tries to enjoy the fruit independently of him . This separating forgetfulness is maha-maya , or enthrallment , spiritual death , and constitutes the fall of the jiva into the world of material birth , death , disease and old age . The second bird is the Paramatman , an aspect of God who accompanies every living being in the heart while she remains in the material world . He is the support of all beings and is beyond sensual pleasure . It can be stated that this concept of Atman and Jiva have been personified and taken into the Bible as Adam and Eve and the fall of man . It has been opined by a highly revered Shankaracharya of the Kanchi Mutt , His Holiness Chandrashekharendra Saraswati , that the term `` Atman '' also known commonly as `` Atma '' could have become `` Adam '' and `` Jeeva '' , `` Eve '' . Conversely it can also be stated that this abstraction of Jiva and Atman is immutable essence related to the events surrounding the fall of man . Another interpretation is the two birds are two options : one is to eat the sweet fruits ; other is merely look on and recognize where the smooth-gliding rays distil the perpetual water ( the leaves and the root ) ; there the lord and protector accepts me in the tree , into which the smooth-gliding rays feeders on the sweet and brings light over the tree . First consciousness has to know the protector of the universe and then partakes of it . The text itself , however , relates more to the bounties of the world and praise for the creator . The myriad of interpretations of this particular text are seeded more in later Hindu philosophizations influenced over time by the interactions of Hinduism with other philosophies and religions , rather than having any clear historical association with the intended meaning of the specific verse ."
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Mark Millar has worked on The Ultimates as a writer.
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" Mark Millar Mark Millar ( born 24 December 1969 ) is a Scottish comic book writer , known for his work on The Authority , The Ultimates , Marvel Knights Spider-Man , Ultimate Fantastic Four , Civil War , The Secret Service , Wanted , Chrononauts , Superior and Kick-Ass , the latter six of which have been , or will be , adapted into feature films . For his work Millar has been nominated for four Eisner Awards and two Eagle Awards , and in June 2013 he was recognized by Queen Elizabeth II as a Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire for services to film and literature ."
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" Herr Kleiser Herr Kleiser is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character has appeared in Ultimate comic books . The character first appeared in Ultimates # 10 ( July 2003 ) and was created by writer Mark Millar and artist Bryan Hitch .",
" Ultimates The Ultimates is a group of superheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The team was created by writer Mark Millar and artist Bryan Hitch , and first appeared in The Ultimates # 1 ( March 2002 ) , as part of the company 's Ultimate Marvel imprint . The team is a modern reimagining of the superhero team the Avengers ."
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Judith Quiney was born on February 9, 1662.
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" Judith Quiney Judith Quiney ( baptised 2 February 1585 -- 9 February 1662 ) , née Shakespeare , was the younger daughter of William Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway and the fraternal twin of Shakespeare 's only son Hamnet Shakespeare . She married Thomas Quiney , a vintner of Stratford-upon-Avon . The circumstances of the marriage , including Quiney 's misconduct , may have prompted the rewriting of Shakespeare 's will . Thomas was struck out , while Judith 's inheritance was attached with provisions to safeguard it from her husband . The bulk of Shakespeare 's estate was left , in an elaborate fee tail , to his elder daughter Susanna and her male heirs . Judith and Thomas Quiney had three children . By the time of Judith Quiney 's death , she had outlived her children by many years . She has been depicted in several works of fiction as part of an attempt to piece together unknown portions of her father 's life ."
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" Judith (homily) Judith is a homily written by abbot Ælfric of Eynsham around the year 1000 . It is extant in two manuscripts , a fairly complete version being found in Corpus Christi College Cambridge MS 303 , and fragments in British Library MS Cotton Otho B.x , which came from the Cotton Library . The homily is written in Old English alliterative prose . It is 452 verses long . The story paraphrases the Biblical original closely . Ælfric ends the homily with a detailed exegetical interpretation of the story , which he addresses to nuns . In the first 190 lines , Ælfric introduces king Nebuchadnezzar and Holofernes , the leader of his army , whom he charges with conquering the land of the Jews . Holofernes complies and subdues most countries to the west of Assyria , except Bethulia , a Jewish town which resists the invader . At this point Judith is introduced . As in the Bible , Judith is depicted as a wealthy , independent widow , who after the death of her husband has chosen to remain single and lead a clean and chaste life ( lines 203-207 ) .1 In his exegesis , Ælfric again stresses Judith 's cleanness and chastity ( lines 391-394 ) .2 Judith is depicted as pious and steadfast in her traditions , even bringing her own food to the Assyrian 's tent ( lines 270-272 ) .3 Ælfric thus represents Judith as a figure of identification for the nuns . Ælfric also stresses Judith 's eloquence . She talks her way into the Assyrian 's camp ( lines 237-241 ) , she talks Holofernes into drinking too much and falling asleep ( lines 248-277 ) and after she has beheaded Holofernes she motivates the Bethulians to fight ( lines 312-354 ) .",
" Harpies and Quines Harpies and Quines was a feminist magazine founded by seven women living and working in Scotland including the journalist and broadcaster Lesley Riddoch and published in Scotland between 1992 and 1994 . The founder women were two community workers , two journalists , an illustrator , a film editor and a graphic artist , a film and television art director . It was launched on a wave of enthusiasm , goodwill , donations and unpaid efforts of a great number of women . It was unsuccessfully sued by Harpers and Queen who objected to the name and did n't get the joke . Harpers and Queen managed to give the small independent magazine the kind of front-page UK-wide publicity it could not have afforded to pay for . Several sets of circumstances led to the directors of Harpies and Quines declaring voluntary insolvency in 1994 after publishing 16 ( 18 ? ) issues ."
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Tyne Daly was a performer in Mothers and Sons.
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" Tyne Daly Ellen Tyne Daly ( born February 21 , 1946 ) is an American stage and screen actress . She has won six Emmy Awards for her television work and a Tony Award , and is a 2011 American Theatre Hall of Fame inductee . Daly began her career on stage in summer stock in New York , and made her Broadway debut in the play That Summer -- That Fall in 1967 . She is best known for her television role as Detective Mary Beth Lacey in Cagney & Lacey ( 1982 -- 88 ) , for which she is a four-time Emmy Award winner as Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series . In 1989 , she starred in the Broadway revival of Gypsy and won the 1990 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical . Her other TV roles include Alice Henderson in Christy ( 1994 -- 95 ) , for which she won an Emmy in 1996 and Maxine Gray in Judging Amy ( 1999 -- 2005 ) , which won her a sixth Emmy in 2003 . Her other Broadway credits include The Seagull ( 1992 ) , her Tony-nominated role in Rabbit Hole ( 2006 ) and her Tony-nominated role in Mothers and Sons ( 2014 ) . She played Maria Callas , both on Broadway and in London 's West End , in the play Master Class ( 2011 -- 12 ) ."
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" Royal National Theatre The Royal National Theatre ( generally known as the National Theatre ) in London is one of the United Kingdom 's three most prominent publicly funded performing arts venues , alongside the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Royal Opera House . Internationally , it is known as the National Theatre of Great Britain . From its foundation in 1963 until 1976 , the company was based at the Old Vic theatre in Waterloo . The current building is located next to the Thames in the South Bank area of central London . In addition to performances at the National Theatre building , the National Theatre company tours productions at theatres across the United Kingdom . Since 1988 , the theatre has been permitted to call itself the Royal National Theatre , but the full title is rarely used . The theatre presents a varied programme , including Shakespeare and other international classic drama ; and new plays by contemporary playwrights . Each auditorium in the theatre can run up to three shows in repertoire , thus further widening the number of plays which can be put on during any one season . In June 2009 , the theatre began National Theatre Live ( NT Live ) , a programme of simulcasts of live productions to cinemas , first in the United Kingdom and then internationally . The programme began with a production of Phèdre , starring Helen Mirren , which was screened live in 70 cinemas across the UK . NT Live productions have since been broadcast to over 1,000 venues in 35 countries around the world . The NT had an annual turnover of approximately # 87 million in 2012 -- 13 , of which earned income made up 80 % ( 55 % from ticket sales , and 14 % as revenue from the restaurants , bookshops , etc. ) . Support from Arts Council England provided 20 % of income , and the remaining 7 % came from a mixture of companies , individuals , trusts and foundations .",
" Age of Consent (film) Age of Consent ( also known as Norman Lindsay 's Age of Consent ) is a 1969 Australian film which was the penultimate feature film directed by British director Michael Powell . The romantic comedy-drama stars James Mason ( co-producer with Powell ) , Helen Mirren in her first major film role , and veteran Irish character actor Jack MacGowran ; it features veteran actress Neva Carr Glyn . The screenplay by Peter Yeldham was adapted from the 1935 semi-autobiographical novel of the same name by Norman Lindsay , who died the year this film was released . Lindsay is also portrayed ( in this case , by name ) in the 1994 films Sirens , starring Hugh Grant , Sam Neill , and Elle Macpherson ."
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The X Factor is a British music competition.
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" The X Factor (UK series 7) The X Factor is a British television music competition to find new singing talent . The seventh series started on ITV on 21 August 2010 and ended on 12 December 2010 . The winner was Matt Cardle and his debut single `` When We Collide '' was released after the final . Cardle was mentored throughout by Dannii Minogue , who won as mentor for the second time . A total of 15,448,019 votes were cast throughout the series . It was presented by Dermot O'Leary , with spin-off show The Xtra Factor presented by Konnie Huq on ITV2 , who took over from Holly Willoughby . The competition was split into several stages : auditions , bootcamp , judges ' houses and live shows . Auditions took place throughout June and July 2010 , with Simon Cowell , Louis Walsh and Cheryl Cole returning as judges . Minogue missed the auditions and bootcamp due to being on maternity leave , so Geri Halliwell , Natalie Imbruglia , Katy Perry , Pixie Lott and Nicole Scherzinger were brought in as guest judges . Cole missed the auditions in Manchester and bootcamp because she had malaria . Following bootcamp , successful acts were split into four categories : Boys ( male soloists aged 16 to 28 ) , Girls ( female soloists aged 16 to 28 ) , Over 28s ( soloists aged 29 and over ) and Groups . Minogue and Cole returned for the judges ' houses stage , and each judge mentored eight acts through judges ' houses . The live shows started on 9 October 2010 . Four acts eliminated at judges ' houses were brought back as wildcards , making this the first series to have 16 acts perform in the live shows . This was the first series of the show to be filmed in high definition , and was simulcast on ITV1 HD and STV HD . From October , The Xtra Factor was also shown in high definition , simulcast on the new channel ITV2 HD . It was sponsored by TalkTalk in the United Kingdom and Dominos Pizza in Ireland . This series proved to be highly controversial , with many people complaining about the use of pitch correction software on the broadcast of contestants ' auditions , the decision to form two groups out of rejected soloists , the rejection of popular contestant Gamu Nhengu at judges ' houses and Cole 's failure to vote to eliminate an act in week 5 of the live shows . Controversy also surrounded contestants Shirlena Johnson , who was axed over fears for her mental health , and Treyc Cohen , who was reported to already have a record deal when the live shows started . There were also accusations of fixing , which were denied by the show 's producers . It was the most watched series to date , with an average of 14.13 million viewers per episode . The final was watched by 17.71 million people , making it the highest rated television episode of 2010 in the UK ."
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" Mercury Prize The Mercury Prize , formerly called the Mercury Music Prize , is an annual music prize awarded for the best album from the United Kingdom and Ireland . It was established by the British Phonographic Industry and British Association of Record Dealers in 1992 as an alternative to the Brit Awards . The prize was originally sponsored by Mercury Communications , a brand owned by Cable & Wireless , from which the prize gets its name . It was later sponsored by Technics ( 1998 to 2001 ) , Panasonic ( 2002 and 2003 ) , Nationwide Building Society ( 2004 to 2008 ) and Barclaycard ( 2009 -- 14 ) . The 2015 prize was sponsored by the BBC , while in 2016 it was announced that a three-year deal had been struck with Hyundai to sponsor the event . Any album released by a British artist , or by a band where over 50 % of the members are British , may be submitted for consideration by their record label . The shortlist is chosen by an independent panel of musicians , music presenters , music producers , music journalists , festival organisers and other figures in the music industry in the UK and Ireland . The prize is open to all types of music , including pop , rock , folk , urban , grime , dance , jazz , blues , electronica and classical . Presentation of the awards usually takes place at an Awards Show in October , after the shortlist is announced at the Album of the Year Launch in September . It is often observed that bands whose albums are shortlisted , or win the prize , experience a large increase in album sales , particularly for lesser known acts . Each shortlisted artist receives a specially commissioned ` Albums of the Year ' trophy at the Awards Show . Unlike some other music awards , the overall winner of the Mercury Prize also receives a cheque ; as of 2014 , the value of the prize money is # 20,000 . The winner also receives an additional winner 's trophy . To date , PJ Harvey is the only artist to have won the award on more than one occasion ( in 2001 and 2011 ) . She was also the first female solo artist to receive the award . Radiohead are the most shortlisted artists with five , but they have never won .",
" Classic Brit Awards The Classic BRIT Awards ( previously Classical BRIT Awards ) are an annual awards ceremony held in the United Kingdom covering aspects of classical and crossover music , and are the equivalent of pop music 's Brit Awards . The awards are organised by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) and were inaugurated in 2000 `` in recognition of the achievements of classical musicians and the growth of classical music sales in the UK . '' The ceremony takes place in the Royal Albert Hall each May . The event combines live performances with specially commissioned awards presented throughout the evening . Voting for the awards is done by `` an academy of industry executives , the media , the British Association of Record Dealers ( BARD ) , members of the Musicians Union , lawyers , promoters , and orchestra leaders , '' except for `` Album of the Year '' which is voted for by listeners of Classic FM . Since 2011 , the ceremony has been known as `` Classic BRIT Awards '' ."
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Bahrain is comprised of a small archipelago focused around Bahrain Island.
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" Bahrain Bahrain ( -LSB- bɑːˈreɪn -RSB- البحرين ) , officially the Kingdom of Bahrain , is a small Arab monarchy in the Arabian Gulf . It is an island country consisting of a small archipelago centered around Bahrain Island , situated between the Qatar peninsula and the north eastern coast of Saudi Arabia , to which it is connected by the 25 km King Fahd Causeway . Bahrain 's population is 1,234,571 ( c. 2010 ) , including 666,172 non-nationals . It is 780 km2 in size , making it the third smallest nation in Asia after the Maldives and Singapore . Bahrain is the site of the ancient Dilmun civilisation . It has been famed since antiquity for its pearl fisheries , which were considered the best in the world into the 19th century . Bahrain was one of the earliest areas to convert to Islam ( 628 ) . Following a period of Arab rule , Bahrain was occupied by the Portuguese in 1521 , who in turn were expelled in 1602 by Shah Abbas I of the Safavid dynasty under the Persian Empire . In 1783 , the Bani Utbah clan captured Bahrain from Nasr Al-Madhkur and it has since been ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family , with Ahmed al Fateh as Bahrain 's first hakim . In the late 1800s , following successive treaties with the British , Bahrain became a protectorate of the United Kingdom . In 1971 , Bahrain declared independence . Formerly an emirate , Bahrain was declared a Kingdom in 2002 . In 2011 , the country experienced protests inspired by the regional Arab Spring . Bahrain had the first post-oil economy in the Arabian Gulf . Since the late 20th century , Bahrain has invested in the banking and tourism sectors . Many large financial institutions have a presence in Manama , the country 's capital . Bahrain has a high Human Development Index and was recognised by the World Bank as a high income economy ."
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" Archipelago An archipelago ( -LSB- ɑːrkᵻˈpɛləɡoʊ -RSB- ) , sometimes called an island group or island chain , is a chain , cluster or collection of islands . The word archipelago is derived from the Greek ἄρχι - -- arkhi - ( `` chief '' ) and πέλαγος -- pélagos ( `` sea '' ) through the Italian arcipelago . In Italian , possibly following a tradition of antiquity , the Archipelago ( from medieval Greek * ἀρχιπέλαγος and Latin archipelagus ) was the proper name for the Aegean Sea and , later , usage shifted to refer to the Aegean Islands ( since the sea is remarkable for its large number of islands ) . It is now used to refer to any island group or , sometimes , to a sea containing a small number of scattered islands .",
" Lucayan Archipelago The Lucayan Archipelago , also known as the Bahama Archipelago , is an island group comprising the Commonwealth of the Bahamas and the British Overseas Territory of the Turks and Caicos Islands . The archipelago is in the western North Atlantic Ocean , north of the Antilles , and east and southeast of Florida . William Keegan writes that the Bahama archipelago includes the territories of both the Commonwealth of the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands , adding : `` Modern political considerations aside , the islands form a single archipelago with common geological , ecological , and cultural roots . '' Because the two nations of the Lucayan Archipelago do not border the Caribbean Sea , they are technically part of the West Indies but not the Caribbean . They are , however , often grouped with the Caribbean nations for convenience ."
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John Wick: Chapter 2 is a film.
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" John Wick: Chapter 2 John Wick : Chapter 2 is a 2017 American neo-noir action thriller film directed by Chad Stahelski and written by Derek Kolstad . The second installment of the John Wick series , the plot follows hitman John Wick , who goes on the run after a bounty is placed on his head . It stars Keanu Reeves , Common , Laurence Fishburne , Riccardo Scamarcio , Ruby Rose , John Leguizamo and Ian McShane , and marks the first collaboration between Reeves and Fishburne since appearing together in The Matrix trilogy . Principal photography began on October 26 , 2015 , in New York City . The film premiered in Los Angeles on January 30 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on February 10 , 2017 . It received positive reviews from critics and grossed $ 166 million worldwide , over four times its $ 40 million budget and nearly twice the $ 88 million gross of the original film ."
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" Premise (filmmaking) The premise of a film or screenplay is the initial state of affairs that drives the plot . Most premises can be expressed very simply , and many films can be identified simply from a short sentence describing the premise . For example : A lonely boy is befriended by an alien ; A small town is terrorized by a shark ; A small boy sees dead people .",
" 3D film A three-dimensional stereoscopic film ( also known as three-dimensional film , 3D film or S3D film ) is a motion picture that enhances the illusion of depth perception , hence adding a third dimension . The most common approach to the production of 3D films is derived from stereoscopic photography . In it , a regular motion picture camera system is used to record the images as seen from two perspectives ( or computer-generated imagery generates the two perspectives in post-production ) , and special projection hardware and/or eyewear are used to limit the visibility of each image in the pair to the viewer 's left or right eye only . 3D films are not limited to theatrical releases ; television broadcasts and direct-to-video films have also incorporated similar methods , especially since the advent of 3D television and Blu-ray 3D . 3D films have existed in some form since 1915 , but had been largely relegated to a niche in the motion picture industry because of the costly hardware and processes required to produce and display a 3D film , and the lack of a standardized format for all segments of the entertainment business . Nonetheless , 3D films were prominently featured in the 1950s in American cinema , and later experienced a worldwide resurgence in the 1980s and 1990s driven by IMAX high-end theaters and Disney themed-venues . 3D films became more and more successful throughout the 2000s , culminating in the unprecedented success of 3D presentations of Avatar in December 2009 and January 2010 ."
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Oscar Wilde wrote plays.
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" The Importance of Being Earnest The Importance of Being Earnest , A Trivial Comedy for Serious People is a play by Oscar Wilde . First performed on 14 February 1895 at the St James 's Theatre in London , it is a farcical comedy in which the protagonists maintain fictitious personæ to escape burdensome social obligations . Working within the social conventions of late Victorian London , the play 's major themes are the triviality with which it treats institutions as serious as marriage , and the resulting satire of Victorian ways . Contemporary reviews all praised the play 's humour , though some were cautious about its explicit lack of social messages , while others foresaw the modern consensus that it was the culmination of Wilde 's artistic career so far . Its high farce and witty dialogue have helped make The Importance of Being Earnest Wilde 's most enduringly popular play . The successful opening night marked the climax of Wilde 's career but also heralded his downfall . The Marquess of Queensberry , whose son Lord Alfred Douglas was Wilde 's lover , planned to present the writer with a bouquet of rotten vegetables and disrupt the show . Wilde was tipped off and Queensberry was refused admission . Soon afterwards their feud came to a climax in court , where Wilde 's homosexual double life was revealed to the Victorian public and he was eventually sentenced to imprisonment . His notoriety caused the play , despite its early success , to be closed after 86 performances . After his release , he published the play from exile in Paris , but he wrote no further comic or dramatic work . The Importance of Being Earnest has been revived many times since its premiere . It has been adapted for the cinema on three occasions . In The Importance of Being Earnest ( 1952 ) , Dame Edith Evans reprised her celebrated interpretation of Lady Bracknell ; The Importance of Being Earnest ( 1992 ) by Kurt Baker used an all-black cast ; and Oliver Parker 's The Importance of Being Earnest ( 2002 ) incorporated some of Wilde 's original material cut during the preparation of the original stage production .",
" Salome (play) Salome ( French : Salomé , -LSB- salome -RSB- ) is a tragedy by Oscar Wilde . The original 1891 version of the play was in French . Three years later an English translation was published . The play tells in one act the Biblical story of Salome , stepdaughter of the tetrarch Herod Antipas , who , to her stepfather 's dismay but to the delight of her mother Herodias , requests the head of Jokanaan ( John the Baptist ) on a silver platter as a reward for dancing the dance of the seven veils ."
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" Premiere A premiere or première is the debut ( first public presentation ) of a play , film , dance , or musical composition . A work will often have many premières : a world première ( the first time it is shown anywhere in the world ) and its first presentation in each country . When a work originates in a country that speaks a different language from that in which it is receiving its national or international première , it is possible to have two premières for the same work in the same country -- for example , the play The Maids by the French dramatist Jean Genet received its British première ( which also happened to be its world première ) in 1952 , in a production given in the French language . Four years later , it was staged again , this time in English , which was its English-language première in Britain .",
" Play (theatre) A play is a form of literature written by a playwright , usually consisting of dialogue between characters , intended for theatrical performance rather than just reading . Plays are performed at a variety of levels , from Broadway , Off-Broadway , regional theater , to Community theatre , as well as University or school productions . There are rare dramatists , notably George Bernard Shaw , who have had little preference as to whether their plays were performed or read . The term `` play '' can refer to both the written works of playwrights and to their complete theatrical performance ."
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Tyler, The Creator is a profession.
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" Tyler, The Creator Tyler Gregory Okonma ( born March 6 , 1991 ) , better known by his stage name Tyler , The Creator , is an American rapper , record producer , and music video director . Born in Ladera Heights , California , he rose to prominence as the leader and co-founder of the alternative hip hop collective Odd Future and has rapped on and produced songs for nearly every Odd Future release . Okonma creates all the artwork for the group 's releases and designs the group 's clothing and other merchandise as well . After releasing his debut album Goblin under XL Recordings , in April 2011 , he signed a joint venture deal for him and his label Odd Future Records , with RED Distribution and Sony Music Entertainment . Following that he released his second studio album Wolf , which was met with generally positive reviews and debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200 selling 90,000 copies in its first week . He has his own clothing company , called Golf Wang , started in 2011 , and a carnival , named Camp Flog Gnaw , hosted annually since 2012 . He runs his own streaming service Golf Media ; it contains original scripted series from Tyler himself and Camp Flog Gnaw streams there yearly ."
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" Production company A production company or a production house provides the physical basis for works in the realms of the performing arts , new media art , film , television , radio , and video .",
" Showrunner In the parlance of the Hollywood television industry , a showrunner is a television series ' leading executive producer . A showrunner 's duties often combine those traditionally assigned to the head writer , executive producer , and script editor . In films , directors typically have creative control of a production -- but in television , the showrunner outranks the director . The showrunner is at the opposite end of the staff hierarchy from runners , who are the most junior members of a production team , though showrunners are sometimes ( often humorously ) called runners for short ."
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Mark Hamill is a prolific actor.
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" Mark Hamill Mark Richard Hamill ( born September 25 , 1951 ) is an American actor , voice actor , producer and writer . He is best known for playing Luke Skywalker in the Star Wars film series . His other works include Corvette Summer ( 1978 ) and The Big Red One ( 1980 ) , among other television shows and movies . Hamill has also appeared on stage in several theater productions , primarily during the 1980s . Hamill is a prolific voice actor who has voiced characters in many animated television shows , movies , and video games since the 1970s . He is known for his long-standing role as DC Comics ' the Joker , commencing with Batman : The Animated Series in 1992 ."
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" Actor-manager An actor-manager is a leading actor who sets up their own permanent theatrical company and manages the company 's business and financial arrangements , sometimes taking over the management of a theatre , to perform plays of their own choice and in which they will usually star . It is a method of theatrical production and management which has been in use consistently since the 16th-century , but which was particularly common in 19th-century England and the United States .",
" Movie star A movie star ( also known as a film star and cinema star ) is a celebrity who is well-known , or famous , for their starring , or leading , roles in motion pictures . The term may also apply to an actor or actress who is recognized as a marketable commodity and whose name is used to promote a movie in trailers and posters . The most widely known , prominent or successful actors are sometimes called `` superstars '' by writers and journalists . When a small number of suppliers dominate a market those suppliers become superstars . According to an online dictionary , a movie star is an actor or actress who is famous for playing leading roles in movies ."
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Nightcrawler had Jake Gyllenhaal in it.
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" Nightcrawler (film) Nightcrawler is a 2014 American thriller film written and directed by Dan Gilroy . The film stars Jake Gyllenhaal as Lou Bloom , a stringer who records violent events late at night in Los Angeles , and sells the footage to a local television news station . Rene Russo , Riz Ahmed and Bill Paxton also star . Gilroy originally wanted to make a film about the life of Weegee , but switched focus after discovering the unique narrative possibilities surrounding the stringer profession . He wrote Bloom as an antihero , based on the ideas of unemployment and capitalism . Gyllenhaal played a pivotal role in the film 's production , from choosing members of the crew to watching audition tapes . Filming took place over the course of four weeks , and was a hectic process that included over eighty locations . Nightcrawler premiered at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival , and grossed $ 50.3 million on a production budget of $ 8.5 million . The film was met with widespread praise , with critics highlighting Gilroy 's screenplay and Gyllenhaal 's performance . Several critics listed Nightcrawler as one of the best films of 2014 and it received various accolades , including an Best Original Screenplay nomination at the 87th Academy Awards .",
" Jake Gyllenhaal Jacob Benjamin Gyllenhaal ( -LSB- ˈdʒɪlənhɑːl -RSB- ; born December 19 , 1980 ) is an American actor . A member of the Gyllenhaal family and the son of director Stephen Gyllenhaal and screenwriter Naomi Foner , Gyllenhaal began acting as a child with a screen debut in City Slickers ( 1991 ) , followed by roles in A Dangerous Woman ( 1993 ) and Homegrown ( 1998 ) . His breakthrough performance was as Homer Hickam in October Sky ( 1999 ) and he garnered an Independent Spirit Award nomination for Best Male Lead for playing the title character in the indie cult hit Donnie Darko ( 2001 ) , in which he played a psychologically troubled teenager alongside his older sister , Maggie Gyllenhaal . He subsequently appeared in another indie film , The Good Girl ( 2002 ) and the climate fiction-disaster film The Day After Tomorrow ( 2004 ) , portraying a student caught in a cataclysmic climate event . In 2005 , Gyllenhaal portrayed Anthony `` Swoff '' Swofford in Jarhead , Gwyneth Paltrow 's love interest in Proof , and Jack Twist in Ang Lee 's Brokeback Mountain . For his performance in Brokeback Mountain , he received critical acclaim and won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role and was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role , the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture , and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . Gyllenhaal received further recognition for roles in Zodiac ( 2007 ) , Brothers ( 2009 ) , Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) , Love & Other Drugs ( 2010 ) , for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , Source Code ( 2011 ) , End of Watch ( 2012 ) , Prisoners , Enemy ( both 2013 ) , Nightcrawler ( 2014 ) , Southpaw ( 2015 ) and Nocturnal Animals ( 2016 ) . For Nightcrawler , his performance was widely acclaimed and received rave reviews from critics and he was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama , the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role , and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role ."
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" Accidental Love Accidental Love is a 2015 American comedy film directed by David O. Russell ( under a pseudonym ) and written by Russell , Kristin Gore , Dave Jeser , and Matt Silverstein , from Gore 's novel Sammy 's Hill . The film stars Jessica Biel , Jake Gyllenhaal , Catherine Keener , James Marsden , Tracy Morgan and James Brolin . The story is about Alice , a small-town waitress who is accidentally shot in the head by a nail gun . Her lack of health insurance renders her unable to have the nail removed , leading to mood swings and hypersexual behavior as a result of brain damage . Alice then heads to Washington , DC to campaign for those with bizarre injuries , with the support of an unprincipled Congressman . Production started in 2008 under the title Nailed , but filming was frequently halted due to financial difficulties , leading to Russell quitting the project in 2010 . The film was completed without his involvement and Russell has since disowned it , the finished product credited to `` Stephen Greene '' . The film was released on February 10 , 2015 , before a limited release on March 20 , 2015 by Millennium Entertainment . Accidental Love was panned by critics .",
" Brokeback Mountain Brokeback Mountain is a 2005 American neo-western romantic drama film directed by Ang Lee and produced by Diana Ossana and James Schamus . Adapted from the 1997 short story of the same name by Annie Proulx , the screenplay was written by Ossana and Larry McMurtry . The film stars Heath Ledger , Jake Gyllenhaal , Anne Hathaway , and Michelle Williams , and depicts the complex emotional and homosexual relationship between Ennis Del Mar and Jack Twist in the American West from 1963 to 1983 . The film received critical acclaim and commercial success . It won the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival , Best Picture and Best Director at the British Academy Film Awards , Golden Globe Awards , Producers Guild of America Awards , Critics ' Choice Movie Awards , and Independent Spirit Awards , among others . The film was nominated for eight Academy Awards , the most nominations at the 78th Academy Awards , where it won three : Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay , and Best Original Score , while losing Best Picture to Crash ."
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Leonard Cohen boycotted the album Ten New Songs.
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" Leonard Cohen Leonard Norman Cohen ( September 21 , 1934 -- November 7 , 2016 ) was a Canadian singer , songwriter , musician , poet , novelist , and painter . His work explored religion , politics , isolation , sexuality , and personal relationships . Cohen was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame , the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame , and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . He was a Companion of the Order of Canada , the nation 's highest civilian honor . In 2011 , Cohen received one of the Prince of Asturias Awards for literature and the ninth Glenn Gould Prize . Cohen pursued a career as a poet and novelist during the 1950s and early 1960s ; he did not launch a music career until 1967 , at the age of 33 . His first album , Songs of Leonard Cohen ( 1967 ) , was followed by three more albums of folk music : Songs from a Room ( 1969 ) , Songs of Love and Hate ( 1971 ) and New Skin for the Old Ceremony ( 1974 ) . His 1977 record Death of a Ladies ' Man was co-written and produced by Phil Spector , which was a move away from Cohen 's previous minimalist sound . In 1979 , Cohen returned with the more traditional Recent Songs , which blended his acoustic style with jazz and Oriental and Mediterranean influences . Perhaps Cohen 's most famous song , `` Hallelujah '' was first released on his studio album Various Positions in 1984 . I 'm Your Man in 1988 marked Cohen 's turn to synthesized productions and remains his most popular album . In 1992 , Cohen released its follow-up , The Future , which had dark lyrics and references to political and social unrest . Cohen returned to music in 2001 with the release of Ten New Songs , which was a major hit in Canada and Europe . His eleventh album , Dear Heather , followed in 2004 . After a successful string of tours between 2008 and 2010 , Cohen released three albums in the final four years of his life : Old Ideas ( 2012 ) , Popular Problems ( 2014 ) and You Want It Darker ( 2016 ) , the last of which was released three weeks before his death ."
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" Ain't No Cure for Love `` Ai n't No Cure for Love '' is a song written by the Canadian singer-songwriter Leonard Cohen . It was first released by the American singer Jennifer Warnes on her 1987 Leonard Cohen tribute album Famous Blue Raincoat and subsequently appeared as the second track on Cohen 's 1988 studio album I 'm Your Man .",
" 10 Songs for the New Depression 10 Songs for the New Depression is the twenty-first studio album by American singer-songwriter Loudon Wainwright III , released in July 2010 through Proper Records . Released forty years following his first studio album , 10 Songs is Wainwright 's first album since his Grammy Award-winning tribute project High Wide & Handsome : The Charlie Poole Project ( 2009 ) . The concept album was inspired by the late-2000s global financial crisis and recession , and features Wainwright backed by his own banjo , guitar and ukulele performances . Wainwright began writing songs for the album following the inauguration of Barack Obama in January 2009 . The album features ten original songs and two cover versions of songs originally written and recorded during the Great Depression . Lyrical references throughout 10 Songs include economists Alan Greenspan , John Maynard Keynes and Paul Krugman , President Barack Obama , and the government program Car Allowance Rebate System ( more commonly known as `` cash for clunkers '' ) . Overall , critical reception of the album was positive . 10 Songs reached peak positions of number thirty-eight on the United Kingdom 's Top Independent Albums chart and number twelve on the Top 40 Independent Albums Breakers chart ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Denzel Washington directed a movie with Viola Davis in it.
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" Denzel Washington Denzel Hayes Washington Jr. ( born December 28 , 1954 ) is an American actor , director , and producer . He has received three Golden Globe awards , a Tony Award , and two Academy Awards : Best Supporting Actor for the historical war drama film Glory ( 1989 ) and Best Actor for his role as a corrupt cop in the crime thriller Training Day ( 2001 ) . Washington has received much critical acclaim for his film work since the 1980s , including his portrayals of real-life figures such as South African anti-apartheid activist Steve Biko in Cry Freedom ( 1987 ) , Muslim minister and human rights activist Malcolm X in Malcolm X ( 1992 ) , boxer Rubin `` Hurricane '' Carter in The Hurricane ( 1999 ) , football coach Herman Boone in Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) , poet and educator Melvin B. Tolson in The Great Debaters ( 2007 ) , and drug kingpin Frank Lucas in American Gangster ( 2007 ) . He has been a featured actor in the films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and has been a frequent collaborator of directors Spike Lee , Antoine Fuqua and Tony Scott . In 2016 , Washington was selected as the recipient for the Cecil B. DeMille Lifetime Achievement Award at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards . In 2002 , Washington made his directorial debut with biographical film Antwone Fisher . His second directorial effort was The Great Debaters , released in 2007 . Washington 's third directorial effort , Fences , starring himself and Viola Davis , was released on December 16 , 2016 ."
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" For Queen and Country For Queen and Country is a 1988 British-American crime drama film co-written and directed by Martin Stellman and starring Denzel Washington . Washington stars as Reuben James , a Black British former paratrooper , who joined the British Army to escape the poverty of inner city London ; Reuben fights in the Falklands War , and upon returning home he finds that society ignores and challenges him while trying to adjust to normal life . The film received mixed reviews and was a box office flop . It has recently been reevaluated as a serious critique of Thatcherism and its effect in the 1980s UK .",
" Into the Wild (film) Into the Wild is a 2007 American biographical drama survival film written , co-produced , and directed by Sean Penn. . It is an adaptation of Jon Krakauer 's 1996 non-fiction book of the same name , based on the travels of Christopher McCandless across North America and his life spent in the Alaskan wilderness in the early 1990s . The film stars Emile Hirsch as McCandless , and Marcia Gay Harden and William Hurt as his parents , and features Jena Malone , Catherine Keener , Vince Vaughn , Kristen Stewart , and Hal Holbrook . The film premiered during the 2007 Rome Film Fest and later opened outside of Fairbanks , Alaska , on September 21 , 2007 . It was later nominated for two Golden Globes and won the award for Best Original Song : `` Guaranteed '' by Eddie Vedder . It was also nominated for two Academy Awards , namely Best Editing and Hal Holbrook for Best Supporting Actor ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Morena Baccarin was in the film Stargate: The Ark of Truth.
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" Morena Baccarin Morena Silva de Vaz Setta Baccarin ( -LSB- moˈɾenɐ ˈbakaɾĩ -RSB- ; born June 2 , 1979 ) is a Brazilian American actress . She is known for portraying Inara Serra in the series Firefly and the follow-up film Serenity , Adria in the series Stargate SG-1 and the follow-up film Stargate : The Ark of Truth , Anna in the 2009 version of the series V , Vanessa in the superhero comedy film Deadpool , and Jessica Brody in the Showtime series Homeland ( for which she received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2013 ) . She plays the role of Dr. Leslie Thompkins in the Fox television series Gotham ."
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" BCDF Pictures BCDF Pictures is a film production company based in New York , Los Angeles , and France . BCDF 's first movie , Higher Ground , premiered at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival . BCDF 's second movie , Peace , Love & Misunderstanding , premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival . BCDF has premiered three more films at Sundance -- Bachelorette , Liberal Arts , and Why Stop Now . Bachelorette was particularly successful , becoming the first multi-platform film to hit # 1 on iTunes . The movie eventually grossed $ 12 million in theaters worldwide and more than $ 8 million more on VOD . BCDF 's projects have included Oscar-winning and Oscar-nominated actors ( e.g. Jesse Eisenberg , Jane Fonda , Vera Farmiga , John Hawkes , Catherine Keener , Melissa Leo ) and other notable actors such as Kirsten Dunst , Elizabeth Olsen , Isla Fisher , and Zac Efron . In the spring of 2016 , BCDF began production on Dabka , starring Evan Peters , Al Pacino , Barkhad Abdi , and Melanie Griffith . The movie was shot in New York and South Africa , and will have its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival in April 2017 . BCDF 's high school comedy The Outcasts is set for theatrical release on April 14 , 2017 . BCDF 's movie Departures , starring Asa Butterfield , Maisie Williams , Nina Dobrev , and Tyler Hoechlin , will start production in New York in April 2017 . Their film Lapham Rising , based on the bestselling novel by Roger Rosenblatt and starring Frank Langella , will also shoot in spring 2017 .",
" Zero Dark Thirty Zero Dark Thirty is a 2012 American political action-thriller film directed by Kathryn Bigelow and written by Mark Boal . Billed as `` the greatest manhunt in history , '' the film dramatizes the nearly decade-long international manhunt for al Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden after the September 11 attacks in the United States . This search eventually leads to the discovery of his compound in Pakistan and the military raid that resulted in bin Laden 's death on May 2 , 2011 . The film stars Jessica Chastain as Maya , a fictional CIA intelligence analyst , with Jason Clarke , Joel Edgerton , Jennifer Ehle , Mark Strong , Kyle Chandler , Édgar Ramírez , and James Gandolfini in supporting roles . It was produced by Boal , Bigelow , and Megan Ellison , and was independently financed by Ellison 's Annapurna Pictures . The film premiered in Los Angeles on December 19 , 2012 and had its wide release on January 11 , 2013 . Zero Dark Thirty received widespread critical acclaim and appeared on 95 critics ' top ten lists of 2012 . It was nominated in five categories at the 85th Academy Awards , including Best Picture , Best Actress for Chastain , Best Original Screenplay , and Best Film Editing , and won the award for Best Sound Editing . The film also earned Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Director , and Best Screenplay , with Chastain winning the award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama . The film 's depiction of so-called `` enhanced interrogation '' generated controversy , with some critics describing it as pro-torture propaganda , as the interrogations are shown producing reliably useful and accurate information . Acting CIA director Michael Morell stated , `` The film creates the strong impression that the enhanced interrogation techniques ... were the key to finding bin Laden . That impression is false . '' Other critics described it as an anti-torture exposure of interrogation practices . Republican Congressman Peter T. King charged that the filmmakers were given improper access to classified materials , which they denied . An unreleased draft IG report published by the Project on Government Oversight , in June 2013 , stated that former CIA Director Leon Panetta discussed classified information during an awards ceremony for the SEAL team that carried out the raid on the bin Laden compound . Unbeknownst to Panetta , screenwriter Mark Boal was among the 1,300 present during the ceremony ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Michael Jackson's death was labeled a homicide.
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" Michael Jackson Michael Joseph Jackson ( August 29 , 1958 -- June 25 , 2009 ) was an American singer , songwriter , record producer , dancer , actor , and philanthropist . Called the `` King of Pop '' , his contributions to music , dance , and fashion along with his publicized personal life made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades . The eighth child of the Jackson family , Michael made his professional debut in 1964 with his elder brothers Jackie , Tito , Jermaine , and Marlon as a member of the Jackson 5 . He began his solo career in 1971 . In the early 1980s , Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music . His music videos , including those of `` Beat It '' , `` Billie Jean '' , and `` Thriller '' from his 1982 album Thriller , are credited with breaking racial barriers and transforming the medium into an art form and promotional tool . The popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel MTV to fame . Jackson 's 1987 album Bad spawned the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' , `` Bad '' , `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' , `` Man in the Mirror '' , and `` Dirty Diana '' , becoming the first album to have five number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 . He continued to innovate with videos such as `` Black or White '' and `` Scream '' throughout the 1990s , and forged a reputation as a touring solo artist . Through stage and video performances , Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques , such as the robot and the moonwalk , to which he gave the name . His distinctive sound and style has influenced numerous artists of various music genres . Thriller is the best-selling album of all time , with estimated sales of 65 million copies worldwide . Jackson 's other albums , including Off the Wall ( 1979 ) , Bad ( 1987 ) , Dangerous ( 1991 ) , and HIStory ( 1995 ) , also rank among the world 's best-selling albums . He is recognized as the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time by Guinness World Records . Jackson is one of the few artists to have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice , and was also inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame and the Dance Hall of Fame as the only dancer from pop and rock music . His other achievements include multiple Guinness World Records , 13 Grammy Awards , the Grammy Legend Award , the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award , 26 American Music Awards -- more than any other artist -- including the `` Artist of the Century '' and `` Artist of the 1980s '' , 13 number-one singles in the United States during his solo career -- more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era -- and estimated sales of over 350 million records worldwide . Jackson won hundreds of awards , making him the most awarded recording artist in the history of popular music . He became the first artist in history to have a top ten single in the Billboard Hot 100 in five different decades when `` Love Never Felt So Good '' reached number nine on May 21 , 2014 . Jackson traveled the world attending events honoring his humanitarianism , and , in 2000 , the Guinness World Records recognized him for supporting 39 charities , more than any other entertainer . Aspects of Jackson 's personal life , including his changing appearance , personal relationships , and behavior , generated controversy . In 1993 , he was accused of child sexual abuse , but the civil case was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount and no formal charges were brought . In 2005 , he was tried and acquitted of further child sexual abuse allegations and several other charges after the jury found him not guilty on all counts . While preparing for his comeback concert series , This Is It , Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication on June 25 , 2009 , after suffering from cardiac arrest . The Los Angeles County Coroner ruled his death a homicide , and his personal physician , Conrad Murray , was convicted of involuntary manslaughter . Jackson 's death triggered a global outpouring of grief , and a live broadcast of his public memorial service was viewed around the world . Forbes ranks Jackson the top-earning dead celebrity , with earnings of $ 825 million in 2016 , the highest yearly amount ever recorded by the publication ."
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" Thriller (song) `` Thriller '' is a song recorded by American singer Michael Jackson , composed by Rod Temperton , and produced by Quincy Jones . It is the seventh and final single released by Epic Records from his 1982 studio album Thriller . A 14-minute video showing Jackson in a horror-themed performance premiered on November 14 , 1983 . It was first shown on MTV on December 2 , 1983 . The song was not released as a single until January 23 , 1984 . `` Thriller '' has appeared on multiple greatest hits compilation albums from Jackson , including HIStory ( 1995 ) , Number Ones ( 2003 ) , The Essential Michael Jackson ( 2005 ) and Michael Jackson 's This Is It ( 2009 ) and was remixed for the Immortal album in 2011 . The song has a voice-over from actor Vincent Price . In the song , sound effects such as a creaking door , thunder , feet walking on wooden planks , winds and howling dogs can be heard , and the lyrics contain frightening themes and elements . `` Thriller '' received positive reviews from critics and became Jackson 's seventh top-ten single on the Billboard Hot 100 Chart from the album , while reaching the top of the charts in France and Belgium and the top ten in many other countries . `` Thriller '' was adapted by director John Landis into a highly successful music video , known independently as `` Michael Jackson 's Thriller '' . At fourteen minutes the video is substantially longer than the song , which ties together a narrative featuring Jackson and actress Ola Ray in a setting heavily inspired by horror films of the 1950s . In the video 's most iconic scene , Jackson leads other actors costumed as zombies in a choreographed dance routine . Though it garnered some criticism for its occult theme and violent imagery , the video was immediately popular and received high critical acclaim , being nominated for six MTV Video Music Awards in 1984 and winning three . In 2009 it was added to the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress , the first music video ever selected .",
" Michael Jackson's health and appearance Michael Jackson ( August 29 , 1958 -- June 25 , 2009 ) was an American singer who spent over 42 years in the public eye , first as a child star with The Jackson 5 , and later as a solo artist , during which time he went through various image changes . Starting in the mid-1980s , it became clear that Jackson 's appearance was changing dramatically . The shape of his face , particularly his nose , triggered widespread speculation of extensive cosmetic surgery . His skin tone became much lighter . Although Jackson was diagnosed with the skin disorder vitiligo , which results in white patches on the skin , and said that he had not purposely bleached his skin but had used makeup to even out his skin tone , it was also widely suggested that his lighter skin tone was partly due to skin bleaching . Jackson and some of his siblings said they had been physically and psychologically abused by their father , Joseph Jackson . In 2003 , Joseph admitted to whipping them as children , but has emphatically rejected the longstanding abuse allegations . The whippings deeply traumatized Jackson and may have led to the onset of further health issues later in his life . Physicians speculated that he had body dysmorphic disorder . At some point during the 1990s , it appeared that Jackson had become dependent on prescription drugs , mainly painkillers and strong sedatives . The drug use was later linked to second - and third-degree burns he had suffered years before . As more and more difficulty emerged in his life , he gradually became dependent on these drugs , and his health deteriorated . He went into rehabilitation in 1993 with the help of Elizabeth Taylor and Elton John . While preparing for a series of comeback concerts scheduled to begin in July 2009 , Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication after suffering cardiac arrest on June 25 , 2009 . His personal physician was convicted of involuntary manslaughter in his death and sentenced to four years in prison ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Audrey Horne was presented in a television series.
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" Audrey Horne Audrey Horne is a fictional character from the ABC television series Twin Peaks , played by Sherilyn Fenn . The character was created by David Lynch . She was introduced in the pilot . The daughter of Ben ( Richard Beymer ) and Sylvia Horne , sister of Johnny Horne ( Robert Bauer ) and half-sister of Donna Hayward ( Lara Flynn Boyle ) , her storylines focused on her infatuation with the series protagonist Dale Cooper ( Kyle MacLachlan ) , infiltrating the brothel/casino One Eyed Jacks and becoming an activist through civil disobedience ."
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" Anthology series An anthology series is a radio or television series that presents a different story and a different set of characters in each episode or season/series . These usually have a different cast each week , but several series in the past , such as Four Star Playhouse , employed a permanent troupe of character actors who would appear in a different drama each week . Some anthology series , such as Studio One , began on radio and then expanded to television .",
" Serial (radio and television) In television and radio programming , a serial has a continuing plot that unfolds in a sequential episode-by-episode fashion . Serials typically follow main story arcs that span entire television seasons or even the full run of the series , which distinguishes them from traditional episodic television that relies on more stand-alone episodes . Worldwide , the soap opera is the most prominent form of serial dramatic programming . Serials rely on keeping the full nature of the story hidden and revealing elements episode by episode to keep viewers tuning in to learn more . Often these shows employ recapping segments at the beginning and cliffhangers at the end of each episode . Such shows also place a demand on viewers to tune into every episode to follow the plot . The invention of recording devices such as VCRs and DVRs has made following these type of shows easier , which has resulted in increased success and popularity . Prior to the advent of DVRs , television networks shunned serials in prime time as they made broadcast programming reruns more difficult and television producers shunned them because they were tougher to go into broadcast syndication years down the road . Serials contrast with episodic television , with plots relying on a more independent stand-alone format . Procedural drama television programs are commonly episodic . In British television , the term serial is also synonymous with the American term miniseriesa short-run series with one title and plot . The finale of the serial sometimes concludes the program as a whole , for sequel serials are rarely made . Shorter serial programs known as telenovelas ( and earlier , radionovelas ) , originating and often produced in Spanish - and Portuguese-speaking Latin America , have become popular worldwide ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Long Road Out of Eden only had September on it.
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" Long Road Out of Eden Long Road Out of Eden is the seventh studio album by American rock band the Eagles , released in 2007 on Lost Highway Records . Nearly six years in production , it is the band 's first studio album since 1979 's The Long Run . In between that time the band recorded four original studio tracks for the live album Hell Freezes Over ( 1994 ) , `` Hole in the World '' for The Very Best Of ( 2003 ) and the Joe Walsh-penned `` One Day at a Time '' for the Farewell 1 Tour-Live from Melbourne DVD ( 2005 ) , which Walsh later re-recorded for his 2012 album Analog Man . It is also the band 's only album released following the dismissal of Don Felder in 2001 . The album produced two singles on the Hot Country Songs charts : a cover of J.D. Souther 's `` How Long '' and `` Busy Being Fabulous '' , both of which were Top 30 hits on the country charts as well as Top 20 hits on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts . The album produced five straight hits on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts with `` How Long '' , `` Busy Being Fabulous '' , `` No More Cloudy Days '' , `` What Do I Do With My Heart '' , and `` I Do n't Want to Hear Anymore '' . The album debuted at # 1 in the U.S. and won the band two Grammy awards for `` How Long '' and the instrumental `` I Dreamed There Was No War '' . The album became the band 's sixth # 1 album and was the highest selling album of the year . It has since sold 3.5 million copies in the U.S. alone . Being a double album with length exceeding 90 minutes , the album was certified 7x Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of 7 million discs ."
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" Long Road Out of Eden Tour The Long Road Out of Eden Tour was a worldwide concert tour by the Eagles , whose beginning coincided with the release of their 2007 album Long Road Out of Eden . The tour began in London , at the The O2 arena on March 20 , 2008 , and ended on November 19 , 2011 with a show at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas . In 2010 , the Eagles toured alongside the Dixie Chicks , with Keith Urban appearing at selected shows . The tour changed its name to the Eagles 2010 Summer Tour . That leg of the tour focused on stadium shows , such as in Winnipeg and Toronto and New Jersey . The December 2010 Eagles tour of Australia was packaged as Eagles Summer 2010 .",
" Long Time Dead Long Time Dead is a 2002 thriller horror film set in the United Kingdom in which a group of college students experiment with an Ouija board and inadvertently summon a djinn - an Arabic spirit of fire . The film stars Joe Absolom , Lukas Haas and Tom Bell . It was the directorial debut of Swindon-born Marcus Adams ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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A Song of Ice and Fire takes place in a fictional world called Westeros.
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" A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of epic fantasy novels by the American novelist and screenwriter George R. R. Martin . He began the first volume of the series , A Game of Thrones , in 1991 and had it published in 1996 . Martin , who initially envisioned the series as a trilogy , has published five out of a planned seven volumes . The fifth and most recent volume of the series published in 2011 , A Dance with Dragons , took Martin five years to write . He is still writing the sixth novel , The Winds of Winter . A Song of Ice and Fire takes place on the fictional continents Westeros and Essos . The point of view of each chapter in the story is a limited perspective of a range of characters growing from nine , in the first novel , to thirty-one by the fifth . Three main stories interweave a dynastic war among several families for control of Westeros , the rising threat of the supernatural Others in the northernmost reaches of Westeros , and the ambition of Daenerys Targaryen , the deposed king 's exiled daughter , to assume the Iron Throne . Martin 's inspirations included the Wars of the Roses and the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon . A Song of Ice and Fire received praise for its diverse portrayal of women and religion , as well as its realism . An assortment of disparate and subjective points of view confronts the reader , and the success or survival of point of view characters is never assured . Within the often morally ambiguous world of A Song of Ice and Fire , questions concerning loyalty , pride , human sexuality , piety , and the morality of violence frequently arise . As of April 2015 , the books have sold more than 60 million copies worldwide and , as of January 2017 , have been translated into 47 languages . The fourth and fifth volumes reached the top of The New York Times Best Seller lists upon their releases . Among the many derived works are several prequel novellas , a TV series , a comic book adaptation , and several card , board , and video games ."
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" Olenna Tyrell Olenna Tyrell ( née Redwyne ) , also known as `` The Queen of Thorns '' , is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of high fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin , and is portrayed by Diana Rigg in its television adaptation , Game of Thrones . Olenna is first mentioned in A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) and first appears in A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) . Olenna 's role is the same in the show as in the books . In the season six finale , after losing her family in the wildfire explosion of the Sept caused by Cersei Lannister , Olenna aligned herself with Dorne and Daenerys Targaryen out of revenge . Diana Rigg has received Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series for her performances in 2013 , 2014 , and 2015 .",
" Stannis Baratheon Stannis Baratheon is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin , and its television adaptation Game of Thrones . First mentioned in 1996 's A Game of Thrones , Stannis is the son of Steffon Baratheon from the kingdom of Westeros . He subsequently appeared in Martin 's A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) and A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) and A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) Stannis is portrayed by Stephen Dillane in the HBO television adaptation ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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June 6 is Colin Quinn's birthday.
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" Colin Quinn Colin Edward Quinn ( born June 6 , 1959 ) is an American stand-up comedian , actor , and writer . On television , he is best known for his work on Saturday Night Live , where he anchored Weekend Update , on MTV 's 1980s game show Remote Control , where he served as the announcer/sidekick , and as host of Comedy Central 's late-night panel show Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn . Notable film work includes his role as Dooey in A Night at the Roxbury , Dickey Bailey in the Grown Ups films and playing Amy Schumer 's father in the film Trainwreck . Comedians such as Jerry Seinfeld and Dave Attell cite him as the quintessential New York comedian . Quinn has also become known for his comedic one-man shows that offer his unique takes on history and growing up in New York City . As of 2015 , he has written and starred in five shows : Irish Wake , My Two Cents , Long Story Short , Unconstitutional , and The New York Story , two of which he collaborated on with Seinfeld as director . Long Story Short was filmed as an HBO special that aired on April 9 , 2011 and Unconstitutional and The New York Story were released as Netflix specials ."
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" Colin Mallory Colin Mallory is a fictional character on the American science fiction television series Sliders , played by Charlie O'Connell . He was introduced in the sixth episode of the fourth season , `` Oh Brother , Where Art Thou ? '' . Quinn Mallory had only learned Colin was his brother five episodes earlier in `` Genesis '' . When the sliders found Colin , he was flying a hangglider that he invented , and had gotten stuck in a tree . The local residents were angry at Colin for doing this because they were afraid his inventions might have negative consequences . One of the residents wanted to shoot Colin to get it over with , until the sheriff told the angry residents to go home . When the sheriff said , `` One of these days you 're going to go a bit too far , Colin Mallory ! '' the sliders knew that this was Quinn 's brother . The universe Colin was raised on had far less technology than Earth Prime . Colin invented the first machine on this earth that generates electricity . This was one of his many inventions . The local residents believed that Colin was `` doing the devil 's work '' with his inventions . Colin believed that electricity is both safe and useful and wished he could convince the local residents the same thing . Colin was in love with someone named Suzanne on his earth . However , her mother disapproved Colin , because of her fear of Colin 's inventions . Suzanne was engaged to another person . Colin 's adoptive parents ( duplicates on the world Colin was raised of Colin 's actual parents ) died when Colin was very young ; since this earth had little technology , there was not the medical technology necessary to cure Colin 's parents of their illness . Since the sliders had a small amount of time on this world , they had to hurry to find the microdot that would inform Colin of his origins . They found it just in time , and Colin was informed that he was originally from Kromagg Prime and that he was placed on an alternate earth when he was young so that he could be safe . Quinn and Colin 's birthparents presumably did look for Colin when the war with the Kromaggs was over , but Colin 's adoptive parents were dead , so his birthparents were unable to find him . After Colin saw the microdot , Colin was resistant to sliding with Quinn and the others , since Colin did n't want to leave his world and the woman he wanted to marry . Quinn did convince Colin that his future was sliding with him , so Colin went into the vortex . Since Colin was raised on an earth with less technology than most earths the sliders visit , he was unfamiliar with the technology he encountered . On his first slide , Colin landed in the path of a moving vehicle . Being unaware that it would be lethal to be hit by the vehicle , Colin did not get out of the way as the vehicle approached him . Quinn had to move Colin out of the way . In the episode `` Revelations '' , Colin met who he thought were his birthparents but it turned out they were doubles . In the episode `` The Unstuck Man '' , Colin was made `` unstuck '' in the multiverse , meaning , that he was not anchored on a particular world . This was the result of an experiment by Dr. Oberon Geiger .",
" Daniel Patrick Quinn Daniel Patrick Quinn ( born 26 February 1981 ) is a British musician , composer , producer and performer . Quinn founded the experimental Edinburgh-based record label Suilven Recordings ( 2003-early 2006 ) , which released his own works and that of postminimalist ambient American composers DAC Crowell and Kurt Doles , with whom Quinn also collaborated ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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The Belko Experiment was released by Orion Pictures in 2016.
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" The Belko Experiment The Belko Experiment is a 2016 American horror film directed by Greg McLean and written by James Gunn . The film stars John Gallagher Jr. , Tony Goldwyn , Adria Arjona and Melonie Diaz . Filming began on June 1 , 2015 , in Bogotá , Colombia . The film premiered at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival on September 10 , 2016 and was released in the United States on March 17 , 2017 , by BH Tilt and Orion Pictures . The film received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed $ 10 million worldwide , against its $ 5 million budget ."
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" Orion Pictures Orion Pictures Corporation is an American motion picture producer and distributor that produced and released films from 1978 until 1999 , and was also involved in television production and syndication throughout the 1980s until the early 1990s . It was formed in 1978 as a joint venture between Warner Bros. and three former top-level executives of United Artists . Although it was never a large motion picture producer , Orion achieved a comparatively high reputation for Hollywood quality . Woody Allen , James Cameron , Jonathan Demme , Oliver Stone , and several other prominent directors worked with Orion during its most successful years from 1978 to 1992 . Of the films distributed by Orion , four won Academy Awards for Best Picture : Amadeus ( 1984 ) , Platoon ( 1986 ) , Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) , and The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) . Two other Orion films , Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) and Mississippi Burning ( 1988 ) , were nominated for that same category . In 2013 , Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer revived the Orion name for television ; a year later Orion Pictures was quietly relaunched by the studio .",
" Operation Avalanche (film) Operation Avalanche is a 2016 American-Canadian found footage conspiracy thriller film directed by Matt Johnson , who co-wrote the film with Josh Boles . Johnson and Owen Williams star as CIA agents who infiltrate NASA to expose a potential mole , only to become embroiled in a conspiracy to fake the 1969 Apollo 11 Moon landing ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Canada's official language is English.
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" Canada Canada ( -LSB- ˈkænədə -RSB- -LSB- kanadɑ -RSB- ) is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 e6km2 , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area and the fourth-largest country by land area . Canada 's border with the United States is the world 's longest binational land border . The majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate , but southerly areas are warm in summer . Canada is sparsely populated , the majority of its land territory being dominated by forest and tundra and the Rocky Mountains . It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , many near the southern border . One third of the population lives in the three largest cities : Toronto , Montreal and Vancouver . Its capital is Ottawa , and other major urban areas include Calgary , Edmonton , Quebec City , Winnipeg and Hamilton . Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French claims were made on the area , with the colony of Canada first being established by the French in 1535 during Jacques Cartier 's second voyage to New France . As a consequence of various conflicts , Great Britain gained and lost territories within British North America until it was left , in the late 18th century , with what mostly geographically comprises Canada today . Pursuant to the British North America Act , on July 1 , 1867 , the colonies of Canada , New Brunswick , and Nova Scotia joined to form the semi-autonomous federal Dominion of Canada . This began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada . In 1931 , Canada achieved near total independence from the United Kingdom with the Statute of Westminster 1931 , but at the time , Canada decided to allow the British Parliament to temporarily retain the power to amend Canada 's constitution , on request from the Parliament of Canada . With the Constitution Act 1982 , Canada took over that authority ( as the conclusion of Patriation ) , removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom , giving the country full sovereignty . Canada is a federal parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy , with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state . The country is officially bilingual at the federal level . It is one of the world 's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations , the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries . Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world , relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade networks . Canada 's long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture . Canada is a developed country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index . It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency , civil liberties , quality of life , economic freedom , and education . Canada is a Commonwealth realm member of the Commonwealth of Nations , a member of the Francophonie , and part of several major international and intergovernmental institutions or groupings including the United Nations , the North Atlantic Treaty Organization , the G8 , the Group of Ten , the G20 , the North American Free Trade Agreement and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum .",
" Official bilingualism in Canada The official languages of Canada are English and French , which `` have equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all institutions of the Parliament and Government of Canada , '' according to Canada 's constitution . Official bilingualism is the term used in Canada to collectively describe the policies , constitutional provisions , and laws that ensure legal equality of English and French in the Parliament and courts of Canada , protect the linguistic rights of English and French-speaking minorities in different provinces , and ensure a level of government services in both languages across Canada . In addition to the symbolic designation of English and French as official languages , official bilingualism is generally understood to include any law or other measure that : mandates that the federal government conduct its business in both official languages and provide government services in both languages ; encourages or mandates lower tiers of government ( most notably the provinces and territories , but also some municipalities ) to conduct themselves in both official languages and to provide services in both English and French rather than in just one or the other ; places obligations on private actors in Canadian society to provide access to goods or services in both official languages ( such as the requirement that food products be labelled in both English and French ) ; provides support to non-government actors to encourage or promote the use or the status of one or the other of the two official languages . This includes grants and contributions to groups representing the English-speaking minority in Quebec and the French-speaking minorities in the other provinces to assist with the establishment of an infrastructure of cultural supports and services . At the provincial level , New Brunswick officially recognizes the equal status of French and English . While French has equal legal status in Manitoba restored due to a court ruling that struck down seventy-year-old English-only laws in 1985 , in practice , French language services are only provided in some regions of the province . Quebec has declared itself officially unilingual ( French only ) . Alberta and Saskatchewan are also considered unilingual ( English only ) . In practice , all provinces , including Quebec , offer some services in both English and French and some publicly funded education in both official languages up to the high school level ( English language postsecondary education institutions are also present in Quebec , as are French language postsecondary institutions in other provinces , in particular in Ontario and New Brunswick ) . English and French are official languages in all three territories . In addition , Inuktitut is also an official language in Nunavut , and nine aboriginal languages have official status in the Northwest Territories ."
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" French language in Canada French is the mother tongue of about 7.3 million Canadians ( 22 % of the Canadian population , second to English at 58.4 % ) according to Census Canada 2011 . Most native speakers of the French language in Canada live in Quebec , where French is the majority official language . About 80 % of Quebec 's population are native francophones , and 95 % of the population speak French as their first or second language . Additionally , about one million native francophones live in other provinces , forming a sizable minority in New Brunswick , which is officially a bilingual province , where about one-third of the population are francophone . There are also French-speaking communities in Manitoba and Ontario , where francophones make up about 4 percent of the population . as well as significantly smaller communities in Alberta , Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island and Saskatchewan -- around 1 -- 2 % . Many , but not all of these communities are supported by French-language institutions . By the Official Languages Act in 1969 , Canada recognized English and French as having equal status in the government of Canada . While French , with no specification as to dialect or variety , has the status of one of Canada 's two official languages at the federal government level , English is the native language of the majority of Canadians . The federal government provides services and operates in both languages . French is the sole official language in Quebec at the provincial level and is co-official with English in New Brunswick . The provincial governments of Ontario , New Brunswick , and Manitoba are required to provide services in French where justified by the number of francophones ( those whose mother tongue is French or who use French on a daily basis ) . However , the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms requires all provinces to provide primary and secondary education to their official-language minorities at public expense .",
" Canadian English -LSB- noticelang = en -RSB- Canadian English ( CanE , CE , en-CA ) is the set of varieties of the English language native to Canada . According to the 2011 census , English was the first language of approximately 19 million Canadians , or 57 % of the population ; the remainder of the population were native speakers of Canadian French ( 22 % ) or other languages ( allophones , 21 % ) . A larger number , 28 million people , reported using English as their dominant language . 82 % of Canadians outside the province of Quebec reported speaking English natively , but within Quebec the figure was just 7.7 % as most of its residents are native speakers of Quebec French . Canadian English contains elements of British English and American English , as well as many Canadianisms : elements `` distinctively characteristic of Canadian usage '' . While , broadly speaking , `` the English spoken in Canada is most closely related to the variety recognized around the world as ` General American ' , '' Canadian English 's precise influence from American English , British English and other unique sources has been the ongoing focus of systematic studies since the 1950s . Canadian and American English are phonologically classified together as North American English , emphasizing the fact that the vast majority of outsiders , even other native English speakers , can not distinguish the typical accents of Canadian English from American English by sound . There are minor disagreements over the degree to which even Canadians and Americans themselves can differentiate their own two accents , and there is even evidence that some Western American English ( Pacific Northwest and California English , for example ) is undergoing the Canadian Vowel Shift that was first reported in mainland Canadian English in the early 1990s . The construction of identities and English-language varieties across political borders is a complex social phenomenon ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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John F. Kennedy authorized an attempt to overthrow the Cuban government.
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" John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald `` Jack '' Kennedy ( May 29 , 1917 -- November 22 , 1963 ) , commonly referred to by his initials JFK , was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963 . Kennedy served at the height of the Cold War , and much of his presidency focused on managing relations with the Soviet Union . He was a member of the Democratic Party who represented Massachusetts in the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate prior to becoming president . Kennedy was born in Brookline , Massachusetts to Joseph P. Kennedy , Sr. and Rose Kennedy . A scion of the Kennedy family , he graduated from Harvard University in 1940 before joining the United States Naval Reserve the following year . During World War II , Kennedy commanded a series of PT boats in the Pacific theater and earned the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for his service . After the war , Kennedy represented Massachusetts 's 11th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1947 until 1953 . He was subsequently elected to the U.S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960 . While serving in the Senate , he published Profiles in Courage , which won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography . In the 1960 presidential election , Kennedy narrowly defeated Republican opponent Richard Nixon , who was the incumbent Vice President . Kennedy 's time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states in the Cold War . He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower . In April 1961 , he authorized a failed joint-CIA attempt to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro in the Bay of Pigs Invasion . He subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain public approval for a war against Cuba . In October 1962 , U.S. spy planes discovered that Soviet missile bases had been deployed in Cuba ; the resulting period of tensions , termed the Cuban Missile Crisis , nearly resulted in the breakout of a global thermonuclear conflict . Domestically , Kennedy presided over the establishment of the Peace Corps and supported the Civil Rights Movement , but he was largely unsuccessful in passing his New Frontier domestic policies . Kennedy continues to rank highly in historians ' polls of U.S. presidents and with the general public . His average approval rating of 70 % is the highest of any president in Gallup 's history of systematically measuring job approval . On November 22 , 1963 , Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas , Texas . Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested for the crime , but he was never prosecuted due to his murder by Jack Ruby two days later . Pursuant to the Presidential Succession Act , Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as president later that day . The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin , but various groups believed that Kennedy was the victim of a conspiracy . After Kennedy 's death , many of his proposals were enacted , including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Revenue Act of 1964 ."
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" Platt Amendment On March 2 , 1901 , the Platt Amendment was passed as part of the 1901 Army Appropriations Bill . It stipulated seven conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish -- American War , and an eighth condition that Cuba sign a treaty accepting these seven conditions . It defined the terms of Cuban -- U.S. relations to essentially be an unequal one of U.S. dominance over Cuba . On December 25 , 1901 , Cuba amended its constitution to contain , word for word , the seven applicable demands of the Platt Amendment . On May 22 , 1903 , Cuba entered into a treaty with the United States to make the same required seven pledges : the Cuban -- American Treaty of Relations of 1903 . Two of the seven pledges were to allow the United States to intervene unilaterally in Cuban affairs , and a pledge to lease land to the United States for naval bases on the island . ( The Cuban-American Treaty of Relations of 1934 replaced the 1903 Treaty of Relations , and dropped three of the seven pledges . ) The 1903 Treaty of Relations was used as justification for the Second Occupation of Cuba from 1906 to 1909 . On September 29 , 1906 , Secretary of War ( and future U.S. president ) William Howard Taft initiated the Second Occupation of Cuba when he established the Provisional Government of Cuba under the terms of the treaty ( Article three ) , declaring himself Provisional Governor of Cuba . On October 23 , 1906 , President Roosevelt issued , ratifying the order . On May 29 , 1934 , the United States and Cuba signed the 1934 Treaty of Relations that in its first article abrogates the 1903 Treaty of Relations .",
" Cold War (1962–79) The Cold War ( 1962 -- 1979 ) refers to the phase within the Cold War that spanned the period between the aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis in late October 1962 , through the détente period beginning in 1969 , to the end of détente in the late 1970s . The United States maintained its Cold War engagement with the Soviet Union during the period , despite internal preoccupations with the assassination of John F. Kennedy , the Civil Rights Movement and the opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War . In 1968 , Eastern Bloc member Czechoslovakia attempted the reforms of the Prague Spring and was subsequently invaded by the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact members , who reinstated the Soviet model . By 1973 , the US had withdrawn from the Vietnam War . While communists gained power in some South East Asian countries , they were divided by the Sino-Soviet Split , with China moving closer to the Western camp , following US President Richard Nixon 's visit to China . In the 1960s and 1970s , the Third World was increasingly divided between governments backed by the Soviets ( such as Libya , Iraq and Syria ) , governments backed by NATO ( such as Saudi Arabia ) , and a growing camp of non-aligned nations . The Soviet and other Eastern Bloc economies continued to stagnate . Worldwide inflation occurred following the 1973 oil crisis ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Sunrise devised a media series that includes "mecha."
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" Sunrise (company) is a Japanese animation studio and production enterprise . It is a subsidiary of Bandai Namco Holdings . Its former name was Nippon Sunrise , and prior to that , Sunrise Studios . Its headquarters is located in Suginami , Tokyo . Among Japan 's largest and most famous studios , Sunrise is renowned for several critically lauded and popular original anime series , such as Gundam , Cowboy Bebop , Space Runaway Ideon , Armored Trooper Votoms , Yoroiden Samurai Troopers , Future GPX Cyber Formula , Crush Gear Turbo , The Vision of Escaflowne , Love Live School Idol Project , Witch Hunter Robin , My-HiME , My-Otome , Code Geass : Lelouch of the Rebellion , Tiger & Bunny , Cross Ange : Rondo of Angel and Dragon , as well as its numerous adaptations of acclaimed light novels including Dirty Pair , Horizon in the Middle of Nowhere and Accel World , and manga such as City Hunter , InuYasha , Outlaw Star , Yakitate !! Japan , Planetes , Keroro Gunso , Gin Tama , Kekkaishi and several others . Many of Sunrise 's original anime include similar themes , including mecha and masked identities accompanied with fluid animation . Because of the fluidity and high degree of details on much of their works , fans refer to their animation works as `` Sunrise Smooth '' . Most of their works are mostly original titles created in-house by their creative staffs that went into a collective pseudonym called Hajime Yatate . They also previously operated a now defunct video game studio of their own named Sunrise Interactive . Sunrise also launched their own light novel publication titled Yatate Bunko Imprint on September 30 , 2016 aimed to publish new original titles and also to supplemment their already existing franchises with new materials . Anime created by Sunrise that have won the Animage Anime Grand Prix prize are Mobile Suit Gundam in 1979 and the first half of 1980 , Space Runaway Ideon in the second half of 1980 , Crusher Joe ( co-production with Studio Nue ) in 1983 , Dirty Pair in 1985 , Future GPX Cyber Formula in 1991 , Gundam SEED in 2002 , Gundam SEED Destiny in 2004 and 2005 , Code Geass : Lelouch of the Rebellion in 2006 and 2007 and Code Geass R2 in 2008 , thus making Sunrise as the studio that won the most number of Animage Awards ."
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" Gundam , also referred to as the , is a science fiction media franchise created by Sunrise that features giant robots ( or `` mecha '' ) called `` mobile suits '' , with titular mobile suits that carry the name `` Gundam . '' The franchise started on April 7 , 1979 , as an anime TV series called Mobile Suit Gundam , which was revolutionary in that it defined the real robot genre of anime by featuring giant robots in a militaristic war setting . The popularity of the first TV series and the merchandising that followed spawned a franchise that has come to include works released in numerous media . Titles have appeared in the form of multiple television series and OVAs , movies , manga , novels , and video games . The franchise has also led to the creation of one of the biggest toy and hobby franchises in the Japanese toy industry . As of 2014 , the Gundam franchise generates revenues of 80 billion yen a year . The 2014 retail sales of Gundam toy and hobby items totaled 18.4 billion yen . In the 2008 ranking of average sales figures for anime copies sold in Japan ( 1970 -- 2008 total sales figures averaged by episode ) Gundam series were in four of the top five places : Mobile Suit Gundam ranked second , with Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny third , Mobile Suit Gundam SEED fourth , and Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam fifth . Also , Mobile Suit Gundam Wing ranked 18th and Mobile Suit Gundam ZZ ranked 20th . Gunpla ( Gundam Plastic model ) holds 90 % of the Japanese character plastic model market . Academics in Japan have also viewed the series as inspiration , with the International Gundam Society being the first academic institution based on an animated TV series .",
" Overman King Gainer is an anime television series , created by Sunrise . Directed by longtime animator Yoshiyuki Tomino , the creator of the Gundam series , written by Ichirō Ōkouchi , and featuring character designs by Yoshihiro Nakamura , Kinu Nishimura and Ken ` ichi Yoshida , the series ran from September 7 , 2002 to March 22 , 2003 on Japan 's WOWOW network , spanning a total of 26 episodes . Following the 2012 closure of Bandai Entertainment , Sunrise announced at Otakon 2013 , that Sentai Filmworks has rescued Overman King Gainer , along with a handful of other former BEI titles ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Baahubali: The Beginning won the National Film Award for Best Feature film and was praised.
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" Baahubali: The Beginning Baahubali : The Beginning ( stylized as bãhubali ; The One with Strong Arms ) is a 2015 Indian epic historical fiction film directed by S. S. Rajamouli . The film was produced by Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni and was simultaneously shot in Telugu and Tamil . The film stars Prabhas , Rana Daggubati , Anushka Shetty and Tamannaah in the lead roles , with Ramya Krishnan , Sathyaraj , and Nassar in supporting roles . The first of two cinematic parts , The Beginning is a tale of the lost rightful heir of the fictional kingdom of Mahishmati , who learns about his true identity while falling in love with a rebellious warrior , who ( among with her group ) intends to rescue the former queen of Mahismati . The film was conceived by Rajamouli 's father K. V. Vijayendra Prasad , who randomly told him a story about Sivagami , a woman who carries a baby in her hand while crossing a river , and a few years later about Kattapa , which intrigued Rajamouli . His fascination with mythology and the tales of Amar Chitra Katha comics further fueled his interest in the story . However , it took the writers three months to finalise the final draft . The soundtrack and background score were composed by M. M. Keeravani while the cinematography , production design , and VFX were handled by K. K. Senthil Kumar , Sabu Cyril and V. Srinivas Mohan respectively . The film was made on a budget of 1.8 billion , making it the most expensive Indian film at its time of release . The film opened worldwide on 10 July 2015 , garnering critical acclaim and record breaking box office success . With the worldwide box office gross of 6.5 billion , it became the highest grossing film in India and the third-highest grossing Indian film worldwide , and the highest-grossing South Indian film at the time of its release . Its Hindi dubbed version also broke several records by becoming the highest grossing dubbed film in India . Both budget and box office records since has been surpassed by its sequel , Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion . The Beginning is the highest grossing Indian film of 2015 and the fourth highest grossing Indian film of all time . It received several accolades . It won the National Film Award for Best Special Effects and Best Feature Film , becoming the first Telugu film to win the award . At the 63rd Filmfare Awards South , the Telugu version won five awards from ten nominations , including Best Film , Best Director for Rajamouli and Best Supporting Actress for Krishnan . The Beginning became the first Indian film to be nominated for Saturn Awards , receiving five nominations at the 42nd ceremony , including Best Fantasy Film and Best Supporting Actress for Tamannaah . The film 's second and final cinematic part was released on 28 April 2017 ."
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" Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film is award during annual Filmfare Awards , given by the Filmfare magazine . The awards are the oldest and most prominent film awards given for Hindi films in India . The yearly awards started in 1954 . Movie awards were first given by popular vote . Many complained that films of artistic merit rather than commercial appeal were being overlooked , hence a new award category was added , the Critics Award for Best Film .",
" National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English The National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English is one of the National Film Awards presented annually by the Directorate of Film Festivals , the organisation set up by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , India . It is one of several awards presented for feature films and awarded with Rajat Kamal ( Silver Lotus ) . The National Film Awards , established in 1954 , are the most prominent film awards in India that merit the best of the Indian cinema . The ceremony also presents awards for films in various regional languages . Awards for films in seven regional language ( Bengali , Hindi , Kannada , Malayalam , Marathi , Tamil and Telugu ) started from 2nd National Film Awards which were presented on 21 December 1955 . Three awards of `` President 's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film '' , `` Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film '' and `` Certificate of Merit for the Third Best Feature Film '' were instituted . The later two certificate awards were discontinued from 15th National Film Awards ( 1967 ) . Produced and directed by Serbjeet Singh , the 1964 film The Avalanche was honoured with the first president 's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in English . After 1964 , awards were discontinued for certain period and resumed for feature films produced in 1981 at 29th National Film Awards ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Bernie Sanders is a self-described democratic socialist.
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" Bernie Sanders Bernard Sanders ( born September 8 , 1941 ) is an American politician who has been the junior United States Senator from Vermont since 2007 . Sanders is the longest serving independent in U.S. congressional history . Since his election to the House of Representatives in 1991 , he has caucused with the Democratic Party , which has entitled him to congressional committee assignments and at times given Democrats a majority . Sanders became the ranking minority member on the Senate Budget Committee in January 2015 ; he had previously been chair of the Senate Veterans ' Affairs Committee for two years . Since January 2017 , he has been Chair of the Senate Democratic Outreach Committee . Sanders 's campaign against Hillary Clinton for the party 's 2016 U.S. presidential nomination raised more money in small , individual contributions than any other in American history , and helped him rise to international recognition . A self-described democratic socialist , Sanders is pro-labor and emphasizes reversing economic inequality . Many scholars consider his views to be more in line with social democracy and New Deal-era American progressivism than democratic socialism . Sanders was born and raised in the Brooklyn borough of New York City and graduated from the University of Chicago in 1964 . While a student he was an active protest organizer for the Congress of Racial Equality and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee during the Civil Rights Movement . After settling in Vermont in 1968 , Sanders ran unsuccessful third-party campaigns for governor and U.S. senator in the early to mid-1970s . As an independent , he was elected mayor of Burlington -- Vermont 's most populous city of 42,417 in 2010 -- in 1981 , by a margin of ten votes . He went on to be reelected as mayor three times . In 1990 , he was elected to represent Vermont 's at-large congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives , where he co-founded the Congressional Progressive Caucus in 1991 . He served as a congressman for 16 years before being elected to the U.S. Senate in 2006 . In 2012 , he was reelected with 71 % of the popular vote . Polls indicate that he is among the senators most popular with their constituents , ranking third in 2014 and first in both 2015 and 2016 . Sanders rose to national prominence following his 2010 filibuster against the Middle Class Tax Relief Act of 2010 , which extended the Bush tax cuts that favored the wealthiest Americans . He has built a reputation as a leading progressive voice on issues such as campaign finance reform , corporate welfare , global warming , income inequality , LGBT rights , parental leave , and universal healthcare . Sanders has long been critical of U.S. foreign policy and was an early and outspoken opponent of the Iraq War , the First Gulf War , and U.S. support for the Contras in Nicaragua . He is also outspoken on civil liberties and civil rights , particularly criticizing racial discrimination in the criminal justice system as well as advocating for privacy rights against mass surveillance policies such as the USA PATRIOT Act and the NSA surveillance programs . Sanders announced his campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination on April 30 , 2015 . Initially considered a long shot , Sanders won 23 primaries and caucuses and approximately 43 % of pledged delegates to Clinton 's 55 % . His campaign was noted for the enthusiasm of its supporters , as well as his rejection of large donations from corporations , the financial industry , and any associated Super PAC . On July 12 , 2016 , Sanders formally endorsed Clinton against her Republican general election opponent Donald Trump , while urging his supporters to continue the `` political revolution '' his campaign had begun . In November 2016 , Sanders 's book Our Revolution : A Future to Believe In was released ; upon its release , it was on The New York Times best-seller list at number 3 . In 2016 Sanders formed a political organization , Our Revolution , to educate voters about issues , get people involved in the political process , and work to organize and elect progressive candidates . In February 2017 , Sanders began webcasting The Bernie Sanders Show on Facebook ."
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" Ruling party The ruling party or governing party in a democratic parliamentary system is the incumbent political party or coalition of the majority in parliament , that administers the affairs of state . Within a parliamentary system , the majority in the legislature also controls the executive branch of government , thus leaving no possibility of dueling parties concurrently occupying the executive and legislative branches of government , such as in an American style presidential system where the party of the president does not necessarily also have a legislative majority . A ruling party is also used to describe the party of one-party states , such as the Communist Party of China in the People 's Republic of China . In his political manifesto The Green Book , the late Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi attacked the ability of the ruling party , using it as a basis for his opposition to partisan politics . This is an example of methods and rationale that dictatorships espouse to establish an unchanging monolithic society , tyrannical rule and autocracy , without any participatory opportunities offered to a population .",
" World Socialist Movement The World Socialist Movement ( WSM ) is an international organisation of socialist parties created in 1904 with the founding of the Socialist Party of Great Britain . The member parties share a common classical Marxist worldview and an adherence to socialism defined as a distinct economic system from capitalism . As a result , the parties of the World Socialist Movement are held in sharp contrast to social democratic political parties and Marxist -- Leninist movements . In contrast to social democratic parties , the World Socialist parties do not pursue social and economic reforms to capitalism , nor do they seek political office in electoral politics , and they do not focus on `` progressive '' causes , believing such actions to be irrelevant to their fundamental goal of socialism . In contrast to Marxist -- Leninist Communist parties , they do not subscribe to the theories of imperialism , vanguardism and democratic centralism , believing such practices to be antithetical to the realisation of socialism . The World Socialist Party of the United States ( WSPUS ) defines socialism as a moneyless society based on common ownership of the means of production , production for use , and social relations based on cooperative and democratic associations as opposed to bureaucratic hierarchies . Additionally , the WSPUS includes statelessness , classlessness and the abolition of wage labor as characteristics of a socialist society -- characteristics that are usually reserved to describe a communist society ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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The Beach Boys included a person.
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" The Beach Boys The Beach Boys are an American rock band formed in Hawthorne , California , in 1961 . The group 's original lineup consisted of brothers Brian , Dennis , and Carl Wilson ; their cousin Mike Love ; and their friend Al Jardine . Distinguished by their vocal harmonies and early surf songs , they are one of the most influential acts of the rock era . The group , led by their principal songwriter and producer Brian , pioneered novel approaches to popular music form and production , combining their affinities for jazz-based vocal groups , 1950s rock and roll , and black R&B to create their unique sound . He later arranged his compositions for studio orchestras and explored a variety of other styles , often incorporating classical or jazz elements and unconventional recording techniques in innovative ways . The Beach Boys began as a garage band managed by the Wilsons ' father Murry , with Brian 's increasingly sophisticated songwriting and recording abilities dominating their creative direction . Emerging at the vanguard of the `` California Sound '' , they performed original material that reflected a southern California youth culture of surfing , cars , and romance . After 1964 , they abandoned the surfing aesthetic for more personal lyrics and multi-layered sounds . In 1966 , the Pet Sounds album and `` Good Vibrations '' single vaulted the group to the top level of rock innovators and established the band as symbols of the nascent counterculture era . Following the dissolution of the group 's Smile project in 1967 , Brian gradually ceded production and songwriting duties to the rest of the band , reducing his input because of mental health and substance abuse issues . The group 's public image subsequently faltered , and despite efforts to continue their psychedelic/avant-garde ventures and reclaim their hippie audiences , they were dismissed as an embodiment of the values and outlooks shared by early 1960s white , suburban teenagers . The continued success of their greatest hits albums during the mid 1970s precipitated the band 's transition into an oldies act , a move that was denigrated by critics and many fans . Since the 1980s , much-publicized legal wrangling over royalties , songwriting credits and use of the band 's name transpired . Dennis drowned in 1983 and Carl died of lung cancer in 1998 . After Carl 's death , many live configurations of the band fronted by Mike Love and Bruce Johnston continued to tour into the 2000s while other members pursued solo projects . Even though Wilson and Jardine have not performed with Love and Johnston 's band since their one-off 2012 reunion tour , they remain a part of the Beach Boys ' corporation , Brother Records Inc. . The Beach Boys are one of the most critically acclaimed , commercially successful , and widely influential bands of all time . The group had over eighty songs chart worldwide , thirty-six of them US Top 40 hits ( the most by an American rock band ) , four reaching number-one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . The Beach Boys have sold in excess of 100 million records worldwide , making them one of the world 's best-selling bands of all time and are listed at No. 12 on Rolling Stone magazine 's 2004 list of the `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' . The core quintet of the three Wilsons , Love and Jardine were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 ."
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" Smiley Smile Smiley Smile is the 12th studio album by American rock band the Beach Boys , released on September 18 , 1967 . Though the album reached number 9 on UK record charts , it resonated only moderately with US audiences , reaching number 41 -- the lowest chart placement the band had yet for a record . Critics and fans generally received the album with confusion . Discounting the inclusion of standalone single `` Good Vibrations '' and the solo-credited `` Gettin ' Hungry '' , only one single was issued from Smiley Smile : `` Heroes and Villains '' . Devised as a simplified version of their then-forthcoming Smile -- a different , much more elaborately constructed LP -- Smiley Smile is best known for its contrasting lo-fi production with an avant-garde and minimalist approach to arranging . Following Brian Wilson 's declaration that most of the Smile tapes were off-limits , the majority of recording sessions lasted for only six weeks at his makeshift home studio using what was predominantly radio broadcasting equipment . The album 's instrumentation consists mainly of detuned piano , electronic bass , and ( especially ) a Baldwin theater organ that Wilson became fixated with during recording , combining an experimental party-like atmosphere with the modular production style he initiated with `` Good Vibrations '' . After settling payment disputes with Capitol Records , Smiley Smile was distributed in collaboration with Brother Records , a new record label and holding company founded by the band . Smile was left unfinished as the group embarked on a tour of Hawaii . Carl Wilson famously described Smiley Smile as `` a bunt instead of a grand slam '' . The album 's production was unusually credited to `` the Beach Boys '' rather than Brian alone , marking the point where he began relinquishing his hold as the group 's creative leader . The record has since grown in stature to become a cult and critical favorite in the Beach Boys ' oeuvre . In 1974 , it was voted the 64th greatest album of all time by NME writers , and in 2000 , it was one of 100 albums featured in the book The Ambient Century as a landmark in the development of ambient music .",
" Billy Van Zandt William `` Billy '' Van Zandt ( born December 13 , 1957 ) is an American playwright and actor ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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How I Met Your Mother has 9 seasons.
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" How I Met Your Mother How I Met Your Mother ( often abbreviated to HIMYM ) is an American sitcom that originally aired on CBS from September 19 , 2005 to March 31 , 2014 . The series follows the main character , Ted Mosby , and his group of friends in Manhattan . As a framing device , Ted , in the year 2030 , recounts to his son and daughter the events that led him to meeting their mother . The series was created by Craig Thomas and Carter Bays , who also served as the show 's executive producers and were frequent writers . The series was loosely inspired by their friendship when they both lived in New York City . Among the 208 episodes , there were only four directors : Pamela Fryman ( 196 episodes ) , Rob Greenberg ( 7 episodes ) , Michael Shea ( 4 episodes ) , and Neil Patrick Harris ( 1 episode ) . Known for its unique structure and eccentric humor , How I Met Your Mother has gained a cult following over the years . The show initially received positive reviews , while the later seasons received more mixed reviews . The show was nominated for 28 Emmy Awards , winning nine . In 2010 , Alyson Hannigan won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite TV Comedy Actress . In 2012 , seven years after its premiere , the series won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite Network TV Comedy , and Neil Patrick Harris won the award for Favorite TV Comedy Actor . The ninth and final season began airing on September 23 , 2013 , and concluded on March 31 , 2014 , with a double-length finale episode , which received polarized reviews from critics and fans alike for its controversial twist ending , as many critics and fans believed it contradicted many of the previous episodes . How I Met Your Mother is often compared to Friends , for its setting and characters . Both shows take place in New York and both casts have similar character archetypes ."
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" How I Met Your Music How I Met Your Music ( Original Songs from the Hit Series `` How I Met Your Mother '' ) is the first of two soundtrack albums from the CBS television series How I Met Your Mother , and was released hours before the Season 8 premier . It features 20 songs that had appeared in the first seven series on the show and was released only digitally , originally through iTunes . A second iteration , titled How I Met Your Music : Deluxe album , was released a year later . It contains an entirely different play list . Both albums are emblematic of the series 's facile use of music to reinforce its themes .",
" Ten Sessions `` Ten Sessions '' is the 13th episode of the third season of How I Met Your Mother , and the 57th episode overall of the series . It originally aired on March 24 , 2008 on CBS . The episode was written by series co-creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas , and directed by Pamela Fryman . In the episode , Ted is repeatedly rejected by his dermatologist Stella for a date , so Stella 's receptionist , Abby , becomes interested in him . In March 2008 , it was announced that American recording artist Britney Spears would make a guest appearance on the show as Abby . Alongside Spears , `` Ten Sessions '' featured guest appearances from Sarah Chalke and Marshall Manesh . Television critics reacted positively to the episode , who praised the storyline and Spears ' performance . According to the Nielsen ratings , `` Ten Sessions '' was watched by 10.62 million viewers , which was the show 's highest rating for the third season of the series ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Girls' Generation is not a girl group.
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" Girls' Generation Girls ' Generation , also known as SNSD , is a South Korean girl group formed by S.M. Entertainment . The group is composed of eight members : Taeyeon , Sunny , Tiffany , Hyoyeon , Yuri , Sooyoung , Yoona , and Seohyun . Originally a nine-piece group ( with Jessica , who later departed from the group in September 2014 ) , Girls ' Generation debuted in 2007 with their Korean eponymous debut album . Though the album gained some attention , it was not until 2009 that the group rose to fame with the single `` Gee '' , which claimed the top spot on KBS 's Music Bank for a record-breaking nine consecutive weeks and was named the most popular song of the 2000s in South Korea by Melon . Girls ' Generation further consolidated their popularity on the South Korean music scene with follow-up singles `` Tell Me Your Wish ( Genie ) '' , `` Oh ! '' , and `` Run Devil Run '' , which were released in mid-2009 and early 2010 . In mid-2010 , Girls ' Generation signed with Nayutawave Records ( present-day EMI Records Japan ) to venture into the Japanese music scene . Their June 2011 self-titled Japanese debut album peaked atop the Japanese Oricon Albums Chart and became the first album by a non-Japanese girl group to be certified million by the Recording Industry Association of Japan . The group 's third Korean studio album The Boys was released in October 2011 and became the best-selling album of 2011 in South Korea with sales of over 380,000 copies . An English version of the single `` The Boys '' was released by Interscope Records in an attempt to expand the group 's endeavor to the global music scene . The group 's 2013 fourth Korean studio album I Got a Boy was supported by the single `` I Got a Boy '' , which was subjected to major attention from Western media following its winning the Video of the Year award at the inaugural YouTube Music Awards . Their fifth Korean studio album , Lion Heart , was released in 2015 . Girls ' Generation 's signature musical styles are characterized as electropop and bubblegum pop , though their sounds have varied widely , incorporating various genres including hip hop , R&B , and EDM . They have sold over 4.4 million albums and 30 million digital singles as of 2012 . The group 's immense popularity in their native country South Korea has earned them numerous accolades and the titles `` The Nation 's Singers '' and `` The Nation 's Girl Group '' . Girls ' Generation is also deemed one of the prominent figures of the Korean Wave and one of the most popular K-pop acts internationally . They are the first Asian girl group to achieve five music videos with over 100 million views on YouTube : `` Gee '' , `` I Got a Boy '' , `` The Boys '' , `` Mr. Taxi '' , and `` Oh ! '' . In Japan , they became the first non-Japanese girl group to have three number-one albums on the Japanese Oricon Albums Chart , and their three Japanese concert tours attracted a record-breaking 550,000 spectators , more than any other Korean girl groups ."
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" Lion Heart (album) Lion Heart is the fifth Korean language studio album recorded by South Korean girl group Girls ' Generation . It marked their first record as an eight-member group since the departure of member Jessica in September 2014 . Produced by Lee Soo-man , Lion Heart musically encompasses styles of electropop and bubblegum pop . It was released in two parts throughout August 18 and August 19 , 2015 by S.M. Entertainment ; another version with a different cover titled You Think was distributed on August 26 , 2015 . The album spawned three singles . Its lead single , `` Party '' , was released on July 7 , 2015 , and peaked atop the Gaon Digital Chart , further reaching number ten on the Japan Hot 100 . It was followed up by `` Lion Heart '' and `` You Think '' in August 2015 , charting at number four and thirty on the Gaon Digital Chart , respectively . In order to promote the record , Girls ' Generation appeared on several South Korean music programs , such as Music Bank , Show ! Music Core , and Inkigayo , where they performed material from the album . The group additionally embarked on a concert tour named Girls ' Generation 's Phantasia , which commenced on November 21 , 2015 in Seoul and visited East and Southeast Asia . Lion Heart received mixed reviews from music critics , who opined that the album 's styles were too generic and considered it a decline in the group 's career . Commercially , the record experienced commercial acclaim in South Korea , staying atop the Gaon Album Chart for two weeks and becoming the 13th best-selling album of 2015 in that country . It also appeared on United States ' Billboard World Albums Chart , and charted at number 11 on the Japanese Oricon Albums Chart .",
" Peer group A peer group is both a social group and a primary group of people who have similar interests ( homophily ) , age , background , or social status . The members of this group are likely to influence the person 's beliefs and behaviour . Peer groups contain hierarchies and distinct patterns of behavior . Eighteen-year-olds are not in a peer group with 14 year olds even though they may be in school together , just as teachers do not share students as a peer group . During adolescence , peer groups tend to face dramatic changes . Adolescents tend to spend more time with their peers and have less adult supervision . Adolescents ' communication shifts during this time as well . They prefer to talk about school and their careers with their parents , and they enjoy talking about sex and other interpersonal relationships with their peers . Children look to join peer groups who accept them , even if the group is involved in negative activities . Children are less likely to accept those who are different from them . Cliques are small groups typically defined by common interests or by friendship . Cliques typically have 2-12 members and tend to be formed by age , gender , race , and social class . Clique members are usually the same in terms of academics and risk behaviors . Cliques can serve as an agent of socialization and social control . Being part of a clique can be advantageous since it may provide a sense of autonomy , a secure social environment , and overall well-being . Crowds are larger , more vaguely defined groups that may not have a friendship base . Crowds serve as peer groups , and they increase in importance during early adolescence , and decrease by late adolescents . The level of involvement in adult institutions and peer culture describes crowds ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Appian Way Productions is a company.
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" Appian Way Productions Appian Way Productions is a film production company in West Hollywood , California , established by actor and producer Leonardo DiCaprio . The company 's first film was The Assassination of Richard Nixon ( 2004 ) . It then released the 2004 biopic The Aviator , starring DiCaprio as Howard Hughes . The film was a critical and commercial success , and earned several Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture . Its following productions were released three years later -- the comedy drama Gardener of Eden ( 2007 ) and the documentary The 11th Hour ( 2007 ) . This was followed by the commercial successes of the psychological horror Orphan ( 2009 ) , the psychological thriller Shutter Island ( 2010 ) and the dark fantasy film Red Riding Hood ( 2011 ) . The company had three releases in 2013 , including the crime thriller Runner Runner and the thriller film Out of the Furnace ( 2013 ) , both of which performed poorly at the box-office . Appian Way released the biopic The Wolf of Wall Street ( 2013 ) , a critical and commercial success , which was nominated for several Academy Awards , including Best Picture ."
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" Casting (performing arts) In the performing arts industry such as Theatre , Film , or Television , a casting ( or casting call ) is a pre-production process for selecting a certain type of actor , dancer , singer , or extra for a particular role or part in a script , screenplay , or teleplay . This process is typically utilized for a motion picture , television program , documentary , music video , play , or television advertisement , etc. . This involvement in a dramatic production , advertisement , and or industrial video is intended for an audience , or studio audience .",
" American Appraisal American Appraisal is a company which employs roughly 300 people in 60 locations around the world . Publicly notable projects conducted by American Appraisal include , for example , a `` fresh start '' valuation of MCI 's assets after its chapter 11 bankruptcy filing or the retrospective valuation of the World Trade Center for Larry Silverstein 's court case ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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An intelligence quotient uses tests.
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" Intelligence quotient An intelligence quotient ( IQ ) is a total score derived from several standardized tests designed to assess human intelligence . The abbreviation `` IQ '' was coined by the psychologist William Stern for the German term Intelligenzquotient , his term for a scoring method for intelligence tests at University of Wrocław he advocated in a 1912 book . Historically , IQ is a score obtained by dividing a person 's mental age score , obtained by administering an intelligence test , by the person 's chronological age , both expressed in terms of years and months . The resulting fraction is multiplied by 100 to obtain the IQ score . When current IQ tests were developed , the median raw score of the norming sample is defined as IQ 100 and scores each standard deviation ( SD ) up or down are defined as 15 IQ points greater or less , although this was not always so historically . By this definition , approximately two-thirds of the population scores are between IQ 85 and IQ 115 . About 5 percent of the population scores above 125 , and 5 percent below 75 . Scores from intelligence tests are estimates of intelligence because concrete measurements ( e.g. distance , mass ) can not be achieved given the abstract nature of the concept of `` intelligence '' . IQ scores have been shown to be associated with such factors as morbidity and mortality , parental social status , and , to a substantial degree , biological parental IQ . While the heritability of IQ has been investigated for nearly a century , there is still debate about the significance of heritability estimates and the mechanisms of inheritance . IQ scores are used for educational placement , assessment of intellectual disability , and evaluating job applicants . Even when students improve their scores on standardized tests , they do not always improve their cognitive abilities , such as memory , attention and speed . In research contexts they have been studied as predictors of job performance , and income . They are also used to study distributions of psychometric intelligence in populations and the correlations between it and other variables . Raw scores on IQ tests for many populations have been rising at an average rate that scales to three IQ points per decade since the early 20th century , a phenomenon called the Flynn effect . Investigation of different patterns of increases in subtest scores can also inform current research on human intelligence ."
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" Computational intelligence The expression computational intelligence ( CI ) usually refers to the ability of a computer to learn a specific task from data or experimental observation . Even though it is commonly considered a synonym of soft computing , there is still no commonly accepted definition of computational intelligence . Generally , computational intelligence is a set of nature-inspired computational methodologies and approaches to address complex real-world problems to which mathematical or traditional modelling can be useless for a few reasons : the processes might be too complex for mathematical reasoning , it might contain some uncertainties during the process , or the process might simply be stochastic in nature . Indeed , many real-life problems can not be translated into binary language ( unique values of 0 and 1 ) for computers to process it . Computational Intelligence therefore provides solutions for such problems . The methods used are close to the human 's way of reasoning , i.e. it uses inexact and incomplete knowledge , and it is able to produce control actions in an adaptive way . CI therefore uses a combination of five main complementary techniques . The fuzzy logic which enables the computer to understand natural language , artificial neural networks which permits the system to learn experiential data by operating like the biological one , evolutionary computing , which is based on the process of natural selection , learning theory , and probabilistic methods which helps dealing with uncertainty imprecision . Except those main principles , currently popular approaches include biologically inspired algorithms such as swarm intelligence and artificial immune systems , which can be seen as a part of evolutionary computation , image processing , data mining , natural language processing , and artificial intelligence , which tends to be confused with Computational Intelligence . But although both Computational Intelligence ( CI ) and Artificial Intelligence ( AI ) seek similar goals , there 's a clear distinction between them . Computational Intelligence is thus a way of performing like human beings . Indeed , the characteristic of `` intelligence '' is usually attributed to humans . More recently , many products and items also claim to be `` intelligent '' , an attribute which is directly linked to the reasoning and decision making .",
" Cattell Culture Fair III The Culture Fair Intelligence Test ( CFIT ) was constructed by Raymond B. Cattell , PhD , DSc in an attempt to produce a measure of cognitive abilities that accurately estimated intelligence devoid of sociocultural and environmental influences . Scholars have subsequently concluded that the attempt to construct measures of cognitive abilities devoid of the influences of experiential and cultural conditioning is a challenging one . Cattell proposed that general intelligence ( g ) comprises both Fluid Intelligence ( Gf ) and Crystallized Intelligence ( Gc ) . Whereas Gf is biologically and constitutionally based , Gc is the actual level of a person 's cognitive functioning , based on the augmentation of Gf through sociocultural and experiential learning ( including formal schooling ) . In addition to Gf and Gc , as Gregory John Boyle commented ( p. 267 ) , `` At the second-stratum level , several major factors ( Gf , Gc , Gm , Gps , Gr , Gv , Ga ) have been well replicated in numerous studies ... Gf is the constitutionally and endowed ( innate ) intellectual potential which interacts with environmental experience ... to produce Gc . '' Unlike the most widely used individual tests of cognitive abilities , such as the current editions of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and the Stanford -- Binet Intelligence Scale , which report cognitive ability scores as `` deviation IQs '' with 15 IQ points corresponding to one standard deviation above or below the mean , Cattell built into the CFIT a standard deviation of 24 IQ points , thereby allowing for a greater spread of scores and concomitantly greater discrimination . This means that about 68.2 percent of test-takers would obtain IQ scores on the CFIT that lie somewhere between 76 and 124 , while scoring between 85 and 115 on most other IQ tests ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Nick Nolte was in the cast of The Ridiculous 6.
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" Nick Nolte Nicholas King Nolte ( born February 8 , 1941 ) is an American actor and former model . He won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama , and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for the 1991 film The Prince of Tides . He went on to receive Academy Award nominations for Affliction ( 1998 ) and Warrior ( 2011 ) . His other film appearances include The Deep ( 1977 ) , 48 Hrs . ( 1982 ) , Down and Out in Beverly Hills ( 1986 ) , Another 48 Hrs . ( 1990 ) , Everybody Wins ( 1990 ) , Cape Fear ( 1991 ) , Lorenzo 's Oil ( 1992 ) , The Thin Red Line ( 1998 ) , Hulk ( 2003 ) , The Good Thief ( 2003 ) , Hotel Rwanda ( 2004 ) , Tropic Thunder ( 2008 ) , A Walk in the Woods ( 2015 ) and The Ridiculous 6 ( 2015 ) . He was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy for his role in the TV series Graves ( 2016 -- present ) ."
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" Cannery Row (film) Cannery Row is a 1982 American comedy-drama film directed by David S. Ward . It stars Nick Nolte and Debra Winger . The movie is adapted from John Steinbeck 's novels Cannery Row and Sweet Thursday .",
" Over the Hedge (film) Over the Hedge is a 2006 American computer-animated comedy film , based on the characters from the United Media comic strip of the same name . Directed by Tim Johnson and Karey Kirkpatrick , and produced by Bonnie Arnold , it was released in the United States on May 19 , 2006 . The film was produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed through Paramount Pictures . The film features the voices of Bruce Willis , Garry Shandling , Steve Carell , William Shatner , Wanda Sykes , and Nick Nolte . It is the first DreamWorks Animation film to be distributed by Paramount Pictures , which acquired the live-action DreamWorks studio in 2006 . The film earned $ 336 million on an $ 80 million budget ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Natalie Portman won a Golden Globe Award.
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" Natalie Portman Natalie Portman ( born Neta-Lee Hershlag , נטע-לי הרשלג June 9 , 1981 ) is an actress with dual American and Israeli citizenship . Her first role was in the 1994 action thriller Léon : The Professional , opposite Jean Reno . She was later cast as Padmé Amidala in the Star Wars prequel trilogy ( released in 1999 , 2002 and 2005 ) . Born in Jerusalem to an Israeli father and American mother , Portman grew up in the eastern United States from the age of three . She studied dancing and acting in New York , and starred in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace while still at high school on Long Island . In 1999 , Portman enrolled at Harvard University to study psychology , alongside her work as an actress ; she completed a bachelor 's degree in 2003 . During her studies she starred in a second Star Wars film and opened in New York City 's The Public Theater production of Anton Chekhov 's The Seagull in 2001 . Portman won a Golden Globe and was nominated for an Academy Award for starring in the 2004 drama Closer , appeared in Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith the following year , and won a Constellation Award for Best Female Performance and the Saturn Award for Best Actress for her starring role in the political thriller V for Vendetta ( 2006 ) . She played leading roles in the historical dramas Goya 's Ghosts ( 2006 ) and The Other Boleyn Girl ( 2008 ) , and also appeared in Thor ( 2011 ) and its 2013 sequel . In 2010 , Portman starred in the psychological thriller film Black Swan . Her performance received widespread critical acclaim and she earned her first Academy Award for Best Actress , her second Golden Globe Award , the SAG Award , the BAFTA Award and the BFCA Award in 2011 . In 2016 , she portrayed First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in the biographical drama Jackie . She was nominated for an Academy Award , a BAFTA Award , a Golden Globe Award , a Screen Actors Guild Award and won the BFCA for Best Actress . In May 2008 , Portman served as the youngest member of the 61st Annual Cannes Film Festival jury . The same year she directed a segment of the collective film New York , I Love You . Her first feature film as a director , A Tale of Love and Darkness , was released in 2015 ."
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" Léon: The Professional Léon : The Professional ( Léon also known as The Professional ) is a 1994 English-language French thriller film written and directed by Luc Besson . It stars Jean Reno and Gary Oldman , and features the motion picture debut of Natalie Portman . In the film , Léon ( Reno ) , a professional hitman , reluctantly takes in 12-year-old Mathilda ( Portman ) , after her family is murdered by corrupt Drug Enforcement Administration agent Norman Stansfield ( Oldman ) . Léon and Mathilda form an unusual relationship , as she becomes his protégée and learns the hitman 's trade .",
" Academy Honorary Award The Academy Honorary Award -- instituted in 1948 for the 21st Academy Awards ( previously called the Special Award , which was first presented in early 1929 ) -- is given annually by the Board of Governors of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) to celebrate motion picture achievements that are not covered by existing Academy Awards , although prior winners of competitive Academy Awards are not excluded from receiving the Honorary Award . Unless otherwise specified , Honorary Award recipients receive the same gold Oscar statuettes received by winners of the competitive Academy Awards . Unlike the Special Achievement Award instituted in 1972 ( and discontinued in 1995 ) , those on whom the Academy confers its Honorary Award do not have to meet `` the Academy 's eligibility year and deadline requirements . '' Like the Special Achievement Award , the Special Award and Honorary Award have been used to reward significant achievements of the year that did not fit in existing categories , subsequently leading the Academy to establish several new categories , and to honor exceptional career achievements , contributions to the motion picture industry , and service to the Academy . The Academy Honorary Award is often awarded in preference to those with noted achievements in motion pictures who have nevertheless never won an Academy Award . Thus , many of its recipients are Classic Hollywood stars , such as Lillian Gish , Barbara Stanwyck , Kirk Douglas , and Lauren Bacall . Since 2009 the Honorary Award is presented at the annual Governors Awards rather than at the Academy Awards ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Leonardo Bonucci is a three-time member of the Serie A Team of the Year.
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" Leonardo Bonucci Leonardo Bonucci ( -LSB- leoˈnardo boˈnuttʃi -RSB- ; born 1 May 1987 ) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Serie A club Juventus and the Italian national team . After beginning his career with Inter in 2005 , Bonucci spent the next few seasons on loan at Treviso and Pisa , before moving to Bari in 2009 . His technique , ball-playing ability and defensive performances alongside fellow Italian centre-back Andrea Ranocchia earned him a move to Juventus the following season , where he later became a key member of the club 's three-man defensive line , alongside Giorgio Chiellini and Andrea Barzagli , establishing himself as one of the best defenders in world football . He went on to win six consecutive Serie A titles with the team between 2012 and 2017 . At international level , Bonucci has represented Italy at two FIFA World Cups ( 2010 and 2014 ) , two European Championships ( 2012 and 2016 ) , and a FIFA Confederations Cup ( 2013 ) , winning a runners-up medal at Euro 2012 , and a third-place medal at the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup . Bonucci has also won several individual honours for his performances : he was named to the UEFA Europa League Squad of the season during the 2013 -- 14 season , and is a two-time member of the Serie A Team of the Year ; he was named the Serie A Footballer of the Year in 2016 , and was also included in the UEFA Team of the Year in the same season ."
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" Claudio Marchisio Claudio Marchisio ( -LSB- ˈklaudjo marˈkiːzjo -RSB- ; born 19 January 1986 ) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Juventus and the Italian national team . A product of the Juventus youth system , he has spent his whole career thus far at his hometown club , with the exception of a season-long loan spell at Empoli , winning six consecutive Serie A titles . He is currently the club 's second vice-captain , behind Giorgio Chiellini . Since making his breakthrough in the 2008 -- 09 season , Marchisio has often been compared to former Juventus and Italian midfielder Marco Tardelli by the Italian press , due to his energy , tenacious style of play , and good reading of the game , as well as his ability to seamlessly switch between offence and defence . A hard-tackling , versatile , and dynamic box-to-box midfielder , with good vision and technique , he is able to play as a defensive midfielder , as a playmaker , or out wide , but his preferred and most effective position is in the centre . Though right-footed , he is also competent with his left , as evidenced by his penchant for attempting a shot or scoring goals from outside the penalty box with both feet , if given the chance . At international level , Marchisio has represented Italy at the 2008 Summer Olympics , and at the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cups ; he also took part at UEFA Euro 2012 , winning a runners-up medal , and at the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup , where he won a third-place medal .",
" Serie A Defender of the Year The Serie A Defender of the Year ( Migliore difensore ) was a yearly award organized by the Italian Footballers ' Association ( AIC ) since 2000 to 2010 as part of the Oscar del Calcio awards event , given to the defender who has been considered to have performed the best over the previous Serie A season . Since 2011 , best defenders are chosen as part of the Serie A Team of the Year award within the Gran Galà del Calcio awards event ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Jing Tian is Chinese.
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" Jing Tian Jing Tian ( born July 21 , 1988 ) is a Chinese actress . She graduated from the Beijing Dance Academy and Beijing Film Academy . She is known for her roles in The Warring States , Special ID , and Police Story 2013 . She is part of the cast for three Legendary Pictures films , 2016 's The Great Wall , 2017 's Kong : Skull Island , and the upcoming Pacific Rim : Uprising ."
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" Chinese temple A Chinese temple is a place of worship of the Chinese folk religion/Shenism , where people revere ethnic Chinese gods and ancestors . They can be classified as : miào or diàn , simply meaning `` temple '' and mostly enshrining nature gods or national gods ; or cí , cítáng , zōngcí or zǔmiào , referring to ancestral temples , mostly enshrining the ancestral gods of a family or clan . These temples are to be distinguished from : Taoist temples and monasteries : 觀 / 观 guàn or 道观 dàoguàn ; and Chinese Buddhist temples and monasteries : 寺 sì or 寺院 sìyuàn Gōng , meaning `` palace '' is a term used for a templar complex of multiple buildings , while yuàn is a generic term meaning `` sanctuary '' or `` shrine '' .",
" Tao Tao or Dao ( -LSB- daʊ -RSB- ) is a Chinese word signifying ` way ' , ` path ' , ` route ' , ` key ' or sometimes more loosely ` doctrine ' or ` principle ' . Within the context of traditional Chinese philosophy and religion , the Tao is the intuitive knowing of `` life '' that can not be grasped full-heartedly as just a concept but is known nonetheless through actual living experience of one 's everyday being . The Tao differs from conventional ( Western ) ontology in that it is an active and holistic practice of the natural order of Nature and its universal awakening , rather than a static , atomistic one . Laozi in the Tao Te Ching explains that the Tao is not a ` name ' for a ` thing ' but the underlying natural order of the Universe whose ultimate essence is difficult to circumscribe due to it being non conceptual yet evident ' in one 's being of aliveness . The Tao is `` eternally nameless '' ( Tao Te Ching-32 . Laozi ) and to be distinguished from the countless ` named ' things which are considered to be its manifestations , the reality of life before its descriptions of it . The Tao lends its name to the religious tradition ( Wade -- Giles , Tao Chiao ; Pinyin , Daojiao ) and philosophical tradition ( Wade -- Giles , Tao chia ; Pinyin , Daojia ) that are both referred to in English with the single term Taoism ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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All My Children was created by Agnes Nixon.
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" All My Children All My Children ( often shortened to AMC ) is an American television soap opera that aired on ABC for 41 years , from January 5 , 1970 , to September 23 , 2011 , and on The Online Network ( TOLN ) from April 29 to September 2 , 2013 , via Hulu , Hulu Plus , and iTunes . Created by Agnes Nixon , All My Children is set in Pine Valley , Pennsylvania , a fictional suburb of Philadelphia , which is modeled on the actual Philadelphia suburb of Rosemont . The original series featured Susan Lucci as Erica Kane , one of daytime 's most popular characters . The title of the series refers to the bonds of humanity . All My Children was the first new network daytime drama to debut in the 1970s . Originally owned by Creative Horizons , Inc. , the company created by Nixon and her husband , Bob , the show was sold to ABC in January 1975 . The series started at a half-hour in per-installment length , then was expanded to a full hour on April 25 , 1977 . Earlier , the show had experimented with the full-hour format for one week starting on June 30 , 1975 , after which Ryan 's Hope premiered . From 1970 to 1990 , All My Children was recorded at ABC 's TV18 at 101 West 67th St , now a 50-story apartment tower . From March 1990 to December 2009 , it was taped at ABC 's Studio TV23 at 320 West 66th Street in Manhattan , New York City , New York . In December 2009 , the locale for taping the series moved from Manhattan to less costly Los Angeles , California . The show was then produced in Stages 1 and 2 at the Andrita Studios in Los Angeles , California , from 2010 to 2011 , and then at the Connecticut Film Center in Stamford , Connecticut . All My Children started taping in high definition on January 4 , 2010 , and began airing in high definition on February 3 , 2010 . All My Children became the third soap opera to be produced and broadcast in high definition . At one point , the program 's popularity positioned it as the most widely recorded television show in the United States . Also , in a departure from societal norms at the time , All My Children , in the mid-1970s , had an audience that was estimated to be 30 % male . The show ranked No. 1 in the daytime Nielsen ratings in the 1978 -- 79 season . Throughout most of the 1980s and into the early 1990s , All My Children was the No. 2 daytime soap opera on the air . However , like the rest of the soap operas in the United States , All My Children experienced unprecedented declines in its daytime ratings during the 2000s . By the 2010s , it had become one of the least watched soap operas in daytime television . On April 14 , 2011 , it was announced that ABC canceled All My Children after 41 years on the air due to low ratings . On July 7 , 2011 , ABC sold the licensing rights of All My Children to third-party production company Prospect Park with the show set to continue on the internet as a series of webisodes . The show taped its final scenes for ABC on August 30 , 2011 , and its final episode on the network aired on September 23 , 2011 , with a cliffhanger . On September 26 , 2011 , the following Monday , ABC replaced All My Children with a newly debuted talk show The Chew . Prospect Park had suspended its plan to revive the series on November 23 , 2011 , due to lack of funding and unsuccessful negotiation with the union organizations representing the actors and crews . On January 7 , 2013 , Prospect Park officially brought back its project to restore All My Children as a web series . The show taped its first scenes for Prospect Park TOLN on February 18 , 2013 , and its first episode on the network aired on April 29 , 2013 . However , the new series faced several behind-the-scene obstacles throughout its run . On November 11 , 2013 , several All My Children cast members announced that Prospect Park had closed production and canceled the series again . ABC regained the rights to the show in December 2016 ."
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" All Your Own All Your Own was a BBC children 's television programme broadcast from 1952 until 1961 . The show provided the first television appearances for Jimmy Page , John Williams and the King Brothers . Commissioned by Freda Lingstrom and produced by Cliff Michelmore , the show featured children demonstrating their talents or showing off their collections . The programme was presented by Huw Wheldon until 1960 . Other presenters included Brian Johnston .",
" Lisa Brenner Lisa Dawn Brenner ( born Lisa Goldstein ; February 12 , 1974 ) is an American film and television actress . Brenner played Maggie Cory on Another World . She was also in All My Children as Allison Sloan . Brenner was born in Long Island , New York , the daughter of Gloria , a dental assistant , and Harry , a dentist . She attended Barnard College , majoring in both English and drama . She is married to film and television producer Dean Devlin ."
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Laurence Olivier received American film awards.
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" Laurence Olivier Laurence Kerr Olivier , Baron Olivier , ( -LSB- ˈlɒrəns_kɜr_ɒˈlɪvieɪ -RSB- 22 May 1907 -- 11 July 1989 ) , was an English actor who , along with his contemporaries Ralph Richardson and John Gielgud , dominated the British stage of the mid-20th century . He also worked in films throughout his career , playing more than fifty cinema roles . Late in his career , he had considerable success in television roles . His family had no theatrical connections , but Olivier 's father , a clergyman , decided that his son should become an actor . After attending a drama school in London , Olivier learned his craft in a succession of acting jobs during the late 1920s . In 1930 he had his first important West End success in Noël Coward 's Private Lives , and he appeared in his first film . In 1935 he played in a celebrated production of Romeo and Juliet alongside Gielgud and Peggy Ashcroft , and by the end of the decade he was an established star . In the 1940s , together with Richardson and John Burrell , Olivier was the co-director of the Old Vic , building it into a highly respected company . There his most celebrated roles included Shakespeare 's Richard III and Sophocles 's Oedipus . In the 1950s Olivier was an independent actor-manager , but his stage career was in the doldrums until he joined the avant garde English Stage Company in 1957 to play the title role in The Entertainer , a part he later played on film . From 1963 to 1973 he was the founding director of Britain 's National Theatre , running a resident company that fostered many future stars . His own parts there included the title role in Othello ( 1964 ) and Shylock in The Merchant of Venice ( 1970 ) . Among Olivier 's films are Wuthering Heights ( 1939 ) , Rebecca ( 1940 ) , and a trilogy of Shakespeare films as actor-director : Henry V ( 1944 ) , Hamlet ( 1948 ) , and Richard III ( 1955 ) . His later films included Sleuth ( 1972 ) , Marathon Man ( 1976 ) , and The Boys from Brazil ( 1978 ) . His television appearances included an adaptation of The Moon and Sixpence ( 1960 ) , Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1973 ) , Love Among the Ruins ( 1975 ) , Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1976 ) , Brideshead Revisited ( 1981 ) and King Lear ( 1983 ) . Olivier 's honours included a knighthood ( 1947 ) , a life peerage ( 1970 ) and the Order of Merit ( 1981 ) . For his on-screen work he received four Academy Awards , two British Academy Film Awards , five Emmy Awards and three Golden Globe Awards . The National Theatre 's largest auditorium is named in his honour , and he is commemorated in the Laurence Olivier Awards , given annually by the Society of London Theatre . He was married three times , to the actresses Jill Esmond from 1930 to 1940 , Vivien Leigh from 1940 to 1960 , and Joan Plowright from 1961 until his death .",
" Academy Awards The Academy Awards , now known officially as the Oscars , is a set of twenty-four awards for artistic and technical merit in the American film industry , given annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , to recognize excellence in cinematic achievements as assessed by the Academy 's voting membership . The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette , officially called the `` Academy Award of Merit '' , which has become commonly known by its nickname `` Oscar '' . The awards , first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel , are overseen by AMPAS . The awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953 . It is now seen live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online . The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony . Its equivalents -- the Emmy Awards for television , the Tony Awards for theater , and the Grammy Awards for music and recording -- are modeled after the Academy Awards . The 89th Academy Awards ceremony , honoring the best films of 2016 , were held on February 26 , 2017 , at the Dolby Theatre , in Los Angeles , California . The ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC . A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th ."
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" Hamlet (1948 film) Hamlet is a 1948 British film adaptation of William Shakespeare 's play Hamlet , adapted and directed by and starring Sir Laurence Olivier . Hamlet was Olivier 's second film as director , and also the second of the three Shakespeare films that he directed ( the 1936 As You Like It had starred Olivier , but had been directed by Paul Czinner ) . Hamlet was the first British film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture . It is also the first sound film of the play in English . A 1935 sound film adaptation , Khoon Ka Khoon , had been made in India and filmed in the Urdu language . Olivier 's Hamlet is the Shakespeare film that has received the most prestigious accolades , winning the Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Actor and the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival . However , it proved controversial among Shakespearean purists , who felt that Olivier had made too many alterations and excisions to the four-hour play by cutting nearly two hours ' worth of content . Milton Shulman wrote in The Evening Standard `` To some it will be one of the greatest films ever made , to others a deep disappointment . Laurence Olivier leaves no doubt that he is one of our greatest living actors ... his liberties with the text , however , are sure to disturb many . ''",
" Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role The Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role is an annual award presented by The Society of London Theatre in recognition of achievements in commercial British theatre . The awards were established as the Society of West End Theatre Awards in 1976 , and , renamed in 1984 in honour of English actor Lord Olivier . The award was first given in 1977 but in the years following was often given as a singular award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role ."
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The Catalyst was off of a Linkin Park album.
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" The Catalyst `` The Catalyst '' is a song by American rock band Linkin Park . Released on August 2 , 2010 , it is the first single from their fourth studio album , A Thousand Suns , which was released on September 8 , 2010 . The music video for the song , directed by the band 's turntablist Joe Hahn , was released on August 26 , 2010 . `` The Catalyst '' is used in the trailer and credits of the video game Medal of Honor and also the opening song of Namco-Bandai 's Arcade game , Mobile Suit Gundam : Extreme Vs. . It was also used in select commercials of the Discovery Channel series , Surviving the Cut . The song was also featured in the video game Linkin Park Revenge for the iPhone , iPad , and iPod Touch . `` The Catalyst '' has also been used in the advertisement for the 2011 movie The Lincoln Lawyer with Matthew McConaughey . `` The Catalyst '' , along with five other songs from A Thousand Suns , are featured in the `` Linkin Park Track Pack '' as downloadable content for the rhythm video game Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock . The track pack was released on October 19 , 2010 ."
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" Out of Ashes Out of Ashes is the debut studio album by American rock band Dead by Sunrise , which consists of Linkin Park lead vocalist Chester Bennington and Amir Derakh , Ryan Shuck , Anthony ` Fu ' Valcic , Brandon Belsky , and Elias Andra of Julien-K . It was released on October 13 , 2009 through Warner Bros. . Records , to mixed to positive reception . The album was produced by Howard Benson . The album charted in a respectably high position in the Billboard 200 , peaking at # 29 . The album spawned five singles , `` Crawl Back In '' , `` Let Down '' , `` Inside of Me '' , `` Too Late '' and `` Fire '' ( which was released in Japan only ) . The album achieved moderate success in the US charts . The album 's lyrical contains many personal experiences by Bennington in the previous years before the album 's production . It was described as `` really dark '' and `` much more of a rock album '' than the works of Linkin Park . This is the only studio album to feature their original drummer Elias Andra before his departure in December 2011 .",
" The Fragile (Nine Inch Nails album) The Fragile is the third studio album by American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails , released as a double album on September 21 , 1999 by Nothing Records and Interscope Records in the United States and by Island Records in Europe . It was produced by Nine Inch Nails frontman Trent Reznor and longtime collaborator Alan Moulder . The Fragile peaked at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart during its debut week , before dropping to number 16 the following week . The album was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on January 4 , 2000 , denoting shipments of two million units in the United States . Despite some criticism for its length and lyrical substance , the album received positive reviews from most music critics . The Fragile was promoted with three singles : `` The Day the World Went Away '' , `` We 're in This Together '' , `` Into the Void '' and `` Starfuckers , Inc. '' which was released as a radio-only promotional single . A companion remix album titled Things Falling Apart was released in 2000 . In 2016 , as part of Nine Inch Nails ' campaign to release all of their albums on vinyl , the band announced an extended instrumental version titled The Fragile : Deviations 1 . It is to be released on vinyl in 2017 and was available for download for people who pre-ordered ."
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Suicide Kings is a film based on a short story called The Hostage by Peter O'Fallon.
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" Suicide Kings Suicide Kings is a 1997 American mystery crime film based on Don Stanford 's short story The Hostage and directed by Peter O'Fallon . It stars Christopher Walken , Denis Leary , Sean Patrick Flanery , Johnny Galecki , Jay Mohr , Jeremy Sisto and Henry Thomas . The film follows the group of criminals who kidnap a respected Mafia figure . It was panned by critics and was a box office bomb ."
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" The Last Picture Show The Last Picture Show is a 1971 American drama film directed and co-written by Peter Bogdanovich , adapted from a semi-autobiographical 1966 novel The Last Picture Show by Larry McMurtry . Set in a small town in north Texas from November 1951 to October 1952 , it is about the coming of age of Sonny Crawford ( Timothy Bottoms ) and his friend Duane Jackson ( Jeff Bridges ) . The cast also includes Cybill Shepherd ( in her film debut ) , Ben Johnson , Eileen Brennan , Ellen Burstyn , Cloris Leachman , Clu Gulager , Randy Quaid and John Hillerman . For aesthetic reasons it was shot in black and white , which was unusual for the time . The film features many songs of Hank Williams and other recording artists played throughout . The film was nominated for eight Academy Awards , including Best Picture , Best Director , Ben Johnson and Jeff Bridges for Best Supporting Actor and Ellen Burstyn and Cloris Leachman for Best Supporting Actress , with Johnson and Leachman winning . In 1998 the film was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry .",
" The Duellists The Duellists is a 1977 historical drama film and the directorial debut of Ridley Scott . It won the Best Debut Film award at the 1977 Cannes Film Festival . The basis of the screenplay is the Joseph Conrad short story `` The Duel '' ( titled `` Point of Honor '' in the United States ) published in A Set of Six ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Water is not a liquid.
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" Water Water is a transparent and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth 's streams , lakes , and oceans , and the fluids of most living organisms . Its chemical formula is H2O , meaning that its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms , that are connected by covalent bonds . Water strictly refers to the liquid state of that substance , that prevails at standard ambient temperature and pressure ; but it often refers also to its solid state ( ice ) or its gaseous state ( steam or water vapor ) . It also occurs in nature as snow , glaciers , ice packs and icebergs , clouds , fog , dew , aquifers , and atmospheric humidity . Water covers 71 % of the Earth 's surface . It is vital for all known forms of life . On Earth , 96.5 % of the planet 's crust water is found in seas and oceans , 1.7 % in groundwater , 1.7 % in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland , a small fraction in other large water bodies , and 0.001 % in the air as vapor , clouds ( formed of ice and liquid water suspended in air ) , and precipitation . Only 2.5 % of this water is freshwater , and 98.8 % of that water is in ice ( excepting ice in clouds ) and groundwater . Less than 0.3 % of all freshwater is in rivers , lakes , and the atmosphere , and an even smaller amount of the Earth 's freshwater ( 0.003 % ) is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products . A greater quantity of water is found in the earth 's interior . Water on Earth moves continually through the water cycle of evaporation and transpiration ( evapotranspiration ) , condensation , precipitation , and runoff , usually reaching the sea . Evaporation and transpiration contribute to the precipitation over land . Large amounts of water are also chemically combined or adsorbed in hydrated minerals . Safe drinking water is essential to humans and other lifeforms even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients . Access to safe drinking water has improved over the last decades in almost every part of the world , but approximately one billion people still lack access to safe water and over 2.5 billion lack access to adequate sanitation . There is a clear correlation between access to safe water and gross domestic product per capita . However , some observers have estimated that by 2025 more than half of the world population will be facing water-based vulnerability . A report , issued in November 2009 , suggests that by 2030 , in some developing regions of the world , water demand will exceed supply by 50 % . Water plays an important role in the world economy . Approximately 70 % of the freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture . Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies is a major source of food for many parts of the world . Much of long-distance trade of commodities ( such as oil and natural gas ) and manufactured products is transported by boats through seas , rivers , lakes , and canals . Large quantities of water , ice , and steam are used for cooling and heating , in industry and homes . Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of chemical substances ; as such it is widely used in industrial processes , and in cooking and washing . Water is also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment , such as swimming , pleasure boating , boat racing , surfing , sport fishing , and diving ."
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" Puddle A puddle is a small accumulation of liquid , usually water , on a surface . It can form either by pooling in a depression on the surface , or by surface tension upon a flat surface . A puddle is generally shallow enough to walk through , and too small to support a boat or raft . Young children enjoy splashing in puddles , often while wearing wellington boots . Small wildlife may be attracted to puddles .",
" Anhydrous A substance is anhydrous if it contains no water , for example , salts lacking their water of crystallisation . The way of achieving the anhydrous form differs from one substance to another ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Acting is a career that Brittany Murphy pursued.
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" Brittany Murphy Brittany Murphy-Monjack ( born Brittany Anne Bertolotti ; November 10 , 1977 -- December 20 , 2009 ) , known professionally as Brittany Murphy , was an American film and stage actress , singer , and voice artist . A native of Atlanta , Murphy moved to Los Angeles as a teenager and pursued a career in acting . Her breakthrough role was as Tai Frasier in Clueless ( 1995 ) , followed by supporting roles in independent films such as Freeway ( 1996 ) and Bongwater ( 1998 ) . She made her stage debut in a Broadway production of Arthur Miller 's A View from the Bridge in 1997 , before appearing as Daisy Randone in Girl , Interrupted ( 1999 ) and as Lisa Swenson in Drop Dead Gorgeous ( 1999 ) . The 2000s saw Murphy with roles in Do n't Say a Word ( 2001 ) alongside Michael Douglas , and alongside Eminem in 8 Mile ( 2002 ) , for which she gained critical recognition . Her later roles included Riding in Cars with Boys ( 2001 ) , Spun ( 2002 ) , Uptown Girls ( 2003 ) , Sin City ( 2005 ) , and Happy Feet ( 2006 ) . Murphy also voiced Luanne Platter on the animated television series King of the Hill ( 1997 -- 2009 ) . Her final film , Something Wicked , was released in April 2014 . In December 2009 , Murphy died of pneumonia at the age of 32 . When her widower Simon Monjack died from the same illness six months later , the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services considered toxic mold in their home as a possible cause for their deaths , but this was dismissed by the Coroner 's Office . In 2011 , Murphy 's mother Sharon filed a lawsuit against the attorneys who represented her in an earlier suit against the builders of the home where her daughter and son-in-law died ."
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" Brittany Snow Brittany Anne Snow ( born March 9 , 1986 ) is an American actress , producer , and singer . Snow began her career as Susan `` Daisy '' Lemay on the CBS series Guiding Light ( 1998 -- 2002 ) for which she won a Young Artist Award for Best Young Actress and was nominated for two other Young Artist Awards and a Soap Opera Digest Award . She then played the protagonist Meg Pryor on the NBC series American Dreams ( 2002 -- 05 ) for which she was nominated for a Young Artist Award and three Teen Choice Awards . Her subsequent television roles have included Ariel Alderman on Nip/Tuck ( 2005 ) and Jenna Backstrom on Harry 's Law ( 2011 ) . Her film roles include Kate Spencer in John Tucker Must Die ( 2006 ) , Amber Von Tussle in Hairspray ( 2007 ) , Donna Keppel in Prom Night ( 2008 ) , Emma Gainsborough in The Vicious Kind ( 2009 ) and Chloe Beale in Pitch Perfect ( 2012 ) and Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) . Snow is also the co-creator of the Love is Louder movement , a project dedicated to stop bullying in schools .",
" Glee (TV series) Glee is an American musical comedy-drama television series that aired on the Fox network in the United States from May 19 , 2009 , to March 20 , 2015 . It focuses on the fictitious William McKinley High School glee club , New Directions , which competes on the show choir competition circuit while its disparate members deal with social issues , especially regarding sexuality and race , relationships , and learning to become an effective team . The initial twelve-member cast included club director and Spanish teacher Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) , cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) , guidance counselor Emma Pillsbury ( Jayma Mays ) , Will 's wife Terri ( Jessalyn Gilsig ) , and eight club members played by Dianna Agron , Chris Colfer , Kevin McHale , Lea Michele , Cory Monteith , Amber Riley , Mark Salling , and Jenna Ushkowitz . In subsequent seasons , the main cast has expanded to fourteen and fifteen members . The series was created by Ryan Murphy , Brad Falchuk , and Ian Brennan , the latter of whom first conceived of Glee as a film . The three wrote all of the show 's episodes for the first two seasons , and Murphy and Falchuk initially served as the show 's main directors . The pilot episode was broadcast on May 19 , 2009 , and the first season aired from September 9 , 2009 , to June 8 , 2010 . Subsequent seasons aired in September through May . The sixth and final season aired from January to March 2015 . Glee features on-screen performance-based musical numbers that were selected by Murphy , who aimed to maintain a balance between show tunes and chart hits , and produced by Adam Anders and Peer Åström . Songs covered in the show were released through the iTunes Store during the week of broadcast , and a series of Glee albums have been released by Columbia Records . The music of Glee has been a commercial success , with over thirty-six million digital single sales and eleven million album sales worldwide through October 2011 . The series ' merchandise also includes DVD and Blu-ray releases , an iPad application , and karaoke games for the Wii . There were live concert tours by the show 's cast after the first and second seasons completed shooting ; a concert film based on the 2011 tour , Glee : The 3D Concert Movie , was produced by Murphy and Fox and directed by Kevin Tancharoen . During its first season , Glee received generally favorable reviews from critics , with Metacritic 's weighted average of 77 out of 100 based on eighteen critical reviews . The season was nominated for nineteen Emmy Awards , four Golden Globe Awards , six Satellite Awards and fifty-seven other awards , with wins including the 2010 Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy , and Emmy awards for Jane Lynch , guest-star Neil Patrick Harris and Murphy 's direction of the pilot episode . In 2011 , the show once again won the Golden Globe for Best Television Series , and Jane Lynch and Chris Colfer won Golden Globes for Best Supporting Actress and Best Supporting Actor respectively , and Gwyneth Paltrow won the Emmy for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series . The show was also chosen by Fox to fill the coveted time slot that followed the network 's coverage of Super Bowl XLV in 2011 . On October 17 , 2013 , in the wake of the death of Cory Monteith three months prior , and one week after his tribute episode `` The Quarterback '' aired , Murphy announced that the sixth season would be the final one of the series . After 121 episodes and over 728 music performances , Glee came to an end on March 20 , 2015 ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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The first act to have three albums sell a million copies within one week in the United States was Taylor Swift.
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" Taylor Swift Taylor Alison Swift ( born December 13 , 1989 ) is an American singer-songwriter . One of the most popular contemporary female recording artists , she is known for narrative songs about her personal life , which has received much media attention . Born and raised in Pennsylvania , Swift moved to Nashville , Tennessee at age 14 to pursue a career in country music . She signed with the independent label Big Machine Records and became the youngest artist ever signed by the Sony/ATV Music publishing house . Her eponymous debut album in 2006 peaked at number five on Billboard 200 and spent the most weeks on the chart in the 2000s . The album 's third single , `` Our Song '' , made her the youngest person to single-handedly write and perform a number-one song on the Hot Country Songs chart . Swift 's second album , Fearless , was released in 2008 . Buoyed by the pop crossover success of the singles `` Love Story '' and `` You Belong with Me '' , Fearless became the best-selling album of 2009 in the United States . The album won four Grammy Awards , with Swift becoming the youngest Album of the Year winner . Swift was the sole writer of her 2010 album , Speak Now . It debuted at number one in the United States and the single `` Mean '' won two Grammy Awards . Her fourth album , Red ( 2012 ) , yielded the successful singles `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' and `` I Knew You Were Trouble '' . With her fifth album , the pop-focused 1989 ( 2014 ) , she became the first act to have three albums sell a million copies within one week in the United States . Its singles `` Shake It Off '' , `` Blank Space '' , and `` Bad Blood '' reached number one in the US , Australia , and Canada . The album received three Grammy Awards , and Swift became the first woman and fifth act overall to win Album of the Year twice . The 2015 eponymous concert tour for 1989 became one of highest-grossing of the decade . As a songwriter , Swift has received awards from the Nashville Songwriters Association and the Songwriters Hall of Fame . She is also the recipient of ten Grammy Awards , five Guinness World Records , one Emmy Award , 21 Billboard Music Awards , 11 Country Music Association Awards , eight Academy of Country Music Awards , and one Brit Award . Swift is one of the best-selling artists of all time , having sold more than 40 million albums -- including 27.1 million in the US -- and 130 million single downloads . She has appeared in Time 100 most influential people in the world ( 2010 and 2015 ) , Forbes top-earning women in music ( 2011 -- 2015 ) , Forbes 100 most powerful women ( 2015 ) , and Forbes Celebrity 100 ( 2016 ) . She was the youngest woman to be included in the third of these and ranked first in Celebrity 100 ."
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" Billboard 200 The Billboard 200 is a record chart ranking the 200 most popular music albums and EPs in the United States , published weekly by Billboard magazine . It is frequently used to convey the popularity of an artist or groups of artists . Often , a recording act will be remembered by its `` number ones '' , those of their albums that outperformed all others during at least one week . The chart is based mostly on sales ( both at retail and digital ) of albums in the United States . The weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991 , but since July 2015 , tracking week begins on Friday ( to coincide with the Global Release Date of the music industry ) and ends on Thursday . A new chart is published the following Tuesday with an issue post-dated to the Saturday of the following week . The chart 's streaming schedule is also tracked from Friday to Thursday . Example : Friday January 1 -- sales tracking week begins Thursday January 7 -- sales tracking week ends Tuesday January 12 -- new chart published , with issue date of Saturday January 23 . New product is released to the American market on Fridays . Digital downloads of albums are also included in Billboard 200 tabulation . Albums that are not licensed for retail sale in the United States ( yet purchased in the U.S. as imports ) are not eligible to chart . A long-standing policy which made titles that are sold exclusively by specific retail outlets ( such as Walmart and Starbucks ) ineligible for charting , was reversed on November 7 , 2007 , and took effect in the issue dated November 17 . Beginning with the December 13 , 2014 issue , Billboard updated the methodology of their album chart to also include on-demand streaming and digital track sales ( as measured by Nielsen SoundScan ) by way of a new algorithm , utilizing data from all of the major on-demand audio subscription and online music sales services in the United States . As of the issue dated June 10 , 2017 , the number-one album on the Billboard 200 is One More Light by Linkin Park .",
" Girl group A girl group is a music act featuring several female singers who generally harmonize together . The term `` girl group '' is also used in a narrower sense in the United States to denote the wave of American female pop music singing groups , many of whom were influenced by doo-wop , and which flourished in the late 1950s and early 1960s between the decline of early rock and roll and start of the British Invasion . All-female bands , in which members also play instruments , are usually considered a separate phenomenon . These groups are sometimes called `` girl bands '' to differentiate , although this terminology is not universally followed . With the advent of the music industry and radio broadcasting , a number of girl groups emerged , such as the Andrews Sisters . The late 1950s saw the emergence of all-female singing groups as a major force , with 750 distinct girl groups releasing songs that reached US and UK music charts from 1960 to 1966 . The Supremes alone held 12 number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 during the height of the wave and throughout most of the British Invasion rivaled the Beatles in popularity . In later eras , the girl group template would be applied to disco , contemporary R&B , and country-based formats , as well as pop . A more globalized music industry saw the extreme popularity of dance-oriented pop music led by major record labels . This emergence , led by the US , UK , South Korea , and Japan , produced extremely popular acts , with eight groups debuting after 1990 having sold more than 15 million physical copies of their albums . Also , since the late 2000s , South Korea has had a significant impact , with 8 of the top 10 girl groups by digital sales in the world originating there ."
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Daz Dillinger is Delmar Drew Arnaud's stage name.
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" Daz Dillinger Delmar Drew Arnaud ( born May 25 , 1973 ) , better known by his stage name Daz Dillinger ( formerly Dat Nigga Daz ) , is an American rapper and record producer from Long Beach , California . Dillinger is best known for his membership in the duo Tha Dogg Pound , alongside Kurupt , as well as his work with Death Row Records ."
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" Fast Lane (Bad Meets Evil song) `` Fast Lane '' is the lead single by hip hop duo Bad Meets Evil , a group composed of Royce da 5 ' 9 '' and Eminem , from their first EP Hell : The Sequel . The single was produced by Eminem , Supa Dups , and Jason `` JG '' Gilbert , and released on May 3 , 2011 by Shady Records . Texas rapper Chamillionaire released a remix . A music video by director James Larese of music video direction group Syndrome . The music video features animated visuals and kinetic typography , with cameo appearances by Mr. Porter and Slaughterhouse . Fans and critics considered it a return to Eminem 's Slim Shady alter ego . The song was well received compared to the rest of the EP and was considered a highlight of Hell : The Sequel . Critics favored the song for its change from Eminem 's theme in Recovery . Rolling Stone called it `` 1999-style '' . Bad Meets Evil performed this song at the 2011 Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival and the Lollapalooza music festival .",
" Tyrese Gibson Tyrese Darnell Gibson ( born December 30 , 1978 ) , also known mononymously as Tyrese , is an American Grammy-nominated singer , songwriter , actor , author , television producer , former fashion model and MTV VJ . He is best known for his roles as Joseph `` Jody '' Summers in Baby Boy , Roman Pearce in the Fast and the Furious series and Robert Epps in the Transformers film series . After releasing several albums , he transitioned into films , with lead roles in several major Hollywood releases ."
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Jerusalem was destroyed by Titus.
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" Titus Titus ( Titus Flāvius Caesar Vespasiānus Augustus 30 December 39 AD -- 13 September 81 AD ) was Roman emperor from 79 to 81 . A member of the Flavian dynasty , Titus succeeded his father Vespasian upon his death , thus becoming the first Roman Emperor to come to the throne after his own biological father . Prior to becoming Emperor , Titus gained renown as a military commander , serving under his father in Judea during the First Jewish -- Roman War . The campaign came to a brief halt with the death of emperor Nero in 68 , launching Vespasian 's bid for the imperial power during the Year of the Four Emperors . When Vespasian was declared Emperor on 1 July 69 , Titus was left in charge of ending the Jewish rebellion . In 70 , he besieged and captured Jerusalem , and destroyed the city and the Second Temple . For this achievement Titus was awarded a triumph : the Arch of Titus commemorates his victory to this day . Under the rule of his father , Titus gained notoriety in Rome serving as prefect of the Praetorian Guard , and for carrying on a controversial relationship with the Jewish queen Berenice . Despite concerns over his character , Titus ruled to great acclaim following the death of Vespasian in 79 , and was considered a good emperor by Suetonius and other contemporary historians . As emperor , he is best known for completing the Colosseum and for his generosity in relieving the suffering caused by two disasters , the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 and a fire in Rome in 80 . After barely two years in office , Titus died of a fever on 13 September 81 . He was deified by the Roman Senate and succeeded by his younger brother Domitian ."
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" East Jerusalem East Jerusalem or Eastern Jerusalem is the sector of Jerusalem that was not part of Israeli-held West Jerusalem at the end of the 1948 -- 1949 Arab -- Israeli War . Israeli and Palestinian definitions of it differ ; the Palestinian official position is based on the 1949 Armistice Agreements , while the Israeli position is mainly based on the current municipality boundaries of Jerusalem , which resulted from a series of administrative enlargements decided by Israeli municipal authorities since the June 1967 Six-Day War . Despite its name , East Jerusalem includes neighborhoods to the north , east and south of the Old City , and in the wider definition of the term even on all these sides of West Jerusalem . During the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War , Jerusalem was contested between Jordan and Israel , and on the cessation of hostilities , the two countries secretly negotiated a division of the city , with the eastern sector coming under Jordanian rule . This arrangement was formalized in the Rhodes Agreement in March 1949 . A week after David Ben-Gurion presented his party 's assertion that `` Jewish Jerusalem is an organic , inseparable part of the State of Israel '' in December 1949 , Jordan annexed East Jerusalem . These decisions were confirmed respectively in the Knesset in January 1950 and the Jordanian Parliament in April 1950 . On being captured by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War , East Jerusalem , with expanded borders , came under Israeli rule . It includes Jerusalem 's Old City and some of the holiest sites of Judaism , Christianity , and Islam , such as the Temple Mount , Western Wall , Al-Aqsa Mosque , Dome of the Rock and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre . In the Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) 's Palestinian Declaration of Independence of 1988 , Jerusalem is stated to be the capital of the State of Palestine . In 2000 , the Palestinian Authority passed a law proclaiming Jerusalem as such , and in 2002 , this law was ratified by then chairman Yasser Arafat , although Israel does not allow Palestinian government offices in East Jerusalem . East Jerusalem has been occupied by Israel since 1967 and was effectively annexed by Israel in 1980 , an act internationally condemned . On 27 -- 28 June 1967 , East Jerusalem was integrated into Jerusalem by extension of its municipal borders and was placed under the law , jurisdiction and administration of the State of Israel . In a unanimous General Assembly resolution , the UN declared the measures trying to change the status of the city invalid .",
" Goliath Goliath ( -LSB- ɡəˈlaɪəθ -RSB- ; Arabic : جالو , جليات Ǧulyāt ( Christian term ) , Ǧālūt ( Qur ` anic term ) ) of Gath ( one of five city-states of the Philistines ) is a Bible character described as a giant Philistine warrior defeated in one version by the young David , the future king of the Israelites . Post-Classical Jewish traditions stressed Goliath 's status as the representative of paganism , in contrast to David , the champion of the God of Israel . Christian tradition see David 's battle with Goliath the victory of God 's king over the enemies of God 's helpless people as a prefiguring of Jesus ' victory over sin on the cross and the Church 's victory over Satan . The phrase `` David and Goliath '' ( or `` David versus Goliath '' ) has taken on a more popular meaning , denoting an underdog situation , a contest where a smaller , weaker opponent faces a much bigger , stronger adversary ."
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Sunrise created a co-production with Studio Nue and it is Japanese.
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" Sunrise (company) is a Japanese animation studio and production enterprise . It is a subsidiary of Bandai Namco Holdings . Its former name was Nippon Sunrise , and prior to that , Sunrise Studios . Its headquarters is located in Suginami , Tokyo . Among Japan 's largest and most famous studios , Sunrise is renowned for several critically lauded and popular original anime series , such as Gundam , Cowboy Bebop , Space Runaway Ideon , Armored Trooper Votoms , Yoroiden Samurai Troopers , Future GPX Cyber Formula , Crush Gear Turbo , The Vision of Escaflowne , Love Live School Idol Project , Witch Hunter Robin , My-HiME , My-Otome , Code Geass : Lelouch of the Rebellion , Tiger & Bunny , Cross Ange : Rondo of Angel and Dragon , as well as its numerous adaptations of acclaimed light novels including Dirty Pair , Horizon in the Middle of Nowhere and Accel World , and manga such as City Hunter , InuYasha , Outlaw Star , Yakitate !! Japan , Planetes , Keroro Gunso , Gin Tama , Kekkaishi and several others . Many of Sunrise 's original anime include similar themes , including mecha and masked identities accompanied with fluid animation . Because of the fluidity and high degree of details on much of their works , fans refer to their animation works as `` Sunrise Smooth '' . Most of their works are mostly original titles created in-house by their creative staffs that went into a collective pseudonym called Hajime Yatate . They also previously operated a now defunct video game studio of their own named Sunrise Interactive . Sunrise also launched their own light novel publication titled Yatate Bunko Imprint on September 30 , 2016 aimed to publish new original titles and also to supplemment their already existing franchises with new materials . Anime created by Sunrise that have won the Animage Anime Grand Prix prize are Mobile Suit Gundam in 1979 and the first half of 1980 , Space Runaway Ideon in the second half of 1980 , Crusher Joe ( co-production with Studio Nue ) in 1983 , Dirty Pair in 1985 , Future GPX Cyber Formula in 1991 , Gundam SEED in 2002 , Gundam SEED Destiny in 2004 and 2005 , Code Geass : Lelouch of the Rebellion in 2006 and 2007 and Code Geass R2 in 2008 , thus making Sunrise as the studio that won the most number of Animage Awards ."
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" My-HiME is an anime series , created by Sunrise . Directed by Masakazu Obara and written by Hiroyuki Yoshino , the series originally premiered in Japan on TV Tokyo from September 2004 to March 2005 . The show is a comedy-drama focusing on the lives of HiMEs -- girls with the capacity to materialize photons -- gathered at Fuka Academy for a secret purpose . The series was licensed for North American distribution by Bandai Entertainment and European distribution by Bandai 's European subsidiary , Beez , with the first American DVD released at the end of March 2006 . Bandai released the Complete Collection DVD set in America on October 7 , 2008 . It is also shown on Anime Selects On Demand but only for a limited time . At Otakon 2013 , Funimation Entertainment had announced that they have rescued My-HiME , along with a handful of other former BEI titles .",
" Cowboy Bebop is a 1998 anime television series animated by Sunrise featuring a production team led by director Shinichirō Watanabe , screenwriter Keiko Nobumoto , character designer Toshihiro Kawamoto , mechanical designer Kimitoshi Yamane , and composer Yoko Kanno . The twenty-six episodes ( `` sessions '' ) of the series are set in the year 2071 , and follow the lives of a bounty hunter crew traveling on the Bebop ( their spaceship ) . Cowboy Bebop explores philosophical concepts including existentialism , existential ennui , and loneliness . The series premiered in Japan on TV Tokyo from April 3 until June 26 , 1998 , broadcasting only twelve episodes and a special due to its controversial adult-themed content . The entire twenty-six episodes of the series were later broadcast on WOWOW from October 24 until April 24 , 1999 . The anime was adapted into two manga series which were serialized in Kadokawa Shoten 's Asuka Fantasy DX . A film was later released to theaters worldwide . The anime series was dubbed in the English language by Animaze and ZRO Limit Productions , and was licensed by Bandai Entertainment in North America and is now licensed by Funimation . In Britain , it was licensed by Beez Entertainment and is now licensed by Anime Limited . Madman Entertainment has licensed it for releases in Australia and New Zealand . In 2001 , Cowboy Bebop became the first anime title to be broadcast on Adult Swim in the United States . Cowboy Bebop became a critical and commercial success both in Japanese and international markets ( most notably in the United States ) , garnered several major anime and science fiction awards upon its release , and received universal praise for its style , characters , story , voice acting , animation , and soundtrack . In the years since its release , critics and reviewers , from the United States in particular , have hailed Cowboy Bebop as a masterpiece and frequently cite it as one of the greatest anime titles of all time . Credited with helping to introduce anime to a new wave of Western viewers in the early 2000s , Cowboy Bebop has also been labelled a gateway series for the medium as a whole ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Azerbaijan bounds the Caspian Sea at its west.
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" Caspian Sea The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed inland body of water on Earth by area , variously classed as the world 's largest lake or a full-fledged sea . It is in an endorheic basin ( a basin without outflows ) located between Europe and Asia . It is bounded by Kazakhstan to the northeast , Russia to the northwest , Azerbaijan to the west , Iran to the south , and Turkmenistan to the southeast . The Caspian Sea presently lies about 28 m below sea level in the Caspian Depression , to the east of the Caucasus Mountains and to the west of the vast steppe of Central Asia . The sea bed in the southern part reaches as low as 1023 m below sea level , which is the second lowest natural depression on earth after Lake Baikal ( -1180 m ) . The ancient inhabitants of its coast perceived the Caspian Sea as an ocean , probably because of its saltiness and large size . The sea has a surface area of 371000 km2 ( not including the detached lagoon of Garabogazköl ) and a volume of 78200 km3 . It has a salinity of approximately 1.2 % ( 12 g/l ) , about a third of the salinity of most seawater ."
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" Armenia Armenia ( -LSB- ɑrˈmiːniə -RSB- , -LSB- - ˈmiːnjə -RSB- Հայաստան , tr . Hayastan , -LSB- hɑjɑsˈtɑn -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Armenia ( Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն , tr . Hayastani Hanrapetut ' yun ) , is a sovereign state in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia . Located in West Asia on the Armenian Highlands , it is bordered by Turkey to the west , Georgia to the north , the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and Azerbaijan to the east , and Iran and Azerbaijan 's exclave of Nakhchivan to the south . The Republic of Armenia constitutes only one-tenth of historical Armenia . Armenia is a unitary , multi-party , democratic nation-state with an ancient cultural heritage . Urartu was established in 860 BC and by the 6th century BC it was replaced by the Satrapy of Armenia . In the 1st century BC the Kingdom of Armenia reached its height under Tigranes the Great . Armenia became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its official religion . In between the late 3rd century to early years of the 4th century , the state became the first Christian nation . The official date of state adoption of Christianity is 301 AD . The ancient Armenian kingdom was split between the Byzantine and Sasanian Empires around the early 5th century . Under the Bagratuni dynasty , the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia was restored in the 9th century . Declining due to the wars against the Byzantines , the kingdom fell in 1045 and Armenia was soon after invaded by the Seljuk Turks . An Armenian principality and later a kingdom Cilician Armenia was located on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea between the 11th and 14th centuries . Between the 16th century and 19th century , the traditional Armenian homeland composed of Eastern Armenia and Western Armenia came under the rule of the Ottoman and Iranian empires , repeatedly ruled by either of the two over the centuries . By the 19th century , Eastern Armenia had been conquered by the Russian Empire , while most of the western parts of the traditional Armenian homeland remained under Ottoman rule . During World War I , Armenians living in their ancestral lands in the Ottoman Empire were systematically exterminated in the Armenian Genocide . In 1918 , following the Russian Revolution , all non-Russian countries declared their independence after the Russian Empire ceased to exist , leading to the establishment of the First Republic of Armenia . By 1920 , the state was incorporated into the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic , and in 1922 became a founding member of the Soviet Union . In 1936 , the Transcaucasian state was dissolved , transforming its constituent states , including the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic , into full Union republics . The modern Republic of Armenia became independent in 1991 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union . The Republic of Armenia recognises the Armenian Apostolic Church , the world 's oldest national church , as the country 's primary religious establishment . The unique Armenian alphabet was invented by Mesrop Mashtots in 405 AD . Armenia is a member of the Eurasian Economic Union , the Council of Europe and the Collective Security Treaty Organization . Armenia supports the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh , which was proclaimed in 1991 .",
" Caucasus Mountains The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain system in Eurasia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea in the Caucasus region . The Caucasus Mountains include the Greater Caucasus in the north and Lesser Caucasus in the south . The Greater Caucasus runs west-northwest to east-southeast , from the Caucasian Natural Reserve in the vicinity of Sochi on the northeastern shore of the Black Sea nearly to Baku on the Caspian Sea . The Lesser Caucasus runs parallel to the Greater about 100 km south . The Greater and Lesser Caucasus ranges are connected by the Likhi Range , and to the west and east of the Likhi Range lie the Colchis Plain and the Kur-Araz Lowland . The Meskheti Range is a part of the Lesser Caucasus system . In the southeast the Aras River separates the Lesser Caucasus from the Talysh Mountains which straddle the border of southeastern Azerbaijan and Iran . The Lesser Caucasus and the Armenian Highland constitute the Transcaucasian Highland , which at their western end converge with the highland plateau of Eastern Anatolia in the far north east of Turkey . The highest peak in the Caucasus range is Mount Elbrus in the Greater Caucasus , which rises to a height of 5642 m above sea level . Mountains near Sochi hosted part of the 2014 Winter Olympics ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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One World Trade Center is a type of convertible.
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" One World Trade Center One World Trade Center ( also known as 1 World Trade Center , 1 WTC or Freedom Tower ) is the main building of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan , New York City . It is the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere , and the sixth-tallest in the world . The supertall structure has the same name as the North Tower of the original World Trade Center , which was completely destroyed in the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 . The new skyscraper stands on the northwest corner of the 16 acre World Trade Center site , on the site of the original 6 World Trade Center . The building is bounded by West Street to the west , Vesey Street to the north , Fulton Street to the south , and Washington Street to the east . The building 's architect was David Childs , whose firm Skidmore , Owings & Merrill ( SOM ) also designed the Burj Khalifa and the Willis Tower . The construction of below-ground utility relocations , footings , and foundations for the new building began on April 27 , 2006 . One World Trade Center became the tallest structure in New York City on April 30 , 2012 , when it surpassed the height of the Empire State Building . The tower 's steel structure was topped out on August 30 , 2012 . On May 10 , 2013 , the final component of the skyscraper 's spire was installed , making the building , including its spire , reach a total height of 1776 ft. Its height in feet is a deliberate reference to the year when the United States Declaration of Independence was signed . The building opened on November 3 , 2014 ; the One World Observatory opened on May 29 , 2015 . On March 26 , 2009 , the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey ( PANYNJ ) confirmed that the building would be officially known by its legal name of `` One World Trade Center '' , rather than its colloquial name of `` Freedom Tower '' . The building is 104 standard floors high , but the tower has only 94 actual stories . The new World Trade Center complex will eventually include five high-rise office buildings built along Greenwich Street , as well as the National September 11 Memorial & Museum , located just south of One World Trade Center where the original Twin Towers stood . The construction of the new building is part of an effort to memorialize and rebuild following the destruction of the original World Trade Center complex ."
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" Retractable hardtop A retractable hardtop , also known as coupé convertible or coupé cabriolet , employs an automatically operated , multi-part , self-storing hardtop in lieu of a folding textile-based roof . Documentation indicates that an American engineer Ben P. Ellerbeck explored the idea of a retractable hardtop as early as 1919 -- going so far as to prototype a manually operated system in 1922 that ultimately never reached production . Frenchman Georges Paulin subsequently designed the production 1934 Peugeot 601 Éclipse manually retractable hardtop , followed by the 402 Éclipse Décapotable . Advances in electronics , hydraulics , and weatherproofing materials have made the modern retractable hardtop increasingly popular . Ease , enclosed car quality climate control with the top up , improved crash resistance , and passenger compartment storage security are traded off against increased mechanical complexity and expense and , more often than not , reduced luggage capacity . A 2006 New York Times article suggested the retractable hardtop may herald the demise of the textile-roofed convertible , and a 2007 Wall Street Journal article suggested `` more and more convertibles are eschewing soft cloth tops in favor of sophisticated folding metal roofs , making them practical in all climates , year-round . ''",
" Townhouse A townhouse , or town house as used in North America , Asia , Australia , South Africa and parts of Europe , is a type of terraced housing . A modern town house is often one with a small footprint on multiple floors . The term originally referred in British usage to the city residence ( normally in London ) of someone whose main or largest residence was a country house ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Heikegani is native to a country.
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" Japan Japan ( 日本 Nippon -LSB- ɲip̚poɴ -RSB- or Nihon -LSB- ɲihoɴ -RSB- formally or Nihon-koku , meaning `` State of Japan '' ) is a sovereign island nation in East Asia . Located in the Pacific Ocean , it lies off the eastern coast of the Asian mainland , and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the southwest . The kanji that make up Japan 's name mean `` sun origin '' . 日 can be read as ni and means sun , while 本 can be read as hon , or pon and means origin . Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet `` Land of the Rising Sun '' in reference to its Japanese name . Japan is a stratovolcanic archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands . The four largest are Honshu , Hokkaido , Kyushu and Shikoku , which make up about ninety-seven percent of Japan 's land area and often are referred to as home islands . The country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions ; Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one . The population of 127 million is the world 's tenth largest . Japanese people make up 98.5 % of Japan 's total population . Approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo , the capital of Japan . Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period . The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD . Influence from other regions , mainly China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , has characterized Japan 's history . From the 12th century until 1868 , Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor . Japan entered into a long period of isolation in the early 17th century , which was ended in 1853 when a United States fleet pressured Japan to open to the West . After nearly two decades of internal conflict and insurrection , the Imperial Court regained its political power in 1868 through the help of several clans from Chōshū and Satsuma , and the Empire of Japan was established . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , victories in the First Sino-Japanese War , the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism . The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941 , which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Japanese surrender . Since adopting its revised constitution on May 3 , 1947 during the occupation by the SCAP , Japan has maintained a unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy with an Emperor and an elected legislature called the National Diet . Japan is a member of the UN , the OECD , the G7 , the G8 , and the G20 and is considered a great power . The country has the world 's third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the world 's fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity . It is also the world 's fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer . The country benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most highly educated countries in the world , with one of the highest percentages of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree . Although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war , it maintains a modern military with the world 's eighth-largest military budget , used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles . Japan is a developed country with a very high standard of living and Human Development Index . Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world .",
" Heikegani is a species of crab native to Japan , with a shell that bears a pattern resembling a human face which many believed to be the face of an angry samurai hence the nickname Samurai Crab . It is locally believed that these crabs are reincarnations of the spirits of the Heike warriors defeated at the Battle of Dan-no-ura as told in The Tale of the Heike ."
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" Italians Italians ( italiani -LSB- itaˈljaːni -RSB- ) are a nation and ethnic group native to Italy who share a common culture , ancestry and speak the Italian language as a native tongue . Legally , Italians are citizens of the Italian Republic , regardless of ancestry or country of residence ( though the principle of jus sanguinis is used extensively and arguably more favourably in the Italian nationality law ) , and are distinguished from people of Italian descent and from ethnic Italians living in territories adjacent to the Italian Peninsula . The majority of Italian nationals are native speakers of Standard Italian , though many Italians speak other languages native to Italy ( often colloquially referred to as `` Italian dialects '' ) . In 2014 , in addition to about 55 million Italians in Italy ( 91 % of the Italian national population ) , Italian-speaking autonomous groups are found in neighbouring nations : about half a million are in Switzerland and a large population is in France , and there are smaller groups in Slovenia and Croatia , primarily in Istria and Dalmatia . Because of the wide-ranging diaspora , about 5 million Italian citizens and nearly 80 million people of full or partial Italian ancestry live outside of their own homeland , most notably in parts of Europe , the Americas and Australia . Italians have greatly influenced and contributed to the arts and music , science , technology , cuisine , sports , fashion , jurisprudence , banking and business both abroad and worldwide . Italian people are generally known for their localism ( both regionalist and municipalist ) and their attention to clothing and family values .",
" South Africa South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded on the south by 2,798 km of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans , on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana and Zimbabwe , and on the east and northeast by Mozambique and Swaziland , and surrounding the kingdom of Lesotho . South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area , and with close to 56 million people , is the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European ( white ) , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is among the highest number of any country in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most white and coloured South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to recover its rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics . The National Party imposed apartheid in 1948 , institutionalising previous racial segregation . After a long and sometimes violent struggle by the African National Congress and other anti-apartheid activists both inside and outside the country , discriminatory laws began to be repealed or abolished from 1990 onwards . Since 1994 , all ethnic and linguistic groups have held political representation in the country 's democracy , which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces . South Africa is often referred to as the `` Rainbow Nation '' to describe the country 's multicultural diversity , especially in the wake of apartheid . The World Bank classifies South Africa as an upper-middle-income economy , and a newly industrialised country . Its economy is the second-largest in Africa , and the 34th-largest in the world . In terms of purchasing power parity , South Africa has the seventh-highest per capita income in Africa . However , poverty and inequality remain widespread , with about a quarter of the population unemployed and living on less than US$ 1.25 a day . Nevertheless , South Africa has been identified as a middle power in international affairs , and maintains significant regional influence ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Tanya Roberts was born on October 15th, 1955.
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" Tanya Roberts Victoria Leigh Blum ( born October 15 , 1955 ) , known by the stage name Tanya Roberts , is an American actress and producer . She is known for her role as Stacey Sutton in the James Bond film A View to a Kill ( 1985 ) , and as Midge Pinciotti on That '70s Show ( 1998 -- 2004 ) ."
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" Justis Bolding Justis Bolding ( born July 27 , 1983 in Green Bay , Wisconsin ) is an American actress . She is known for her role as Sarah Roberts on One Life to Live ( 2007 -- 2009 ) .",
" Tanya Wright Tanya Wright ( born May 3 , 1971 ) is an actress known for her starring on Buddies as Phyllis Brooks , as well as her recurring roles on 24 as Patty Brooks , NYPD Blue as Officer Maya Anderson , on True Blood as Deputy Kenya Jones , and as Crystal on the Netflix original series Orange Is the New Black . Wright 's first audition landed her first job as Theo 's girlfriend on The Cosby Show when she was a child ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Vladimir Putin did not study German in high school.
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" Vladimir Putin Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin ( ˈ ; born 7 October 1952 ) is the current President of the Russian Federation , holding the office since 7 May 2012 . He was Prime Minister from 1999 to 2000 , President from 2000 to 2008 , and again Prime Minister from 2008 to 2012 . During his second term as Prime Minister , he was the Chairman of the ruling United Russia Party . Born in Leningrad ( now Saint Petersburg ) , Putin studied German in high school and speaks the language fluently . He studied Law at the Saint Petersburg State University , graduating in 1975 . Putin was a KGB Foreign Intelligence Officer for 16 years , rising to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel before retiring in 1991 to enter politics in Saint Petersburg . He moved to Moscow in 1996 and joined President Boris Yeltsin 's administration , rising quickly through the ranks and becoming Acting President on 31 December 1999 , when Yeltsin resigned . Putin won the subsequent 2000 Presidential election by a 53 % to 30 % margin , thus avoiding a runoff with his Communist Party of the Russian Federation opponent , Gennady Zyuganov . He was re-elected President in 2004 with 72 % of the vote . During Putin 's first presidency , the Russian economy grew for eight straight years , and GDP measured in purchasing power increased by 72 % . The growth was a result of the 2000s commodities boom , high oil prices , and prudent economic and fiscal policies . Because of constitutionally mandated term limits , Putin was ineligible to run for a third consecutive presidential term in 2008 . The 2008 Presidential election was won by Dmitry Medvedev , who appointed Putin Prime Minister , beginning what has been called a period of `` tandemocracy '' . In September 2011 , after presidential terms were extended from four to six years , Putin announced he would seek a third term as president . He won the March 2012 presidential election with 64 % of the vote , a result which aligned with pre-election polling . Falling oil prices coupled with international sanctions imposed at the beginning of 2014 after Russia 's annexation of Crimea and military intervention in Eastern Ukraine led to GDP shrinking by 3.7 % in 2015 , though the Russian economy rebounded in 2016 with 0.3 % GDP growth and is officially out of the recession . Under Putin 's leadership , Russia has scored poorly on both the Economist Intelligence Unit 's Democracy Index and Transparency International 's Corruption Perceptions Index . Putin has enjoyed high domestic approval ratings during his career , and received extensive international attention as one of the world 's most powerful leaders . In 2007 , he was the Time Person of the Year . In 2015 , he was # 1 on the Time 's Most Influential People List . Forbes ranked him the World 's Most Powerful Individual every year from 2013 to 2016 ."
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" Yeltsinism Yeltsinism is a rarely used neologism characterising the political and economic policies of Boris Yeltsin after he became the effective ruler of Russia following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991 . The term `` Yeltsinism '' occurs most often with negative connotations . Yeltsin 's critics blame him for the collapse of the USSR , which Russian President Vladimir Putin called `` The geopolitical catastrophe of the century '' . Others imply that Yeltsinism involves the outward appearance of democracy while actually concentrating power in a form of authoritarianism and consider the current political system in Russia ( often called Putinism ) `` a continuation and rejection of Yeltsinism '' . Mohamed Sid-Ahmed , for example , described it as `` observing the minimum requirements necessary to appease western sensibilities and stave off accusations of openly violating the rules of democracy in terms of form , while actually violating those rules in terms of substance . ''",
" Moscow State Institute of International Relations Moscow State Institute of International Relations МИД России , often abbreviated МГИМО , MGIMO ) is an academic institution run by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia , which is widely considered the most elite university in Russia . It was dubbed the `` Harvard of Russia '' by Henry Kissinger , because it educates so many of Russia 's political , economic , and intellectual elite . Currently , it has the lowest acceptance rate and the highest test scores of any university in the country . MGIMO is the oldest and the most renowned school in Russia for preparing students for careers in international relations and diplomacy . Many of the current professors were ambassadors or ministers . Since the 1990s , MGIMO has expanded its academic programme , now offering degrees ranging from journalism to economics and management . Today , the majority of alumni no longer pursue a career with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , instead joining large corporations or serving in other parts of the state apparatus . It is the only university ever included in the Guinness Book of World Records , as its 56 languages are the most taught at any academic institution in the world ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Steven Soderbergh directed a biographical film and received acclaim.
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" Steven Soderbergh Steven Andrew Soderbergh ( -LSB- ˈsoʊdərbɜrɡ -RSB- born January 14 , 1963 ) is an American film producer , director , screenwriter , cinematographer and editor . His indie drama Sex , Lies , and Videotape ( 1989 ) won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival , and became a worldwide commercial success , making the then-26-year-old Soderbergh the youngest director to win the festival 's top award . Film critic Roger Ebert dubbed Soderbergh the `` poster boy of the Sundance generation '' . He is best known for directing critically acclaimed commercial Hollywood films including the crime comedy Out of Sight ( 1998 ) , the biographical film Erin Brockovich ( 2000 ) , the crime drama film Traffic ( 2000 ) ( for which he won the Academy Award for Best Director ) , the 2001 remake of the comedy heist film Ocean 's 11 and its two sequels -- known collectively as the Ocean 's Trilogy , the medical thriller Contagion ( 2011 ) and the comedy-drama Magic Mike ( 2012 ) . He has also directed smaller , less conventional works , such as the mystery thriller Kafka ( 1991 ) ; the experimental comedy film Schizopolis ( 1996 ) , which has a non-linear narrative ; Bubble ( 2005 ) , which uses no script and non-professional actors ; the experimental drama film The Girlfriend Experience ( 2009 ) , which starred the then-active pornographic actress Sasha Grey ; and the biopic about Marxist revolutionary Ernesto `` Che '' Guevara , Che ( 2008 ) . Soderbergh also directed , photographed and edited all episodes of the television drama The Knick . In addition , he has produced numerous film and television programs , and provided cinematography and editing on various projects ."
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" Deepwater Horizon (film) Deepwater Horizon is a 2016 American biopic disaster film . It was directed by Peter Berg , written by Matthew Sand and Matthew Michael Carnahan , and starring an ensemble cast including Mark Wahlberg , Kurt Russell , John Malkovich , Gina Rodriguez , Dylan O'Brien and Kate Hudson . It is based on the 2010 Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico . Principal photography began on April 27 , 2015 in New Orleans , Louisiana . The film premiered at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival and was theatrically released in the United States on September 30 , 2016 . It received generally positive reviews and grossed over $ 121 million worldwide . The film was nominated for two Oscars at the 89th Academy Awards : Best Sound Editing and Best Visual Effects , and a BAFTA Award for Best Sound at the 70th British Academy Film Awards .",
" Contagion (film) Contagion is a 2011 American medical thriller-disaster film directed by Steven Soderbergh . The film features an ensemble cast that includes Marion Cotillard , Bryan Cranston , Matt Damon , Laurence Fishburne , Jude Law , Gwyneth Paltrow , Kate Winslet , and Jennifer Ehle . The plot of Contagion documents the spread of a virus transmitted by fomites , attempts by medical researchers and public health officials to identify and contain the disease , the loss of social order in a pandemic , and finally the introduction of a vaccine to halt its spread . To follow several interacting plot lines , the film makes use of the multi-narrative `` hyperlink cinema '' style , popularized in several of Soderbergh 's films . Soderbergh and screenwriter Scott Z. Burns had collaborated on The Informant ! ( 2009 ) . Following that film 's release , Burns brought up the idea of producing a medical thriller film depicting the rapid spread of a virus , which was inspired by various pandemics such as the 2003 SARS epidemic and the 2009 flu pandemic . To devise an accurate perception of a pandemic event , Burns consulted with representatives of the World Health Organization as well as noted medical experts such as W. Ian Lipkin and Lawrence `` Larry '' Brilliant . Principal photography started in Hong Kong in September 2010 , and continued in Chicago , Atlanta , London , Geneva , and San Francisco until February 2011 . Contagion premiered at the 68th Venice Film Festival in Venice , Italy on September 3 , 2011 , and went on general release on September 9 . The film was well received by critics , who praised the narratives and the performances of various actors and actresses . It was also well received by scientists , who praised its accuracy . Commercially , the film was a box office success . Budgeted at $ 60 million , Contagion attained $ 135 million in box office revenue during its theatrical run ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Overwatch is a multiplayer you play online.
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" Overwatch (video game) Overwatch is a team-based online multiplayer first-person shooter video game developed and published by Blizzard Entertainment . It was released in May 2016 for Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One . Overwatch assigns players into two teams of six , with each player selecting one of 24 pre-defined characters , called heroes , each with unique movement , attributes , and abilities , whose roles are divided into four categories : Offense , Defense , Tank , and Support . Players on a team work together to secure and defend control points on a map or escort a payload across the map in a limited amount of time . Players gain cosmetic rewards that do not affect gameplay , such as character skins and victory poses , as they play the game . The game was initially launched with casual play , with a competitive ranked mode , various ` arcade ' game modes , and a player-customizable server browser subsequently included following its release . Additionally , Blizzard has developed and added new characters , maps , and game modes post-release , while stating that all Overwatch updates will remain free , with the only additional cost to players being microtransactions to earn additional cosmetic rewards . Overwatch is Blizzard 's fourth major franchise and came about following the 2014 cancellation of the ambitious massively multiplayer online role-playing game Titan . A portion of the Titan team came up with the concept of Overwatch , based on the success of team-based first-person shooters like Team Fortress 2 and the growing popularity of multiplayer online battle arenas , creating a hero-based shooter that emphasized teamwork . Some elements of Overwatch borrow assets and concepts from the canceled Titan project . After establishing the narrative of an optimistic near-future Earth setting after a global crisis , the developers aimed to create a diverse cast of heroes that spanned genders and ethnicities as part of this setting . Significant time was spent adjusting the balance of the characters , making sure that new players would still be able to have fun while skilled players would present each other with a challenge . Overwatch was unveiled at BlizzCon 2014 in a fully playable state and was in a closed beta from late 2015 through early 2016 . An open beta in May 2016 drew in more than 9.7 million players . The release of the game was promoted with short animated videos to introduce the game 's narrative and each of the characters . Upon official release , Overwatch received universal acclaim from critics , who praised the game for its accessibility , diverse appeal of its hero characters , bright cartoonish art style , and enjoyable gameplay . Considered one of the best games released in 2016 , the game received numerous accolades , including being awarded Game of the Year at The Game Awards , D.I.C.E. Awards , and Game Developers Choice Awards , as well as from numerous publications . Since its release , Overwatch has become recognized as an eSport , where in addition to sponsoring tournaments , Blizzard has announced plans to help support professional league play starting in 2017 ."
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" Video game producer A video game producer is the person in charge of overseeing and funding development of a video game .",
" Overwatch League Overwatch League is a professional esports league operated by Activision Blizzard , for the 2016 video game Overwatch . During the 2016 Blizzcon , Blizzard announced their plans for their Overwatch League , using an organization of permanent teams in league placements similar to more traditional physical sports , rather than the use of relegation and promotion used in a series like League of Legends Championship Series ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Purple Haze was released by the Jimi Hendrix Experience in 1972.
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" Purple Haze `` Purple Haze '' is a song written by Jimi Hendrix and released as the second record single by the Jimi Hendrix Experience on March 17 , 1967 . As a record chart hit in several countries and the opening number on the Experience 's debut American album , it was many people 's first exposure to Hendrix 's psychedelic rock sound . The song features his inventive guitar playing , which uses the signature Hendrix chord and a mix of blues and Eastern modalities , shaped by novel sound processing techniques . Because of ambiguities in the lyrics , listeners often interpret the song as referring to a psychedelic experience , although Hendrix described it as a love song . `` Purple Haze '' is one of Hendrix 's best-known songs and appears on many Hendrix compilation albums . The song featured regularly in concerts and each of Hendrix 's group configurations issued live recordings . It was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame and is included on lists of the greatest guitar songs , including at number two by Rolling Stone and number one by Q magazine ."
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" The Ultimate Experience The Ultimate Experience is a 1992 compilation album of songs by songwriter and guitarist Jimi Hendrix . It features 20 of his greatest hits , most of them recorded with The Jimi Hendrix Experience , and live renditions of `` The Star Spangled Banner '' and `` Wild Thing '' . It was released in the U.K. in November 1992 , and later on April 27 , 1993 in the U.S. . The album reached No. 25 in the UK Albums Chart and No. 72 in the Billboard 200 . An HDCD remastered special edition UK picture disc version limited to 2500 copies was released in 1995 . The track listing was compiled from a poll citing his most popular recordings for the European market . All songs were recorded between October 23 , 1966 and July 23 , 1970 .",
" Trapped in a Purple Haze Trapped in a Purple Haze is a TV movie about drug abuse which originally aired on ABC in 2000 ; its title is a reference to the Jimi Hendrix song Purple Haze . The film starred Jonathan Jackson , JoBeth Williams , and Carly Pope , with a supporting role by Hayden Christensen ( who eventually beat Jackson for the part of Anakin Skywalker in the Star Wars prequel trilogy ) ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Oh Yeon-seo worked in a band.
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" Oh Yeon-seo Oh Yeon-seo ( born Oh Haet-nim , on June 22 , 1987 ) , is a South Korean actress and former member of South Korean girl group , LUV . She is best known for her roles in television dramas My Husband Got a Family ( 2012 ) , Jang Bo-ri is Here ! ( 2014 ) , Shine or Go Crazy ( 2015 ) and Please Come Back , Mister ( 2016 ) ."
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" Loona (band) LOONA , stylized as LOOΠΔ ( also known as ; RR : Idalui Sonyeo ; lit . `` Girl of the Month '' ) is a South Korean pre-debut girl group project created by Blockberry Creative , a subsidiary of Polaris Entertainment . Each month , beginning in October 2016 , a new member is revealed and releases a single album featuring one solo song , and one or more songs including the previously revealed members , with some songs accompanied by music videos . This will continue for a whole year , and at the end of the project the twelve girls will debut as one group .",
" S.E.S. (band) S.E.S. ( Hangul : 에스.이.에스 ; initialism for Sea , Eugene , Shoo ) is a South Korean girl group trio formed by S.M. Entertainment in 1997 , consisting of members Bada , Eugene , and Shoo . In their early years , they were also known as the female counterpart of H.O.T. , and raised phenomenal popularity at the time . S.E.S. is considered one of K-pop 's first highly successful girl groups . They were challenged by groups like Fin.K.L and Baby V.O.X , which debuted soon after S.E.S. and also enjoyed success . The group officially disbanded in December 2002 after Bada 's and Eugene 's contracts expired , though Shoo eventually also parted ways with S.M. Entertainment in 2006 . Their final release was the compilation album Beautiful Songs released in mid-2003 , where they last promoted their last original single `` S.II.S ( Soul To Soul ) '' , from the greatest hits album Friend . In subsequent years , the former members ventured into solo music activities and also acting , to varying degrees of success . In October 2016 , it was publicly announced that the trio would be returning to the music scene to celebrate their 20th anniversary since debuting with the album I 'm Your Girl . After releasing the buzz single `` Love -LSB- story -RSB- '' , a remake of their 1999 single `` Love '' , through S.M. Entertainment 's digital project SM Station on November 28 and their 20th anniversary special album , Remember was released on January 2 , 2017 , with double title tracks `` Remember '' and `` Paradise '' ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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The Dogs D'Amour are a group.
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" The Dogs D'Amour The Dogs D'Amour are a rock and roll band formed in 1983 in London , England . Over the years the band has had various line-ups , the only constant being vocalist Tyla . Their 1989 release , A Graveyard of Empty Bottles , reached # 16 on the UK Albums Chart while the single `` Satellite Kid '' reached # 26 on the UK Singles Chart . In 1991 , the band broke up onstage , before reforming briefly in the early 1990s for the release of their sixth studio album More Unchartered Heights of Disgrace . After this , however , the most famous incarnation of the band ceased to exist . There was another brief reunion in 2000 and an album , but , throughout the 2000s , Tyla has been touring and releasing albums under the band name , which is vastly different from their older material . In December 2012 the ` classic ' line-up of Tyla , Jo ` Dog ' Almeida , Steve James and Bam agreed to reform to play a series of benefit concerts for their long-time friend , and former bandmate , Paul Hornby . In January 2013 , the band recorded an EP in Florida and announced live dates for the UK and Spain ."
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" Entourage An entourage is an informal group or band of people who are closely associated with a ( usually ) famous , notorious , or otherwise notable individual . The word can also refer to :",
" A Graveyard of Empty Bottles A Graveyard of Empty Bottles is rock not the band The Dogs D'Amour 's third studio album , it was a stand-alone EP released in 1989 . The album is the first of the band 's full-length albums to enter the UK Albums Chart top 100 , reaching # 16 . The album itself did n't actually spawn any singles , even though it was the Dogs D'Amour 's highest ever charting release . All guitars on the album are acoustic . The album was also released in a limited edition 10 '' vinyl format ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Jing Tian died on July 21, 1988.
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" Jing Tian Jing Tian ( born July 21 , 1988 ) is a Chinese actress . She graduated from the Beijing Dance Academy and Beijing Film Academy . She is known for her roles in The Warring States , Special ID , and Police Story 2013 . She is part of the cast for three Legendary Pictures films , 2016 's The Great Wall , 2017 's Kong : Skull Island , and the upcoming Pacific Rim : Uprising ."
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" Wu Zetian Wu Zetian ( 624 December16 , 705 ) , also known as Wu Zhao , Wu Hou , and during the later Tang dynasty as Tian Hou , referred to in English as Empress Consort Wu or by the deprecated term `` Empress Wu '' , was a Chinese sovereign who ruled unofficially as empress consort and empress dowager and later , officially as empress regnant during the brief Zhou dynasty ( 周 , 684-705 ) , which interrupted the Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 690 & 705 -- 907 ) . Wu was the only Empress regnant of China in more than two millennia . Wu was the concubine of Emperor Taizong . After his death , she married his successor -- his ninth son , Emperor Gaozong , officially becoming Gaozong 's huanghou ( 皇后 , variously translated as `` empress '' , `` wife '' , or `` empress consort '' ) in 655 , although having considerable political power prior to this . After Gaozong 's debilitating stroke in 660 , Wu Zetian became administrator of the court , a position equal as the emperor 's until 705 . The importance to history of Wu Zetian 's period of political and military leadership includes the major expansion of the Chinese empire , extending it far beyond its previous territorial limits , deep into Central Asia , and engaging in a series of wars on the Korean peninsula , first allying with Silla against Goguryeo , and then against Silla over occupation of formerly Goguryeo territory . Within China , besides the more direct consequences of her struggle to gain and maintain supreme power , Wu 's leadership resulted in important effects regarding social class in Chinese society and in relation to state support for Taoism , Buddhism , education , and literature . Wu Zetian also had a monumental impact upon the statuary of the Longmen Grottoes and the `` Wordless Stele '' at the Qianling Mausoleum , as well as the construction of some major buildings and bronze castings that no longer survive . Besides her career as a political leader , Wu Zetian also had an active family life . Although family relationships sometimes became problematic , Wu Zetian was the mother of four sons , three of whom also carried the title of emperor , although one held that title only as a posthumous honor . One of her grandsons became the renowned Emperor Xuanzong of Tang .",
" Jing (software) Jing is a screencasting computer program launched in 2007 as Jing Project by the TechSmith Corporation . The software takes a picture or video of the user 's computer screen and uploads it to the Web , FTP , computer or clipboard . If uploaded to the web , the program automatically creates a URL to the content so it can be shared with others . Jing is compatible with Macintosh and Microsoft Windows . Users must sign up for an account before using the software . Its simple format and the ability to quickly upload screencasts have made Jing useful for virtual reference in libraries . On 6 January 2009 , TechSmith released Jing Pro , a paid premium version of Jing . In February 2012 , Techsmith announced Jing Pro is to be retired . All users ( regardless of subscription ) could use this service until 28 February 2013 ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Imagine Dragons' lead vocalist is David Bowie.
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" Imagine Dragons Imagine Dragons is an American rock band from Las Vegas , Nevada , consisting of lead vocalist Dan Reynolds , lead guitarist Wayne Sermon , bassist Ben McKee , and drummer Daniel Platzman . The band first gained exposure in 2012 with the releases of their debut studio album Night Visions and its first single `` It 's Time '' . Billboard placed them at the top of their `` Year In Rock '' rankings for 2013 , and named them their `` Breakthrough Band of 2013 '' . Rolling Stone named their single `` Radioactive '' from Night Visions the `` biggest rock hit of the year '' , and MTV called them `` the year 's biggest breakout band '' . Night Visions peaked at number two on the weekly US Billboard 200 chart and the UK Albums Chart . The band 's second studio album Smoke + Mirrors was released in 2015 , and reached number one in the US , Canada and the UK . Imagine Dragons has won two American Music Awards for Favorite Alternative Artist , a Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance , five Billboard Music Awards , and a World Music Award . In May 2014 , the band was nominated for a total of fourteen different Billboard Music Awards , including Top Artist of the Year and a Milestone Award , which recognizes innovation and creativity of artists across different genres . As of January 2017 , Imagine Dragons have sold 9 million albums and 27 million singles worldwide ."
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" I'm So Sorry `` I 'm So Sorry '' is a song by American rock band Imagine Dragons . The song serves as the second promotional single and fourth track from the band 's second studio album Smoke + Mirrors . Along with the songs `` Hopeless Opus '' and `` Gold '' on Smoke + Mirrors , the song touches upon lead-singer Dan Reynolds ' depression struggles . The song has peaked at number 14 on the Billboard Hot Rock Songs chart .",
" David Lee Roth David Lee Roth ( born October 10 , 1954 ) is an American rock vocalist , musician , songwriter , actor , author , and former radio personality . In 2007 , he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Roth is best known as the original ( 1974 -- 1985 ) and current ( 2006 -- present ) lead singer of hard rock band Van Halen . He is also known as a successful solo artist , releasing numerous RIAA-certified Gold and Platinum albums . After more than two decades apart , Roth re-joined Van Halen in 2006 for a North American tour that became the highest grossing in the band 's history and one of the highest grossing of that year . In 2012 , Roth and Van Halen released the comeback album A Different Kind of Truth ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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My Sweet Lord's lyrics are supposed to serve as a call to abandon sectarianism.
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" My Sweet Lord `` My Sweet Lord '' is a song by English musician and former Beatle , George Harrison . It was released in November 1970 on his triple album All Things Must Pass . Also issued as a single , Harrison 's first as a solo artist , `` My Sweet Lord '' topped charts worldwide and was the biggest-selling single of 1971 in the UK . In America and Britain , the song was the first number one single by an ex-Beatle . Harrison originally gave the song to his fellow Apple Records artist Billy Preston to record ; this version , which Harrison co-produced , appeared on Preston 's Encouraging Words album in September 1970 . Harrison wrote `` My Sweet Lord '' in praise of the Hindu god Krishna , while at the same time intending the lyrics to serve as a call to abandon religious sectarianism through his deliberate blending of the Hebrew word hallelujah with chants of `` Hare Krishna '' and Vedic prayer . The recording features producer Phil Spector 's Wall of Sound treatment and heralded the arrival of Harrison 's much-admired slide guitar technique , which one biographer described as being `` musically as distinctive a signature as the mark of Zorro '' . Preston , Ringo Starr , Eric Clapton , and the group Badfinger are among the other musicians appearing on the recording . Later in the 1970s , `` My Sweet Lord '' was at the centre of a heavily publicised copyright infringement suit , due to its similarity to the Ronnie Mack song `` He 's So Fine '' , a 1963 hit for the New York girl group the Chiffons . In 1976 , Harrison was found to have subconsciously plagiarised the earlier tune , a verdict that had repercussions throughout the music industry . He claimed to have used the out-of-copyright `` Oh Happy Day '' , a Christian hymn , as his inspiration for the song 's melody . Harrison performed `` My Sweet Lord '' at the Concert for Bangladesh in August 1971 , and it remains the most popular composition from his post-Beatles career . He reworked the song as `` My Sweet Lord ( 2000 ) '' for inclusion as a bonus track on the 30th anniversary reissue of All Things Must Pass . Many artists have covered the song including Andy Williams , Peggy Lee , Edwin Starr , Johnny Mathis , Nina Simone , Julio Iglesias , Richie Havens , Megadeth , Boy George , Elton John , Jim James , Bonnie Bramlett and Elliott Smith . `` My Sweet Lord '' is ranked 460th on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of `` the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . The song reached number 1 in Britain for a second time when re-released in January 2002 , two months after Harrison 's death ."
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" Nontrinitarianism Nontrinitarianism refers to belief systems within Christianity that reject the mainstream Christian doctrine of the Trinity -- the teaching that God is three distinct hypostases or persons who are coeternal , coequal , and indivisibly united in one being , or essence ( from the Greek ousia ) . Certain religious groups that emerged during the Protestant Reformation have historically been known as antitrinitarian . According to churches that consider the decisions of ecumenical councils final , Trinitarianism was definitively declared to be Christian doctrine at the 4th-century ecumenical councils , that of the First Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) , which declared the full divinity of the Son , and the First Council of Constantinople ( 381 ) , which declared the divinity of the Holy Spirit . In terms of number of adherents , nontrinitarian denominations comprise a small minority of modern Christianity . By far the three largest nontrinitarian Christian denominations are The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( `` Mormons '' ) , Jehovah 's Witnesses and the Iglesia Ni Cristo , though there are a number of other smaller groups , including Christadelphians , Christian Scientists , Dawn Bible Students , Living Church of God , Oneness Pentecostals , Members Church of God International , Unitarian Universalist Christians , The Way International , The Church of God International and the United Church of God . Nontrinitarian views differ widely on the nature of God , Jesus , and the Holy Spirit . Various nontrinitarian philosophies , such as Adoptionism , Monarchianism , and Subordinationism existed prior to the establishment of the Trinity doctrine in AD 325 , 381 , and 431 , at the Councils of Nicaea , Constantinople , and Ephesus . Biblical and historical evidence indicate that first-century Christians did not worship Jesus as equal to God . Nontrinitarianism was later renewed by Cathars in the 11th through 13th centuries , in the Unitarian movement during the Protestant Reformation , in the Age of Enlightenment of the 18thcentury , and in some groups arising during the Second Great Awakening of the 19thcentury . The Christian doctrine of the Trinity is not present in the other major Abrahamic religions .",
" My Dearest Darkest Neighbor My Dearest Darkest Neighbor is the fourth full-length album by New Orleans musical group Hurray for the Riff Raff . It was originally available only as a reward in a Kickstarter campaign to fund their previous album Look Out Mama , and in local record stores . A version of George Harrison 's `` My Sweet Lord '' was included in the new release . The album was released July 1 , 2013 by Mod Mobilian Records and This Is American Music ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Kingdom Hearts III has a character named Sora.
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" Kingdom Hearts III Kingdom Hearts III is an upcoming action role-playing game developed and published by Square Enix for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . It is the twelfth installment in the Kingdom Hearts series , sequel to Kingdom Hearts II , and the final chapter in the Dark Seeker saga . Set after the events of Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance , returning protagonist Sora is joined by Donald Duck , Goofy , King Mickey and Riku in their search for the seven guardians of light and the `` Key to Return Hearts '' as they attempt to thwart Master Xehanort 's plan to bring about a second Keyblade War . Their journey has them cross paths with characters , and visit worlds , based on Disney properties and Final Fantasy . Concepts for the game began as early as 2006 , after the release of Kingdom Hearts II : Final Mix in Japan , with the game not officially confirmed to be in development until E3 2013 , after years of rumors and speculation . Kingdom Hearts III sees many returning gameplay features from the series , while introducing new `` Attraction Flow '' attacks that incorporate Disney Parks attractions . The game also is the first in the series to utilize Unreal Engine 4 ."
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" Final Fantasy III is a role-playing video game developed and published by Square in for the Family Computer as the third installment in the Final Fantasy series and the last main series game for the console . It is the first numbered Final Fantasy game to feature the job-change system . The story revolves around four orphaned youths drawn to a crystal of light . The crystal grants them some of its power , and instructs them to go forth and restore balance to the world . Not knowing what to make of the crystal 's pronouncements , but nonetheless recognizing the importance of its words , the four inform their adoptive families of their mission and set out to explore and bring back balance to the world . The game was originally released in Japan on April 27 , 1990 . It had not been released outside Japan until a remake was developed by Matrix Software for the Nintendo DS on August 24 , 2006 . At that time , it was the only Final Fantasy game not previously released in North America or Europe . There had been earlier plans to remake the game for Bandai 's WonderSwan Color handheld , as had been done with the first , second , and fourth installments of the series , but the game faced several delays and was eventually canceled after the premature cancellation of the platform . The Nintendo DS version of the game was positively received , selling over one million copies in Japan . It was also released for the many other systems : the Japanese Virtual Console version ( Famicom version ) on July 21 , 2009 ( Wii ) and January 8 , 2014 ( Wii U ) , an iOS port of the Nintendo DS remake on March 24 , 2011 , an Android version on March 12 , 2012 , a PlayStation Portable version on late September 2012 ( Downloadable only version outside Japan via PlayStation Network ) and Microsoft Windows via Steam in 2014 .",
" Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha Strikers is the third season of the Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha series . The Nanoha anime was , in turn , a spin-off of the Triangle Heart series of games and OVAs , specifically Triangle Heart 3 : Sweet Songs Forever . This season aired shortly after the promotional event `` Lyrical Party III '' on April 1 , 2007 . The series focuses more on team-based battles and bureaucracy rather than individual rivalry and school life , due to the change in character dynamics . The name StrikerS refers to an SS rank given to top mages , much like how A 's refers to A rank mages . A special sound stage , under the name of StrikerS Sound stage X was released on October 29 , 2008 . A manga adaptation , which explored storylines outside of the anime series , ran in Megami Magazine from November 2006 to February 2008 ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Ranbir Kapoor is the co-founder of a company.
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" Ranbir Kapoor Ranbir Kapoor ( -LSB- rəˈɳbiːr kəˈpuːr -RSB- ; born 28 September 1982 ) is an Indian actor and producer . The son of actors Rishi and Neetu , and the grandson of actor-director Raj , Kapoor pursued film-making and method acting at the School of Visual Arts and the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute , respectively . He subsequently assisted Sanjay Leela Bhansali on the film Black ( 2005 ) , and made his acting debut with Bhansali 's tragic romance Saawariya ( 2007 ) , a box office flop . Kapoor rose to prominence with his performances in the coming-of-age film Wake Up Sid ( 2009 ) , the romantic comedy Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani ( 2009 ) , the comedy drama Rocket Singh : Salesman of the Year ( 2009 ) , and the political thriller-crime drama Raajneeti ( 2010 ) . The romantic drama Rockstar ( 2011 ) and the comedy drama Barfi ! ( 2012 ) earned Kapoor two consecutive Best Actor awards at Filmfare , and a starring role in the romantic comedy Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani ( 2013 ) one of the highest-grossing Bollywood filmsestablished him as a leading Bollywood actor . However , he followed it by starring in a series of films that under-performed at the box office , although his performance in the romantic drama Tamasha ( 2015 ) was critically acclaimed . This changed in 2016 when he starred as a musician in the commercially successful romance Ae Dil Hai Mushkil . Through his career in Bollywood films , Kapoor has become one of the most popular celebrities and one of the highest-paid actors in India . He is the recipient of several awards , including five Filmfare Awards . In addition to acting in films , Kapoor supports charities and causes . He is the co-founder of the production company Picture Shuru Productions , and is a co-owner of the Indian Super League football team Mumbai City FC ."
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" Kodak The Eastman Kodak Company ( referred to simply as Kodak ) is an American technology company that produces imaging products with its historic basis on photography . The company is headquartered in Rochester , New York and is incorporated in New Jersey . Kodak provides packaging , functional printing , graphic communications and professional services for businesses around the world . Its main business segments are Print Systems , Enterprise Inkjet Systems , Micro 3D Printing and Packaging , Software and Solutions , and Consumer and Film . It is best known for photographic film products . Kodak was founded by George Eastman and Henry A. Strong on September 4 , 1888 . During most of the 20th century , Kodak held a dominant position in photographic film . The company 's ubiquity was such that its `` Kodak moment '' tagline entered the common lexicon to describe a personal event that was demanded to be recorded for posterity . Kodak began to struggle financially in the late 1990s , as a result of the decline in sales of photographic film and its slowness in transitioning to digital photography . As a part of a turnaround strategy , Kodak began to focus on digital photography and digital printing , and attempted to generate revenues through aggressive patent litigation . In January 2012 , Kodak filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York . In February 2012 , Kodak announced that it would stop making digital cameras , pocket video cameras and digital picture frames and focus on the corporate digital imaging market . In August 2012 , Kodak announced its intention to sell its photographic film , commercial scanners and kiosk operations , as a measure to emerge from bankruptcy , but not its motion picture film operations . In January 2013 , the Court approved financing for Kodak to emerge from bankruptcy by mid 2013 . Kodak sold many of its patents for approximately $ 525,000,000 to a group of companies ( including Apple , Google , Facebook , Amazon , Microsoft , Samsung , Adobe Systems and HTC ) under the names Intellectual Ventures and RPX Corporation . On September 3 , 2013 , the company emerged from bankruptcy having shed its large legacy liabilities and exited several businesses . Personalized Imaging and Document Imaging are now part of Kodak Alaris , a separate company owned by the UK-based Kodak Pension Plan . On March 12 , 2014 , it announced that the board of directors had elected Jeffrey J. Clarke as chief executive officer and a member of its board of directors .",
" Huayi Brothers Huayi Brothers Media Corp. . is a Chinese entertainment company that owns a film studio , television production company , talent agency , record label , and movie theaters founded in Beijing by brothers Wang Zhongjun and Wang Zhonglei in 1994 . The company made world news on October 30 , 2009 when the Shenzhen Stock Exchange ChiNext Board was halted , after HBMC 's stock price more than doubled by 122.74 percent from its IPO price , to open at 63.66 yuan per share . Patrick Frater of Variety called it `` China 's largest private sector film conglomerate '' . In 2014 , the company was the seventh-largest film distributor in China , with 2.26 % of the market ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Edge of Tomorrow is only available in countries where the official language is English.
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" Brazil Brazil ( listen ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . As the world 's fifth-largest country by both area and population , it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7491 km It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3 % of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves . Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil , a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system . The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature , now called the National Congress . The country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup d'état . An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985 , after which civilian governance resumed . Brazil 's current constitution , formulated in 1988 , defines it as a democratic federal republic . The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District , the 26 states , and the 5,570 municipalities . Brazil 's economy is the world 's both eighth-largest by nominal GDP and eighth-largest by GDP ( PPP ) . A member of the BRICS group , Brazil until 2010 had one of the world 's fastest growing major economies , with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition and influence . Brazil 's national development bank plays an important role for the country 's economic growth . Brazil is a founding member of the United Nations , the G20 , BRICS , Unasul , Mercosul , Organization of American States , Organization of Ibero-American States , and the CPLP . Brazil is a regional power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs , with some analysts identifying it as an emerging global power . One of the world 's major breadbaskets , Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years .",
" Edge of Tomorrow Edge of Tomorrow ( alternatively known by its tagline Live . Die . Repeat . and marketed as such on home release ) is a 2014 American military science fiction film starring Tom Cruise and Emily Blunt . Doug Liman directed the film based on a screenplay adapted from the 2004 Japanese light novel All You Need Is Kill by Hiroshi Sakurazaka . The film begins with a flashback to the year 2015 , when a horde of aliens called the Mimics arrived in Germany on a meteorite . By the year 2020 , in which the film 's action takes place , the horde has spread over most of continental Europe and killed all humans in its way . Cruise plays William Cage , a public relations officer with no combat experience , who is ordered by his superior to film the first wave of a crucial landing operation against the aliens . Upon being killed in combat , Cage finds himself in a time loop that sends him back to the day preceding the battle every time he dies . Cage teams up with Special Forces warrior Rita Vrataski ( Blunt ) in seeking a way to defeat the extraterrestrials . In late 2009 , Productions purchased the rights to the novel and sold a spec script to the American studio Warner Bros. . The studio produced the film with the involvement of , the novel 's publisher Viz Media , and Australian production company Village Roadshow . Filming began in late 2012 , taking place in England at Leavesden Studios outside London , and other locations such as Trafalgar Square and Saunton Sands . Nine companies handled the visual effects . The film was released in cinemas on the weekend of , 2014 in 28 territories , including the United Kingdom , Brazil , Germany , Spain , and Indonesia . On the weekend of , 2014 it was released in 36 additional territories , including North America ( United States and Canada ) , Australia , China , and Russia . The film grossed over in theaters worldwide and received positive reviews from critics . A sequel , titled Live Die Repeat and Repeat , is currently in development ."
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" Cross-border language A cross-border language or trans-border language is a language spoken by a population ( ethnic group or nation ) that lives in a geographical area in two or several internationally recognized countries that have common land or maritime borders . Cross-border languages are particularly common in Africa but are found on all other continents as well . Examples include German ( spoken in Germany , Austria , Switzerland and other neighbouring countries ) , Catalan ( spoken in Spain , Andorra and elsewhere ) , Hungarian ( spoken in most countries bordering Hungary ) . Category : Languages",
" Gazette A gazette is an official journal , a newspaper of record , or simply a newspaper . In English - and French-speaking countries , newspaper publishers have applied the name Gazette since the 17th century ; today , numerous weekly and daily newspapers bear the name The Gazette ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Jared Kushner is an American.
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" Jared Kushner Jared Corey Kushner ( born January 10 , 1981 ) is an American real estate investor and developer , newspaper owner , and senior advisor to President Donald Trump . Kushner is the elder son of real-estate developer Charles Kushner and is married to Trump 's daughter Ivanka . He was principal owner of the real-estate holding and development company Kushner Companies and of Observer Media , publisher of the New York Observer . He is the co-founder and part owner of Cadre , an online real-estate investment platform . On January 9 , 2017 , Kushner was named as a senior White House advisor . He consequently resigned as CEO of Kushner Companies and as publisher of the Observer , but his private financial interests remain a subject of controversy . Kushner helped develop and run Trump 's digital media strategy ."
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" Americans Americans are citizens of the United States of America . The country is home to people of many different national origins . As a result , Americans do not equate their nationality with ethnicity , but with citizenship and allegiance . Although citizens make up the majority of Americans , non-citizen residents , dual citizens , and expatriates may also claim an American identity . The use in English of the term `` American '' to exclusively mean people of the United States developed from its original use to differentiate English people of the American colonies from English people of England despite its linguistic ambiguity in other senses of the word `` American '' , which can also refer to people from the Americas in general . See Names for United States citizens .",
" Bill Kushner William `` Bill '' Kushner ( 1931 , in Bronx , New York -- August 15 , 2015 , in New York City , New York ) was an American poet associated with the New York School . He is the author of the following books of verse ; Night Fishing ( 1980 ) , Head ( 1986 ) , Love Uncut ( 1990 ) , He Dreams of Waters ( 2000 ) , That April ( 2000 ) , In Sunsetland with You ( 2007 ) , Walking After Midnight ( 2011 Spuyten Duyvil ) and several other volumes . His poem `` Great '' was included in Best American Poetry 2002 . Jeffrey Cyphers Wright said in writing on his collection `` Walking After Midnight '' in the Brooklyn Rail , '' This unblinking collection is a tour of whistle stops under a strobe light '' . Kushner died in August 2015 at the age of 84 ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Oh Yeon-seo is a previous member of LUV.
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" Oh Yeon-seo Oh Yeon-seo ( born Oh Haet-nim , on June 22 , 1987 ) , is a South Korean actress and former member of South Korean girl group , LUV . She is best known for her roles in television dramas My Husband Got a Family ( 2012 ) , Jang Bo-ri is Here ! ( 2014 ) , Shine or Go Crazy ( 2015 ) and Please Come Back , Mister ( 2016 ) ."
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" X-5 (band) Xenos-5 ( 엑스파이브 , often referred to as X-5 or X-Five ) was a South Korean boy band with five members , formed under Open World Entertainment in 2011 . ` XENOS ' , is an allomorph for the Greek word of ` stranger ' , where the name ` X-5 ' ( referring to 5 Xenos ) , originated from . Their fanclub is called ` Xenia ' . After being officially announced by Open World Entertainment that they were debuting another boy band early 2011 , X-5 debuted on April 20 , 2011 with their song ` The Show is Over ' at their debut showcase . On April 22 , 2011 , they officially debuted through KBS2 's Music Bank with ` The Show is Over ' , after releasing the respective music video . In December 2012 the members were released from their contracts of Open World Entertainment , after the arrest of the label 's president Jang Seok-woo . In the same month the leader Ghun joined the Korean army for 2 years . In February 2013 , 3 members joined a new group called LU : KUS , confirming that X-5 officially disbanded after the withdrew from their contracts with Open World Entertainment .",
" Cool (band) Cool ( Korean : 쿨 ) is a South Korean K-pop group . Cool is a trio of Korean mixed groups . The album includes genres such as dance songs and ballads , but most of the title songs and popular songs are cool dance songs and are considered to be the representative `` summer song '' group in Korea in conjunction with the group name `` Cool '' . He debuted in 1994 as `` Why You Wanted to Be '' . In the 1st album , Kim Sung-soo , Lee Jae-hoon , Yu Chae-young and Choi Jun-myung were four , but from the second album , Yoo Chae-young and Choi Jun-Myeong withdrew and while female member Yuri joined them , Kim Sung-soo and Lee Jae-hoon together acted as a three-member group . Vocal Lee Jae-hoon 's steady singing skills , fun songs and images continued to be popular . Cool 's song was not difficult and uncomplicated , so it was easy for the general public to love it , and it was also found that Cool 's song was recorded the most in karaoke . They mainly performed in dance and ballad music . In 2002 , they received the Golden Disk Award , recording their seventh album as the year 's best-selling album . On August 2 , 2005 , they announced the disband , but on July 25 , 2008 they started activities again after releasing the 10.5 `` I Want to Love '' album . In summer 2009 , they released the 11th regular album . In 2014 , they celebrated 20th anniversary with the release of `` Goodbye '' and began touring with broadcasting activities such as `` Hidden Singer '' and `` Infinite Challenge . ''"
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Perry Saturn used to wrestle.
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" Perry Saturn Perry Arthur Satullo ( born October 25 , 1966 ) is an American professional wrestler known by his ring name , Perry Saturn . Since debuting in 1990 , Saturn has wrestled for promotions including Extreme Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) , World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) , the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) . He is a former ECW World Tag Team Champion , WCW World Tag Team Champion , WCW World Television Champion , WWF European Champion and WWF Hardcore Champion ."
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" Battle royal (professional wrestling) In professional wrestling , a battle royal ( sometimes battle royale ; plural battles royal or battle royals ) is a multi-competitor match type in which wrestlers are eliminated until one is left and declared winner . Typical battle royals begin with a number of participants in the ring , who are then eliminated by going over the top rope and having both feet touch the venue floor .",
" World Tag Team Championship (WWE) The World Tag Team Championship was the original professional wrestling world tag team championship contested for in the World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) promotion . Originally established by the then-World Wide Wrestling Federation ( WWWF ) on June 3 , 1971 ( renamed to World Wrestling Federation in 1979 ) , it served as the only title for tag teams in the promotion until the then-World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) bought World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) in March 2001 , which added their tag team championship . Both titles were unified in November 2001 , retiring WCW 's championship and continuing WWF 's . In 2002 , the company was renamed to WWE and a second WWE Tag Team Championship was established after the introduction of the WWE brand extension , where wrestlers and championships became exclusive to a WWE brand . Both titles were unified in 2009 into the `` Unified WWE Tag Team Championship '' , but remained independently active until the World Tag Team Championship was decommissioned in 2010 . The championship was contested in professional wrestling matches . Bouts for the title headlined WWF events including In Your House 3 , Fully Loaded : In Your House , and 2001 's Backlash . The inaugural champions were the team of Luke Graham and Tarzan Tyler , and the final champions were The Hart Dynasty ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Russell Crowe portrayed the Nobel Prize winning scientist John F. Nash in the 2001 biopic A Beautiful Mind.
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" Russell Crowe Russell Ira Crowe ( born 7 April 1964 ) is an actor , film producer and musician . Although a New Zealand citizen , he has lived most of his life in Australia . He came to international attention for his role as the Roman General Maximus Decimus Meridius in the 2000 historical epic film Gladiator , directed by Ridley Scott , for which Crowe won an Academy Award for Best Actor , a Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor , an Empire Award for Best Actor and a London Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor and 10 further nominations for best actor . Crowe appeared as the tobacco firm whistle blower Jeffrey Wigand in the 1999 film The Insider , for which he received five awards as best actor and seven nominations in the same category . In 2001 , Crowe 's portrayal of mathematician and Nobel Prize winner John F. Nash in the biopic A Beautiful Mind brought him numerous awards , including a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role , a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture Drama and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role . Crowe 's other films include Romper Stomper ( 1992 ) , L.A. Confidential ( 1997 ) , Master and Commander : The Far Side of the World ( 2003 ) , Cinderella Man ( 2005 ) , American Gangster ( 2007 ) , State of Play ( 2009 ) , Robin Hood ( 2010 ) , Les Misérables ( 2012 ) , Man of Steel ( 2013 ) and Noah ( 2014 ) . Crowe 's work has earned him several accolades during his career and including a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , three consecutive Academy Award nominations ( 1999 -- 2001 ) , one Golden Globe Award for Best Actor , one BAFTA , and an Academy Award . Crowe is also the co-owner of the South Sydney Rabbitohs , an Australian National Rugby League team ."
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" Proof of Life Proof of Life is a 2000 American action thriller film directed and produced by Taylor Hackford . The title refers to a phrase commonly used to indicate proof that a kidnap victim is still alive . The film 's screenplay was written by Tony Gilroy , who also was a co-executive producer , and was inspired by William Prochnau 's Vanity Fair magazine article `` Adventures in the Ransom Trade '' , and Thomas Hargrove 's book The Long March to Freedom in which Hargrove recounts how his release was negotiated by Thomas Clayton , who went on to be the founder of kidnap-for-ransom consultancy Clayton Consultants , Inc. . The film stars Meg Ryan and Russell Crowe . During production , the two lead actors had a romantic affair . At the time , Ryan was married to Dennis Quaid , but the two divorced in 2001 . The film garnered much reportage in the tabloid press in association with the lead actors ' affair . The film is dedicated to Will Gaffney , an actor who was David Morse ' stand-in . He was killed in an on-set accident during a scene in which Morse was not available , due to a family illness .",
" Cameron Crowe Cameron Bruce Crowe ( born July 13 , 1957 ) is an American director , producer , screenwriter , journalist , author , and actor . Before moving into the film industry , Crowe was a contributing editor at Rolling Stone magazine , for which he still frequently writes . Crowe 's debut screenwriting effort , Fast Times at Ridgemont High , grew out of a book he wrote while posing for one year undercover as a student at Clairemont High School in San Diego , California . Later , he wrote and directed one more high school saga , Say Anything , and then Singles , a story of Seattle twentysomethings that was woven together by a soundtrack centering on that city 's burgeoning grunge music scene . Crowe landed his biggest hit , though , with Jerry Maguire . After this , he was given a green light to go ahead with a pet project , the autobiographical effort Almost Famous . Centering on a teenage music journalist on tour with an up-and-coming band , it gave insight to his life as a 15-year-old writer for Rolling Stone . For his screenplay , he won an Academy Award . Also in late 1999 , Crowe 's second book was published , a question and answer session with the film director Billy Wilder entitled Conversations with Wilder ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Dwayne Wade started playing for the Bulls in 2016 after his free agency with the Heat ended.
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" Dwyane Wade Dwyane Tyrone Wade Jr. ( -LSB- dweɪn -RSB- ; born January 17 , 1982 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He has established himself as one of the most well-known and popular players in the league . Wade had the top-selling jersey in the NBA for nearly two years , leading the league in jersey sales from the 2005 NBA Playoffs , until the midpoint of the 2006 -- 07 season . After a successful college career at Marquette , Wade was drafted fifth overall in the 2003 NBA draft by the Miami Heat . He was named to the All-Rookie team and the All-Star team the following twelve seasons . In his third season , Wade led the Heat to their first NBA championship in franchise history and was named the 2006 NBA Finals MVP . At the 2008 Summer Olympics , Wade led the United States men 's basketball team , commonly known as the `` Redeem Team '' , in scoring , and helped them capture gold medal honors in Beijing , China . In the 2008 -- 09 season , Wade led the league in scoring and earned his first NBA scoring title . With LeBron James and Chris Bosh , Wade guided Miami to four consecutive NBA Finals from 2011 to 2014 , winning back-to-back championships in 2012 and 2013 . In 2016 , Wade departed the Heat in free agency to play for the Chicago Bulls ."
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" LeBron James LeBron Raymone James ( -LSB- ləˈbrɒn -RSB- born December 30 , 1984 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . James has won three NBA championships , four NBA Most Valuable Player Awards , three NBA Finals MVP Awards , two Olympic gold medals , an NBA scoring title , and the NBA Rookie of the Year Award . He has also been selected to 13 NBA All-Star teams , 13 All-NBA teams , and six All-Defensive teams , and is the Cavaliers ' all-time leading scorer . James played high school basketball at St. Vincent -- St. Mary High School in his hometown of Akron , Ohio , where he was highly promoted in the national media as a future NBA superstar . After graduating , he was selected by his home team , the Cleveland Cavaliers , as the first overall pick of the 2003 NBA draft . James led Cleveland to the franchise 's first Finals appearance in 2007 , ultimately losing to the San Antonio Spurs . In 2010 , he left the Cavaliers for the Miami Heat in a highly publicized ESPN special titled The Decision . James spent four seasons with the Heat , reaching the Finals all four years and winning back-to-back championships in 2012 and 2013 . In 2013 , he led Miami on a 27-game winning streak , the third longest in league history . Following his final season with the Heat , James opted out of his contract and returned to the Cavaliers . Behind his leadership , Cleveland immediately advanced to two consecutive Finals against the Golden State Warriors , winning the championship in 2016 to end Cleveland 's fifty-two year professional sports title drought . Off the court , James has accumulated considerable wealth and fame from numerous endorsement contracts . His public life has been the subject of much scrutiny , and he has been ranked as one of America 's most influential and popular athletes . He has been featured in books , documentaries , and television commercials . He also hosted the ESPY Awards , Saturday Night Live , and appeared in the 2015 film Trainwreck .",
" 2003 NBA draft The 2003 NBA draft was held on June 26 , 2003 , at The Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York City , New York . The NBA announced that 41 college and high school players and a record 31 international players had filed as early-entry candidates for the 2003 NBA draft . The Cleveland Cavaliers , who had a 22.50 percent probability of obtaining the first selection , won the NBA draft lottery on May 22 , and Cleveland chairman Gordon Gund said afterward his team would select LeBron James . The Detroit Pistons and the Denver Nuggets were second and third respectively . The 2003 draft is known for having one of the most talented draft pools in draft history . Four of the top five picks are NBA All-Stars and `` Redeem Team '' Olympic Gold Medalists : Carmelo Anthony , Chris Bosh , Dwyane Wade , and LeBron James . Many players have been in the starting line-ups of their respective teams ; nine have already participated in an All-Star Game , Dwyane Wade was named NBA Finals MVP in 2006 and won the NBA All Star Game MVP in 2010 , Boris Diaw won the Most Improved Player Award in 2006 , Jason Kapono won the three point shootout back-to-back years in 2007 and 2008 , James Jones won the three point shootout in 2011 , Leandro Barbosa won the Sixth Man Award in 2007 , Kyle Korver set the NBA record for three point shooting percentage in 2010 ( 53.6 % ) , and in the 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , and 2013 seasons LeBron James won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award , and the NBA Finals MVP in 2012 , 2013 and 2016 . Carmelo Anthony won the 2013 NBA Scoring Title and is the only player in NBA history to win at least three Olympic gold medals . Chris Bosh left Toronto in 2010 as its all-time leader in points , rebounds , blocks , double doubles , free throws made and attempted , and minutes played . The 2003 draft class has drawn comparisons to the 1984 and 1996 NBA draft classes , but is also known for the Detroit Pistons making the controversial selection of Darko Miličić with the second pick over other prospects . Four of the first five picks have won an NBA Championship : Darko Miličić with the Pistons in 2004 ; Dwyane Wade with the Heat in 2006 , 2012 and 2013 ; Chris Bosh also with the Heat in 2012 and 2013 ; LeBron James with the Heat in 2012 and 2013 and in 2016 with the Cavaliers . Out of the entire draft , only Nick Collison has played his entire career for the team that drafted him , although Kirk Hinrich , after being traded twice , returned to the Bulls team that drafted him and holds the team record for most career 3-point field goals and is third all-time in games played , behind only Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen . LeBron James , who was drafted by the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2003 , left for the Miami Heat in 2010 , but re-signed with the Cleveland Cavaliers on July 11 , 2014 ."
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Sue Bird was a draft pick.
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" Sue Bird Suzanne Brigit `` Sue '' Bird ( born October 16 , 1980 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Seattle Storm of the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) . Bird was the first overall pick of the 2002 WNBA Draft . She also played for multiple basketball teams outside of the United States . In high school , she was the New York State Player of the Year , the New York Daily News Player of the Year , and a WBCA All-American . In her senior year at undefeated UConn in 2002 , she won the Wade Trophy and the Naismith Award as College Player of the Year . She finished her UConn career ranked first in three-point field goal percentage and free throw percentage , second in assists and steals , and as a three-time winner of the Nancy Lieberman Award as the top point guard in the nation , while leading her team to a record of 114 -- 4 . Bird has won two WNBA championships ( 2004 , 2010 ) , four Olympic gold medals , ( 2004 , 2008 , 2012 , 2016 ) , and led the WNBA in assists three times ( 2005 , 2009 , 2016 ) . She has also been selected to nine WNBA All-Star teams and seven All-WNBA teams . Bird is one of nine women to win an Olympic Gold Medal , an NCAA Championship , and a WNBA Championship . In 2011 , she was voted by fans as one of the WNBA 's Top 15 Players of All Time and was voted into the WNBA Top 20@20 as one of the league 's Top 20 Players of All Time ."
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" 1966 NBA draft The 1966 NBA draft was the 20th annual draft of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The draft was held on May 11 and 12 , 1966 before the 1966 -- 67 season . In this draft , ten NBA teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players . A player who had finished his four-year college eligibility was eligible for selection . If a player left college early , he would not be eligible for selection until his college class graduated . The first two picks in the draft belonged to the teams that finished last in each division , with the order determined by a coin flip . The New York Knicks won the coin flip and were awarded the first overall pick , while the Detroit Pistons were awarded the second pick . This draft was the first to use the coin flip method , which replace the territorial pick rule . The remaining first-round picks and the subsequent rounds were assigned to teams in reverse order of their win -- loss record in the previous season . An expansion franchise , the Chicago Bulls , took part in the NBA Draft for the first time and were assigned the last pick of each round . The draft consisted of 19 rounds comprising 112 players selected .",
" 2015 NBA draft The 2015 NBA draft was held on June 25 , 2015 , at Barclays Center in Brooklyn . It was televised nationally in the U.S. by ESPN . National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . The draft lottery took place on May 19 , 2015 . The Minnesota Timberwolves won the draft lottery to earn the first overall pick in the draft ; it marked the first time in Timberwolves history that they would receive the first overall pick through the lottery , as well as become the third one they 'd receive in a row after a trade with the Cleveland Cavaliers gave them the 2013 and 2014 first overall picks in exchange for Kevin Love . This draft also gave the Los Angeles Lakers the second overall pick after jumping over the Philadelphia 76ers and the New York Knicks within the draft lottery . Highlights from the draft include the first Dominican to be the first overall pick ( Karl-Anthony Towns ) , the highest number of Kentucky Wildcats selected in the draft lottery ( four with Karl-Anthony Towns , Willie Cauley-Stein , Trey Lyles , and Devin Booker ) , which tied the North Carolina Tar Heels in 2005 for most players selected in the lottery by one school ; the tied record for most Kentucky players selected in the draft ( six with Towns , Cauley-Stein , Lyles , Booker , Andrew Harrison , and Dakari Johnson ) , the second Latvian to have been drafted in the first round ( Kristaps Porziņģis ) , the first former high school player to have skipped college to play in China that was selected in the draft ( Emmanuel Mudiay ) , and the first Indian to have been selected in the NBA ( Satnam Singh Bhamara ) , who was also the first player since 2005 to have been drafted directly from high school ( albeit as a postgraduate ) . Other noteworthy announcements that came out of the draft included the official announcement of the passing of the last pioneer of the original NBA , Harvey Pollack , around the third pick and the resignation of the league 's president of basketball operations Rod Thorn that became official in August after the end of the first round ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Loni Love is an actress.
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" Loni Love Loni Love ( born July 12 , 1970 or 1971 ) is an American comedian and actress . While working as an electrical engineer in 2003 , Love began to pursue a career in music engineering . She was the runner-up on Star Search 2003 and was named among the `` Top 10 Comics to Watch '' in both Variety and Comedy Central in 2009 . She is currently one of the hosts of The Real talk show along with Jeannie Mai , Tamera Mowry and Adrienne Bailon , which premiered on July 15 , 2013 ."
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" Chick flick Chick flick is a slang term for the film genre dealing mainly with love and romance which is targeted to a female audience . It can be specifically defined as a genre in which a woman is the protagonist . Although many types of films may be directed toward the female gender , `` chick flick '' is typically used only in reference to films that contain emotion or themes that are relationship-based ( although not necessarily romantic as films may focus on parent-child or friend relationships ) . Chick flicks often are released en masse around Valentine 's Day . The equivalent for male audiences is the guy-cry film . Feminists such as Gloria Steinem have objected to terms such as `` chick flick '' and the related term `` chick lit '' and a film critic has called the term `` chick flick '' derogatory .",
" Romantic comedy film Romantic comedy films ( also known as the portmanteaus romedy or romcom ) are films with light-hearted , humorous plotlines , centered on romantic ideals such as that true love is able to surmount most obstacles . One dictionary definition is `` a funny movie , play , or television program about a love story that ends happily '' . Another definition states that its `` primary distinguishing feature is a love plot in which two sympathetic and well-matched lovers are united or reconciled '' . Romantic comedy films are a certain genre of comedy films as well as of romance films , and may also have elements of screwball comedies . However , a romantic comedy is classified as a film with two genres not a single new genre . Some television series can also be classified as romantic comedies . In a typical romantic comedy the two lovers tend to be young , likeable , and apparently meant for each other , yet they are kept apart by some complicating circumstance ( e.g. , class differences , parental interference ; a previous girlfriend or boyfriend ) until , surmounting all obstacles , they are finally wedded . A wedding-bells , fairy-tale-style happy ending is practically mandatory ."
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Lucas is a teen film.
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" Lucas (film) Lucas is a 1986 American teen tragicomedy film directed by David Seltzer and starring Corey Haim , Kerri Green , Charlie Sheen and Courtney Thorne-Smith . The film was Winona Ryder 's screen debut ."
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" Film genre A film genre ( -LSB- ˈʒɒnrə -RSB- or -LSB- ˈdʒɒnrə -RSB- ) is a motion picture category based on similarities in either the narrative elements or the emotional response to the film ( namely , serious , comic , etc. ) . Most theories of film genre are borrowed from literary genre criticism . The basic genres include fiction and documentary , from which subgenres have emerged , such as docufiction and docudrama . Other subgenres include the courtroom and trial-focused drama known as the legal drama . Types of fiction which may seem unrelated can also be combined to form hybrid subgenres , such as the melding of horror and comedy in the Evil Dead films . Other popular combinations are the romantic comedy and the action comedy film . Films can also be classified by the setting , theme , topic , mood , format , target audience or budget . The setting is the environment where the story and action take place ( e.g. , a war film , a Western film , or a space opera film ) . The theme or topic refers to the issues or concepts that the film revolves around ( e.g. , science fiction film , sports film , or crime film ) . The mood is the emotional tone of the film ( e.g. , comedy film , horror film , or tearjerker film ) . Format refers to the way the film was shot ( e.g. , anamorphic widescreen ) or the manner of presentation ( e.g. : 35 mm , 16 mm or 8 mm ) . Additional ways of categorizing film genres is by the target audience ( e.g. , children 's film , teen film or women 's film ) or by type of production ( e.g. , B movie , big-budget blockbuster or low-budget film ) .",
" Teen drama A teen drama is a genre or type of drama series with a major focus on teenage and young adult characters . It came into prominence in the early 1990s , especially with the popularity of the Fox series Beverly Hills , 90210 . After 90210 became a success , television writers and producers realized the potential for this new genre to reach out to a previously ignored demographic . In the past , most series that maintained a focus on teenagers had been sitcoms , while adolescents in drama series were usually part of a larger ensemble that included adults and children . More often than not , teen dramas have soap opera elements , incorporating one or more ongoing story arcs spanning several episodes . The young characters must deal with the dramatic ups and downs of their friendships and romances while facing an array of issues thought to be typical of adolescence . There have also been many successful teen-based series with major science fiction , fantasy and action/adventure themes ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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The Silence of the Lambs was originally a Thomas Harris novel.
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" The Silence of the Lambs (film) The Silence of the Lambs is a 1991 American horror-thriller film directed by Jonathan Demme and starring Jodie Foster , Anthony Hopkins , and Scott Glenn . Adapted by Ted Tally from the 1988 novel of the same name by Thomas Harris , his second to feature the character of Dr. Hannibal Lecter ; a brilliant psychiatrist and cannibalistic serial killer , the film was the second adaptation of a Harris novel featuring Lecter , preceded by the Michael Mann-directed Manhunter in 1986 . In the film , Clarice Starling , a young U.S. FBI trainee , seeks the advice of the imprisoned Dr. Lecter to apprehend another serial killer , known only as `` Buffalo Bill '' . The Silence of the Lambs was released on February 14 , 1991 , and grossed $ 272.7 million worldwide against its $ 19 million budget . It was only the third film , the other two being It Happened One Night and One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest , to win Academy Awards in all the top five categories : Best Picture , Best Actor , Best Actress , Best Director , and Adapted Screenplay . It is also the first ( and so far only ) Best Picture winner widely considered to be a horror film , and only the third such film to be nominated in the category , after The Exorcist in 1973 and Jaws in 1975 . The film is considered `` culturally , historically or aesthetically '' significant by the U.S. Library of Congress and was selected to be preserved in the National Film Registry in 2011 . A sequel titled Hannibal was released in 2001 with Hopkins reprising his role , followed by two prequels : Red Dragon ( 2002 ) and Hannibal Rising ( 2007 ) ."
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" The Sound of Music (film) The Sound of Music is a 1965 American musical drama film produced and directed by Robert Wise , and starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer . The film is an adaptation of the 1959 Broadway musical The Sound of Music , composed by Richard Rodgers with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II . The film 's screenplay was written by Ernest Lehman , adapted from the stage musical 's book by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse . Based on the memoir The Story of the Trapp Family Singers by Maria von Trapp , the film is about a young Austrian woman studying to become a nun in Salzburg in 1938 who is sent to the villa of a retired naval officer and widower to be governess to his seven children . After bringing love and music into the lives of the family through kindness and patience , she marries the officer and together with the children they find a way to survive the loss of their homeland through courage and faith . The film was released on March 2 , 1965 in the United States , initially as a limited roadshow theatrical release . Although critical response to the film was widely mixed , the film was a major commercial success , becoming the number one box office movie after four weeks , and the highest-grossing film of 1965 . By November 1966 , The Sound of Music had become the highest-grossing film of all-time -- surpassing Gone with the Wind -- and held that distinction for five years . The film was just as popular throughout the world , breaking previous box-office records in twenty-nine countries . Following an initial theatrical release that lasted four and a half years , and two successful re-releases , the film sold 283 million admissions worldwide and earned a total worldwide gross of $ 286,000,000 . The Sound of Music received five Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director . The film also received two Golden Globe Awards , for Best Motion Picture and Best Actress , the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement , and the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written American Musical . In 1998 , the American Film Institute ( AFI ) listed The Sound of Music as the fifty-fifth greatest American movie of all time , and the fourth greatest movie musical . In 2001 , the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry , finding it `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' .",
" Thomas Harris Thomas Harris ( born April 11 , 1940 ) is an American writer , best known for a series of suspense novels about his most famous character , Hannibal Lecter . All of his works have been made into films , the most notable being the multi-Oscar-winning The Silence of the Lambs , which became only the third film in Academy Award history to sweep the Oscars in major categories ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Joey Graceffa is anything but an author.
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" Joey Graceffa Joseph Michael `` Joey '' Graceffa ( -LSB- grəˈsɛfə -RSB- born May 16 , 1991 ) is an American YouTube personality , actor , author , producer , and singer . He has two active YouTube channels , both of which are named after him . One of them is for vlogging and the other is used for video gaming content . They both have a combined total of more than 1.6 billion views . His other YouTube channel , which he no longer uses , called WinterSpringPro , has 60 million views ( as of May 2017 ) . He was a contestant on 22nd and 24th seasons of The Amazing Race and has appeared in short films ( as web films ) and short web television series on YouTube and its subscription-only service YouTube Red ."
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" National Book Award The National Book Awards are a set of annual U.S. literary awards . At the final National Book Awards Ceremony every November , the National Book Foundation presents the National Book Awards and two lifetime achievement awards to authors . The National Book Awards were established in 1936 by the American Booksellers Association , abandoned during World War II , and re-established by three book industry organizations in 1950 . Non-U.S. authors and publishers were eligible for the pre-war awards . Now they are presented to U.S. authors for books published in the United States roughly during the award year . The nonprofit National Book Foundation was established in 1988 to administer and enhance the National Book Awards and `` move beyond -LSB- them -RSB- into the fields of education and literacy '' , primarily by sponsoring public appearances by writers . Its mission is `` to celebrate the best of American literature , to expand its audience , and to enhance the cultural value of good writing in America . '' In 2010 , there were 1,115 books nominated for the four award categories , led by the Nonfiction category with 435 nominations . The 2011 ceremony was held on November 16 in New York City .",
" Screenwriter A screenplay writer ( screenwriter for short ) , scriptwriter , or scenarist is a writer who practices the craft of screenwriting , writing screenplays on which mass media , such as films , television programs , comics or video games , are based ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Several tests are used to derive an intelligence quotient.
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" Intelligence quotient An intelligence quotient ( IQ ) is a total score derived from several standardized tests designed to assess human intelligence . The abbreviation `` IQ '' was coined by the psychologist William Stern for the German term Intelligenzquotient , his term for a scoring method for intelligence tests at University of Wrocław he advocated in a 1912 book . Historically , IQ is a score obtained by dividing a person 's mental age score , obtained by administering an intelligence test , by the person 's chronological age , both expressed in terms of years and months . The resulting fraction is multiplied by 100 to obtain the IQ score . When current IQ tests were developed , the median raw score of the norming sample is defined as IQ 100 and scores each standard deviation ( SD ) up or down are defined as 15 IQ points greater or less , although this was not always so historically . By this definition , approximately two-thirds of the population scores are between IQ 85 and IQ 115 . About 5 percent of the population scores above 125 , and 5 percent below 75 . Scores from intelligence tests are estimates of intelligence because concrete measurements ( e.g. distance , mass ) can not be achieved given the abstract nature of the concept of `` intelligence '' . IQ scores have been shown to be associated with such factors as morbidity and mortality , parental social status , and , to a substantial degree , biological parental IQ . While the heritability of IQ has been investigated for nearly a century , there is still debate about the significance of heritability estimates and the mechanisms of inheritance . IQ scores are used for educational placement , assessment of intellectual disability , and evaluating job applicants . Even when students improve their scores on standardized tests , they do not always improve their cognitive abilities , such as memory , attention and speed . In research contexts they have been studied as predictors of job performance , and income . They are also used to study distributions of psychometric intelligence in populations and the correlations between it and other variables . Raw scores on IQ tests for many populations have been rising at an average rate that scales to three IQ points per decade since the early 20th century , a phenomenon called the Flynn effect . Investigation of different patterns of increases in subtest scores can also inform current research on human intelligence ."
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" Cultural intelligence Cultural intelligence or cultural quotient ( CQ ) is a term used in business , education , government and academic research . Cultural intelligence can be understood as the capability to relate and work effectively across cultures . Originally , the term cultural intelligence and the abbreviation `` CQ '' was developed by the research done by Soon Ang and Linn Van Dyne as a researched-based way of measuring and predicting intercultural performance . The term is relatively recent : early definitions and studies of the concepts were given by P. Christopher Earley and Soon Ang in the book Cultural Intelligence : Individual Interactions Across Cultures ( 2003 ) and more fully developed later by David Livermore in the book , Leading with Cultural Intelligence . . The concept is related to that of cross-cultural competence . but goes beyond that to actually look at intercultural capabilities as a form of intelligence that can be measured and developed . According to Earley , Ang , and Van Dyne , cultural intelligence can be defined as `` a person 's capability to adapt as s/he interacts with others from different cultural regions '' , and has behavioral , motivational , and metacognitive aspects . Without cultural intelligence , both business and military actors seeking to engage foreigners are susceptible to mirror imaging . Cultural intelligence or CQ is measured on a scale , similar to that used to measure an individual 's intelligence quotient . People with higher CQs are regarded as better able to successfully blend into any environment , using more effective business practices , than those with a lower CQ . CQ is assessed using the academically validated assessment created by Linn Van Dyne and Soon Ang . Both self-assessments and multi-rater assessments are available through the Cultural Intelligence Center in East Lansing , Michigan and the Center makes the CQ Scale available to other academic researchers at no charge . Research demonstrates that CQ is consistent predictor of performance in multicultural settings . Cultural intelligence research has been cited and peer reviewed in more than seventy academic journals . The research and application of cultural intelligence is being driven by the Cultural Intelligence Center in the U.S. and Nanyang Business School in Singapore .",
" Flynn effect The Flynn effect is the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores measured in many parts of the world from roughly 1930 to the present day . When intelligence quotient ( IQ ) tests are initially standardized using a sample of test-takers , by convention the average of the test results is set to 100 and their standard deviation is set to 15 or 16 IQ points . When IQ tests are revised , they are again standardized using a new sample of test-takers , usually born more recently than the first . Again , the average result is set to 100 . However , when the new test subjects take the older tests , in almost every case their average scores are significantly above 100 . Test score increases have been continuous and approximately linear from the earliest years of testing to the present . For the Raven 's Progressive Matrices test , subjects born over a 100-year period were compared in Des Moines , United States , and separately in Dumfries , Scotland . Improvements were remarkably consistent across the whole period , in both countries . This effect of an apparent increase in IQ has also been observed in various other parts of the world , though the rates of increase vary . There are numerous proposed explanations of the Flynn effect , as well as some skepticism about its implications . Similar improvements have been reported for other cognitions such as semantic and episodic memory . Recent research suggests that the Flynn effect may have ended in at least a few developed nations , possibly allowing national differences in IQ scores to diminish if the Flynn effect continues in nations with lower average national IQs ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Nick Nolte was in the cast of Lorenzo's Oil.
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" Nick Nolte Nicholas King Nolte ( born February 8 , 1941 ) is an American actor and former model . He won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama , and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for the 1991 film The Prince of Tides . He went on to receive Academy Award nominations for Affliction ( 1998 ) and Warrior ( 2011 ) . His other film appearances include The Deep ( 1977 ) , 48 Hrs . ( 1982 ) , Down and Out in Beverly Hills ( 1986 ) , Another 48 Hrs . ( 1990 ) , Everybody Wins ( 1990 ) , Cape Fear ( 1991 ) , Lorenzo 's Oil ( 1992 ) , The Thin Red Line ( 1998 ) , Hulk ( 2003 ) , The Good Thief ( 2003 ) , Hotel Rwanda ( 2004 ) , Tropic Thunder ( 2008 ) , A Walk in the Woods ( 2015 ) and The Ridiculous 6 ( 2015 ) . He was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy for his role in the TV series Graves ( 2016 -- present ) ."
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" Afterglow (1997 film) Afterglow is a 1997 feature film starring Nick Nolte , Julie Christie , Lara Flynn Boyle and Jonny Lee Miller . Alan Rudolph directed and wrote the script for the film . It was produced by Robert Altman and filmed in Montreal . Christie 's performance earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role The film is about two married couples who end up attracted to each other 's partners . The title , Afterglow , refers to a woman 's glow during pregnancy and the second chapter of a person 's life .",
" Northfork Northfork is a 2003 film directed by Michael Polish and written by Michael and Mark Polish . It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 21 , 2003 and later received a limited release in the United States on July 11 , 2003 . The film stars James Woods , Nick Nolte , Daryl Hannah , Anthony Edwards and Peter Coyote . This is the brothers ' third film collaboration , after Twin Falls Idaho ( 1999 ) and Jackpot ( 2001 ) ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Guardians of the Galaxy is a movie.
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" Guardians of the Galaxy (film) Guardians of the Galaxy ( retroactively referred to as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol . 1 ) is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team of the same name , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the tenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The film was directed by James Gunn , who wrote the screenplay with Nicole Perlman , and features an ensemble cast including Chris Pratt , Zoe Saldana , Dave Bautista , Vin Diesel , Bradley Cooper , Lee Pace , Michael Rooker , Karen Gillan , Djimon Hounsou , John C. Reilly , Glenn Close , and Benicio del Toro . In Guardians of the Galaxy , Peter Quill forms an uneasy alliance with a group of extraterrestrial misfits who are fleeing after stealing a powerful artifact . Perlman began working on the screenplay in 2009 . Producer Kevin Feige first publicly mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film in 2010 and Marvel Studios announced it was in active development at the San Diego Comic-Con International in July 2012 . Gunn was hired to write and direct the film that September . In February 2013 , Pratt was hired to play Peter Quill / Star-Lord , and the supporting cast members were subsequently confirmed . Principal photography began in July 2013 at Shepperton Studios in England , with filming continuing in London before wrapping up in October 2013 . Post-production was finished on July 7 , 2014 . The film premiered in Hollywood on July 21 , 2014 . It was released in theaters on August 1 , 2014 in the United States in the 3D and IMAX 3D formats . The film became a critical and commercial success , grossing $ 773.3 million worldwide and becoming the highest-grossing superhero film of 2014 , as well as the third highest-grossing film in North America of 2014 . The film garnered praise for its humor , action , soundtrack , visual effects , direction , musical score , and acting . A sequel , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol . 2 , was released on May 5 , 2017 , with a third film , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol . 3 , planned ."
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" Executive producer An executive producer ( EP ) enables the making of a commercial entertainment product . The EP may be concerned with management accounting or with associated legal issues ( like copyrights or royalties ) . An EP generally contributes to the film 's budget and may or may not work on set .",
" Rise of the Guardians Rise of the Guardians is a 2012 American 3D computer-animated fantasy film based on William Joyce 's The Guardians of Childhood book series and The Man in the Moon short film by Joyce and Reel FX Creative Studios . Peter Ramsey directed the film , while Joyce and Guillermo del Toro were executive producers with voice acting by Chris Pine , Alec Baldwin , Hugh Jackman , Isla Fisher , and Jude Law . Produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures , it was released on November 21 , 2012 and received positive reviews , but under-performed at the box office , contributing to a studio writedown of $ 83 million for the quarter and the layoffs of 350 employees . Set about 300 years after the book series , the film tells a story about Guardians Santa Claus , the Tooth Fairy , the Easter Bunny , and the Sandman , who enlist Jack Frost to stop Pitch Black from engulfing the world in darkness . The film was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film . This was the final DreamWorks Animation film to be distributed by Paramount Pictures ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Outlander is a British-American Starz series.
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" Outlander (TV series) Outlander is a British-American television drama series based on the historical time travel Outlander series of novels by Diana Gabaldon . Developed by Ronald D. Moore and produced by Sony Pictures Television and Left Bank Pictures for Starz , the show premiered on August 9 , 2014 . It stars Caitriona Balfe as Claire Randall , a married World War II nurse who in 1945 finds herself transported back to the Scotland of 1743 , where she encounters the dashing Highland warrior Jamie Fraser ( Sam Heughan ) and becomes embroiled in the Jacobite risings . The second season of 13 episodes , based on Dragonfly in Amber , premiered on April 9 , 2016 . On June 1 , 2016 , Starz renewed the series for a third and fourth season , which will adapt the third and fourth Outlander novels , Voyager and Drums of Autumn . The 13-episode third season is scheduled to premiere in September 2017 ."
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" Outlanders Outlanders is a long-running series of science-fiction novels created by Mark Ellis and published by Gold Eagle , an imprint of Harlequin Enterprises .",
" The X Factor The X Factor is a television music competition franchise created by Simon Cowell . It originated in the United Kingdom , where it was devised as a replacement for Pop Idol ( 2001 -- 03 ) . It is held in various countries . The programmes are produced by executive producer Simon Cowell and his company SYCOtv . The `` X Factor '' of the title refers to the undefinable `` something '' that makes for star quality . The prize is usually a recording contract , in addition to the publicity that appearance in the later stages of the show itself generates , not only for the winner but also for other highly ranked contestants . The similarities between The X Factor and Idols prompted Idol creator Simon Fuller , along with 19 Entertainment , to file a lawsuit against Cowell , SYCOtv , and FremantleMedia in 2004 . An out-of-court settlement was reached in 2005 allowing Fuller to gain a 10 % share in The X Factor format , and preventing an American version until 2010 . Fuller later filed another lawsuit in 2011 , claiming that he had also been promised that he would be credited as an executive producer of The X Factor USA , but that Syco , FremantleMedia , and Fox Broadcasting Company had failed to fulfill that promise ; that lawsuit is pending . Unlike Idol , where the judges only critique the contestants ' performances , on The X Factor each judge `` mentors '' the finalists in a particular category , aiding them with song selection and styling , while also participating together in judging the contestants in the other categories . Not only Idol , but also new singing shows The Voice and Rising Star have become rival shows to The X Factor ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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The largest and deepest ocean has some of the United States' territories scattered about it.
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" United States The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. ) or America , is a constitutional federal republic composed of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico . The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America , bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west . The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean . The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea . Nine time zones are covered . The geography , climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse . At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) and with over 324 million people , the United States is the world 's third - or fourth-largest country by total area , third-largest by land area , and the third-most populous . It is one of the world 's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations , and is home to the world 's largest immigrant population . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the largest city is New York City ; nine other major metropolitan areas -- each with at least 4.5 million inhabitants and the largest having more than 13 million people -- are Los Angeles , Chicago , Dallas , Houston , Philadelphia , Miami , Atlanta , Boston , and San Francisco . Paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the Seven Years ' War led to the American Revolution , which began in 1775 . On July 4 , 1776 , during the course of the American Revolutionary War , the colonies unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence . The war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain , representing the first successful war of independence against a European power . The current constitution was adopted in 1788 , after the Articles of Confederation , adopted in 1781 , were felt to have provided inadequate federal powers . The first ten amendments , collectively named the Bill of Rights , were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century , displacing Native American tribes , acquiring new territories , and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848 . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the end of legal slavery in the country . By the end of that century , the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean , and its economy , driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution , began to soar . The Spanish -- American War and confirmed the country 's status as a global military power . The United States emerged from as a global superpower , the first country to develop nuclear weapons , the only country to use them in warfare , and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council . The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world 's sole superpower . The U.S. is a founding member of the United Nations , World Bank , International Monetary Fund , Organization of American States ( OAS ) , and other international organizations . The United States is a highly developed country , with the world 's largest economy by nominal GDP and second-largest economy by PPP . Though its population is only 4.3 % of the world total , Americans hold nearly 40 % of the total wealth in the world . The United States ranks among the highest in several measures of socioeconomic performance , including average wage , human development , per capita GDP , and productivity per person . While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial , characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy , the manufacturing sector remains the second-largest in the world . Accounting for approximately a quarter of global GDP and a third of global military spending , the United States is the world 's foremost economic and military power . The United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally , and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations .",
" Pacific Ocean The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of the Earth 's oceanic divisions . It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean ( or , depending on definition , to Antarctica ) in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east . At 63,800,000 sqmi in area , this largest division of the World Ocean -- and , in turn , the hydrosphere -- covers about 46 % of the Earth 's water surface and about one-third of its total surface area , making it larger than all of the Earth 's land area combined . The equator subdivides it into the North Pacific Ocean and South Pacific Ocean , with two exceptions : the Galápagos and Gilbert Islands , while straddling the equator , are deemed wholly within the South Pacific . The Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the world , reaching a depth of 35797 ft. Both the center of the Water Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere are in the Pacific Ocean . Though the peoples of Asia and Oceania have traveled the Pacific Ocean since prehistoric times , the eastern Pacific was first sighted by Europeans in the early 16th century when Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 and discovered the great `` southern sea '' which he named Mar del Sur ( in Spanish ) . The ocean 's current name was coined by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the Spanish circumnavigation of the world in 1521 , as he encountered favorable winds on reaching the ocean . He called it Mar Pacífico , which in both Portuguese and Spanish means `` peaceful sea '' ."
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" Tidelands Tidelands are the territory between the high and low water tide line of sea coasts , and lands lying under the sea beyond the low-water limit of the tide , considered within the territorial waters of a nation . The United States Constitution does not specify whether ownership of these lands rests with the federal government or with individual states . Originally little commercial value was attached to tidelands , so ownership was never firmly established , but the coastal states generally proceeded as if they were the owners . Some states , such as Mississippi , directly administer these lands under the public trust doctrine . The question arose for federal nations whether the tidelands for formerly independent coastal states had been ceded to the federal union on admission , or retained . The admission of the former Republic of Texas as a state in the United States in 1845 stipulated that its tidelands remained the territory of Texas . This has been an issue for oil and natural gas leases and federally funded development that affects such tidelands . For other states that were formerly independent , such as the Thirteen Colonies , there was no explicit retention of state sovereignty and the federal government had long asserted its own sovereignty over their tidelands .",
" United States territory United States territory is any extent of region under the sovereign jurisdiction of the federal government of the United States , including all waters ( around islands or continental tracts ) and all U.S. naval vessels . The United States asserts sovereign rights for exploring , exploiting , conserving , and managing its territory . This extent of territory is all the area belonging to , and under the dominion of , the United States federal government ( which includes tracts lying at a distance from the country ) for administrative and other purposes . The United States total territory includes a subset of political divisions ."
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Richard Branson founded Virgin Records in 1974.
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" Richard Branson Sir Richard Charles Nicholas Branson ( born 18 July 1950 ) is an English business magnate , investor and philanthropist . He founded the Virgin Group , which controls more than 400 companies . Branson expressed his desire to become an entrepreneur at a young age . At the age of sixteen his first business venture was a magazine called Student . In 1970 , he set up a mail-order record business . In 1972 , he opened a chain of record stores , Virgin Records , later known as Virgin Megastores . Branson 's Virgin brand grew rapidly during the 1980s , as he set up Virgin Atlantic airline and expanded the Virgin Records music label . In March 2000 , Branson was knighted at Buckingham Palace for `` services to entrepreneurship '' . For his work in retail , music and transport ( with interests in land , air , sea and space travel ) , his taste for adventure , and for his humanitarian work , he became one of the most prominent figures in British culture . In 2002 he was named in the BBC 's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons . In January 2016 , Forbes listed Branson 's estimated net worth at $ 5.2 billion ."
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" Virgin Megastores Virgin Megastores is an international entertainment retailing chain , founded by Sir Richard Branson as a record shop on London 's Oxford Street in early 1976 . In 1979 the company opened their first Megastore at the end of Oxford Street and Tottenham Court Road . The company expanded to hundreds of stores worldwide in the 1990s , but has lost a large number of stores in recent years , largely with the sale and eventual closing of the UK , US , Irish , Canadian , Australian , Italian , Spanish , French , Greek and Japanese stores . By 2015 , current operations are exclusively in the Middle East and in North Africa , consisting of approximately 40 stores .",
" Virgin Limited Edition Virgin Limited Edition , part of Sir Richard Branson 's Virgin Group of business ventures , is a collection of holiday retreats around the world . The sites are selected for their prime locations and attractive surroundings ."
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In 1992, the 1992 Los Angeles riots occurred.
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" 1992 Los Angeles riots The 1992 Los Angeles riots , also known as the Rodney King riots , the South Central riots , the 1992 Los Angeles civil disturbance , the 1992 Los Angeles civil unrest , and the Los Angeles uprising , were a series of riots , lootings , arsons , and civil disturbances that occurred in Los Angeles County , California in April and May 1992 . The unrest began in South Central Los Angeles on April 29 after a trial jury acquitted four officers of the Los Angeles Police Department of the use of excessive force in the videotaped arrest and beating of Rodney King . It then spread throughout the Los Angeles metropolitan area as thousands of people rioted over a six-day period following the announcement of the verdict . Widespread looting , assault , arson , and killings occurred during the riots , and estimates of property damage were over $ 1 billion . Order was only restored after members of the California Army National Guard , the 7th Infantry Division , and the 1st Marine Division were called in to stop the rioting when local police could not control the situation . In total , 58 people were killed during the riots , more than 2,000 people were injured , and more than 11,000 were arrested . LAPD chief of police Daryl Gates , who had already announced his resignation by the time of the riots , took much of the institutional blame ."
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" California California ( -LSB- kælᵻˈfɔːrnjə , _ - ni.ə -RSB- , ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area . Located on the western ( Pacific Ocean ) coast of the U.S. , California is bordered by the other U.S. states of Oregon , Nevada , and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California . The state capital is Sacramento . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second largest after New York City . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second - and fifth-most populous urban regions , respectively . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . California 's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west to the Sierra Nevada mountain range in the east ; and from the redwood -- Douglas fir forests in the northwest to the Mojave Desert in the southeast . The Central Valley , a major agricultural area , dominates the state 's center . Though California is well-known for its warm Mediterranean climate , the large size of the state means it can vary from moist temperate rainforest in the north , to arid desert in the interior , as well as snowy alpine in the mountains . What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries . The Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony . The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its successful war for independence , but was ceded to the United States in 1848 after the Mexican -- American War . The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California , and admitted as the 31st state on September 9 , 1850 . The California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes , with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom . If it were a country , California would be the 6th largest economy in the world and the 35th most populous . It is also regarded as a global trendsetter in both popular culture and politics , and is the origin of the film industry , the hippie counterculture , the Internet , and the personal computer , among others . Fifty-eight percent of the state 's economy is centered on finance , government , real estate services , technology , and professional , scientific and technical business services . The San Francisco Bay Area has the nation 's highest median household income by metropolitan area , and is the headquarters of three of the world 's largest 40 firms by revenue , Chevron , Apple , and McKesson . Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the state 's economy , California 's agriculture industry has the highest output of any U.S. state .",
" Operation Hammer (1987) A Los Angeles Police Department C.R.A.S.H. initiative that began in April 1987 , Operation Hammer was a large scale attempt to crack down on gang violence in Los Angeles , California . After a group of people at a birthday party were shot down on their front lawn in a drive-by shooting , Chief of Police Daryl F. Gates responded with a roundup of gang members . At the height of this operation in April 1988 , 1,453 people were arrested by one thousand police officers in South Central Los Angeles ( now South Los Angeles ) in a single weekend . The origin of Operation Hammer can be traced back to the 1984 Olympic Games held in Los Angeles . Under the supervision of Gates the LAPD expanded gang sweeps for the duration of the Olympics , which were implemented across wide areas of the city but especially South Central and East Los Angeles . After the games were over old , anti-syndicalist laws began to be revived to maintain the security policy instigated by the Olympic games and mass arrests of youth become more common , even though the overwhelming numbers of people arrested were never charged . Citizen complaints against police brutality increased 33 percent in the period 1984 to 1989 . According to the LA Times , August 1 , 1988 featured a large-scale raid by 88 LAPD officers on `` two apartment buildings on the corner of 39th Street and Dalton Avenue ... It was an all-out search for drugs and a massive show of force designed to deliver a strong message to the gangs . '' Police caused massive property damage ( including smashed furniture , holes punched in walls , and destruction of family photos ) and sprayed graffiti messages such as `` LAPD Rules '' and `` Rollin ' 30s Die . '' In addition , `` Dozens of residents from the apartments and surrounding neighborhood were rounded up . Many were humiliated or beaten , but none was charged with a crime . The raid netted fewer than six ounces of marijuana and less than an ounce of cocaine . '' In 2001 , Officer Todd Parrick said in retrospect , `` We were n't just searching for drugs . We were delivering a message that there was a price to pay for selling drugs and being a gang member . '' By 1990 over 50,000 people had been arrested in raids . During this period , the LAPD arrested more young black men and women at any period of time since the Watts riots of 1965 . Despite the large number of arrests , in April 1988 , there were only 60 felony arrests , and charges were only filed in 32 instances . Disputing that figure , Chief Gates has said that charges were filed on 70 % of the suspects arrested . Critics have alleged that the operation was racist because it heavily employed racial profiling , targeting African-American and Hispanic youths . The perception that police had targeted non-Caucasian citizens likely contributed to the anger which , after the assault of motorist Rodney King , would erupt into the 1992 Los Angeles riots . Chief Gates was asked in a PBS interview whether the local people in the minority areas expressed thanks to the police : Sure . The good people did all the time . But the community activists ? No . Absolutely not . We were out there ` oppressing ' whatever the community had to be , whether it was blacks , or Hispanics . We were ` oppressing ' them . Nonsense . We 're out there trying to save their communities , trying to upgrade the quality of life of people ..."
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How I Met Your Mother had only four directors and was canceled in 2007.
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" How I Met Your Mother How I Met Your Mother ( often abbreviated to HIMYM ) is an American sitcom that originally aired on CBS from September 19 , 2005 to March 31 , 2014 . The series follows the main character , Ted Mosby , and his group of friends in Manhattan . As a framing device , Ted , in the year 2030 , recounts to his son and daughter the events that led him to meeting their mother . The series was created by Craig Thomas and Carter Bays , who also served as the show 's executive producers and were frequent writers . The series was loosely inspired by their friendship when they both lived in New York City . Among the 208 episodes , there were only four directors : Pamela Fryman ( 196 episodes ) , Rob Greenberg ( 7 episodes ) , Michael Shea ( 4 episodes ) , and Neil Patrick Harris ( 1 episode ) . Known for its unique structure and eccentric humor , How I Met Your Mother has gained a cult following over the years . The show initially received positive reviews , while the later seasons received more mixed reviews . The show was nominated for 28 Emmy Awards , winning nine . In 2010 , Alyson Hannigan won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite TV Comedy Actress . In 2012 , seven years after its premiere , the series won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite Network TV Comedy , and Neil Patrick Harris won the award for Favorite TV Comedy Actor . The ninth and final season began airing on September 23 , 2013 , and concluded on March 31 , 2014 , with a double-length finale episode , which received polarized reviews from critics and fans alike for its controversial twist ending , as many critics and fans believed it contradicted many of the previous episodes . How I Met Your Mother is often compared to Friends , for its setting and characters . Both shows take place in New York and both casts have similar character archetypes ."
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" Pamela Fryman Pamela Fryman ( born August 19 , 1959 ) is an American sitcom director and producer . She is best known for directing all but twelve episodes of the hit series How I Met Your Mother .",
" Joe Manganiello Joseph Michael Manganiello ( -LSB- ˌmæŋɡəˈnɛloʊ -RSB- ; -LSB- maŋɡaˈnjɛllo -RSB- ; born December 28 , 1976 ) is an American actor , director , producer , author and philanthropist . He played Flash Thompson in Sam Raimi 's Spider-Man trilogy and had various recurring roles in television on ER , How I Met Your Mother , and One Tree Hill , before landing his breakout role as werewolf Alcide Herveaux on the HBO television series True Blood . In 2011 , he was voted `` Favorite Pop-Culture Werewolf of All Time '' by the readers of Entertainment Weekly , and one of Men 's Health `` 100 Fittest Men of All Time '' . Manganiello has appeared in films such as Magic Mike , What to Expect When You 're Expecting , and Sabotage . In late 2013 , he became a published author when his first book , Evolution , was released by Simon & Schuster 's Gallery Books . He is active with several charities , including Children 's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC , and he serves on the committee of The Art of Elysium ."
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Penny Dreadful did not have an eight-episode season.
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" Penny Dreadful (TV series) Penny Dreadful is a British-American horror drama television series created for Showtime and Sky by John Logan , who also acts as executive producer alongside Sam Mendes . The show was originally pitched to several US and UK channels , and eventually landed with Showtime , with Sky Atlantic as co-producer . It premiered at the South by Southwest film festival on March 9 and began airing on television on April 28 , 2014 , on Showtime on Demand . The series premiered on Showtime on May 11 , 2014 , the first in an eight-episode season . After the third-season finale on June 19 , 2016 , series creator John Logan announced that Penny Dreadful had ended as the main story had reached its conclusion . The title refers to the penny dreadfuls , a type of 19th-century British fiction publication with lurid and sensational subject matter . The series draws upon many public domain characters from 19th-century British and Irish fiction , including Dorian Gray from Oscar Wilde 's The Picture of Dorian Gray ; Mina Harker , Abraham Van Helsing , Dr. Seward , Renfield , and Count Dracula from Bram Stoker 's Dracula ; Victor Frankenstein and his monster from Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein ; and Dr. Henry Jekyll from Robert Louis Stevenson 's Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde ."
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" Castle (TV series) Castle is an American crime-comedy-drama television series , which aired on ABC for a total of eight seasons from March 9 , 2009 to May 16 , 2016 . The series is produced jointly by Beacon Pictures and ABC Studios . Created by Andrew W. Marlowe , it primarily traces the lives of Richard Castle ( Nathan Fillion ) , a best-selling mystery novelist , and Kate Beckett ( Stana Katic ) , an NYPD homicide detective , as they solve various unusual crimes in New York City . Detective Beckett is initially infuriated at the thought of working with a writer and goes to great lengths to keep him out of her way . However , the two soon start developing feelings for each other . The overarching plot of the series focused on the romance between the two lead characters and their ongoing investigation of the murder of Beckett 's mother . On May 12 , 2016 , it was announced that despite some cast members signing one-year contracts for a potential ninth season , the show was canceled .",
" Series finale A series finale refers to the last installment of an episodic entertainment series , most often the final episode of a television series . It may also refer to a final theatrical sequel , the last part of a television mini-series , the last installment of a literary series , or any final episode ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Amoxicillin is most often taken by mouth, but it can also be injected.
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" Amoxicillin Amoxicillin also spelled amoxycillin , is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections . It is the first line treatment for middle ear infections . It may also be used for strep throat , pneumonia , skin infections , and urinary tract infections among others . It is taken by mouth , or less commonly by injection . Common side effects include nausea and rash . It may also increase the risk of yeast infections and , when used in combination with clavulanic acid , diarrhea . It should not be used in those who are allergic to penicillin . While usable in those with kidney problems , the dose may need to be decreased . Its use in pregnancy and breastfeeding does not appear to be harmful . Amoxicillin was discovered in 1958 and came into medical use in 1972 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . It is one of the most commonly prescribed antibiotics in children . Amoxicillin is available as a generic medication . It has a wholesale cost in the developing world of between 0.02 and 0.05 USD per pill . In the United States ten days of treatment costs about 16 USD ."
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" Sultamicillin Sultamicillin is an oral form of the antibiotic combination ( codrug or mutual prodrug ) ampicillin/sulbactam . It contains esterified ampicillin and sulbactam and is marketed under a number of trade names , Unasyn from Pfizer . The pharmacokinetic properties of sultamicillin are improved compared to a combination of ampicillin and sulbactam . Sultamicillin increases the absorption and decreases the chances of diarrhea and dysentery . The inclusion of sulbactam extends ampicillin 's spectrum of action to beta-lactamase producing strains of bacteria . Oral sulbactam with parenteral form provides a regimen of continuous sulbactam therapy throughout the treatment , resulting in better clinical results .",
" Swallowing Swallowing , sometimes called deglutition in scientific contexts , is the process in the human or animal body that makes something pass from the mouth , to the pharynx , and into the esophagus , while shutting the epiglottis . Swallowing is an important part of eating and drinking . If the process fails and the material ( such as food , drink , or medicine ) goes through the trachea , then choking or pulmonary aspiration can occur . In the human body the automatic temporary closing of the epiglottis is controlled by the swallowing reflex . The portion of food , drink , or other material that will move through the neck in one swallow is called a bolus ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Catching Fire is set in Panem.
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" Catching Fire Catching Fire is a 2009 science fiction young adult novel by the American novelist Suzanne Collins , the second book in The Hunger Games trilogy . As the sequel to the 2008 bestseller The Hunger Games , it continues the story of Katniss Everdeen and the post-apocalyptic nation of Panem . Following the events of the previous novel , a rebellion against the oppressive Capitol has begun , and Katniss and fellow tribute Peeta Mellark are forced to return to the arena in a special edition of the Hunger Games . The book was first published on September 1 , 2009 , by Scholastic , in hardcover , and was later released in ebook and audiobook format . Catching Fire received mostly positive reviews , with reviewers praising Collins ' prose , the book 's ending , and the development of Katniss 's character . According to critics , major themes of the novel include survival , authoritarianism , rebellion and interdependence versus independence . The book has sold more than 19 million copies in the U.S. alone . A film adaptation , The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , was released on November 22 , 2013 ."
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" Great Fire of London The Great Fire of London was a major conflagration that swept through the central parts of the English city of London from Sunday , 2 September to Wednesday , 5 September 1666 . The fire gutted the medieval City of London inside the old Roman city wall . It threatened but did not reach the aristocratic district of Westminster , Charles II 's Palace of Whitehall , and most of the suburban slums . It consumed 13,200 houses , 87 parish churches , St Paul 's Cathedral , and most of the buildings of the City authorities . It is estimated to have destroyed the homes of 70,000 of the City 's 80,000 inhabitants . The death toll is unknown but traditionally thought to have been small , as only six verified deaths were recorded . This reasoning has recently been challenged on the grounds that the deaths of poor and middle-class people were not recorded , while the heat of the fire may have cremated many victims , leaving no recognisable remains . A melted piece of pottery on display at the Museum of London found by archaeologists in Pudding Lane , where the fire started , shows that the temperature reached 1250 ° C. The Great Fire started at the bakery of Thomas Farriner ( or Farynor ) on Pudding Lane shortly after midnight on Sunday , 2 September and spread rapidly west across the City of London . The major firefighting technique of the time was to create firebreaks by means of demolition ; this , however , was critically delayed owing to the indecisiveness of Lord Mayor of London Sir Thomas Bloodworth . By the time that large-scale demolitions were ordered on Sunday night , the wind had already fanned the bakery fire into a firestorm that defeated such measures . The fire pushed north on Monday into the heart of the City . Order in the streets broke down as rumours arose of suspicious foreigners setting fires . The fears of the homeless focused on the French and Dutch , England 's enemies in the ongoing Second Anglo-Dutch War ; these substantial immigrant groups became victims of lynchings and street violence . On Tuesday , the fire spread over most of the City , destroying St Paul 's Cathedral and leaping the River Fleet to threaten Charles II 's court at Whitehall , while coordinated firefighting efforts were simultaneously mobilising . The battle to quench the fire is considered to have been won by two factors : the strong east winds died down , and the Tower of London garrison used gunpowder to create effective firebreaks to halt further spread eastward . The social and economic problems created by the disaster were overwhelming . Evacuation from London and resettlement elsewhere were strongly encouraged by Charles II , who feared a London rebellion amongst the dispossessed refugees . Despite numerous radical proposals , London was reconstructed on essentially the same street plan used before the fire .",
" Bendigo Bendigo -LSB- ˈbɛndᵻɡoʊ -RSB- is a city in Victoria , Australia , located very close to the geographical centre of the state and approximately 150 km north west of the state capital , Melbourne . As of June 2015 , Bendigo had an urban population of 92,888 , making it the fourth largest inland city in Australia and fourth most populous city in the state . It is the administrative centre for the City of Greater Bendigo which encompasses both the urban area and outlying towns spanning an area of approximately 3,000 square kilometres ( 1,158 sq mi ) and over 111,000 people . The discovery of gold in the soils of Bendigo during the 1850s made it one of the most significant Victorian era boomtowns in Australia . News of the finds intensified the Victorian gold rush bringing an influx of migrants to the city from around the world within a year and transforming it from a sheep station to a major settlement in the newly proclaimed Colony of Victoria . Once the alluvial gold had been mined out , mining companies were formed to exploit the rich underground quartz reef gold . Since 1851 about 25 e6ozt of gold have been extracted from Bendigo 's goldmines , making it the highest producing goldfield in Australia in the 19th century and the largest gold mining economy in eastern Australia . It is also notable for its Victorian architectural heritage . The city took its name from the Bendigo Creek and its residents from the earliest days of the goldrush have been called `` Bendigonians '' . Although the town flourished in its beginnings as a result of the discovery of gold , it experienced a reversal of fortune in the early 20th century . However , its growth accelerated in the post-war years and has continued to increase steadily since . Bendigo is the largest finance centre in Victoria outside Melbourne as home to Australia 's only provincially headquartered retail bank , the Bendigo and Adelaide Bank ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Jackie Evancho issued an EP and seven albums.
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" Jackie Evancho Jacqueline Marie `` Jackie '' Evancho ( -LSB- iːˈvæŋkoʊ -RSB- ; born April 9 , 2000 ) is an American classical crossover singer who gained wide recognition at an early age and , since 2009 , has issued an EP and seven albums , including a platinum and gold album and three Billboard 200 top 10 debuts . She has released three solo Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) concert specials . Between 2008 and 2010 , Evancho entered talent competitions , sang the U.S. national anthem at a Pittsburgh Pirates baseball game , gave concerts with Tim Janis and David Foster , issued her first album , Prelude to a Dream , and attracted interest on YouTube . In 2010 , at the age of ten , she gained wide notice with her 2nd-place finish in the fifth season of America 's Got Talent . With the 2010 holiday release of her O Holy Night EP , Evancho became the best-selling debut artist of 2010 , the youngest top-10 debut artist in U.S. history and the youngest solo artist ever to go platinum in the U.S. . She performed at the 2010 National Christmas Tree lighting in Washington , D.C. . In 2011 , her first full-length album , Dream With Me , produced by Foster , debuted at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 chart , and she became the youngest top-5 debut artist in UK history . Billboard ranked Evancho the top Classical Albums Artist for 2011 . Later that year , Evancho released a full-length holiday album , Heavenly Christmas , and became the youngest person ever to give a solo concert at Lincoln Center in New York City as part of her Dream With Me Tour . From late 2012 to 2014 , she toured the U.S. to support her 2012 album , Songs from the Silver Screen , which was Evancho 's third top-ten album debut . In 2013 she headlined benefit concerts at Carnegie Hall , the LDS Conference Center and with Cirque du Soleil in Las Vegas for the One Drop Foundation . She also appeared in the 2013 Robert Redford film The Company You Keep and modelled for Guess Kids clothing . After releasing her 2014 album , Awakening , Evancho began high school while continuing to tour . Later music releases included several singles and collaborations , and a 2016 holiday album , Someday at Christmas . In 2017 , Evancho performed the U.S. national anthem at the presidential inauguration of Donald Trump ; released a studio album , Two Hearts , her seventh consecutive No. 1 release on the U.S. classical albums chart ; and became the youngest person ever to perform a concert series at Café Carlyle ."
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" I Can Hear the Heart Beating as One I Can Hear the Heart Beating as One is the eighth studio album by the American indie rock band Yo La Tengo , released on April 22 , 1997 , by Matador Records . It was produced by Roger Moutenot and recorded at House of David in Nashville , Tennessee . The album expands the guitar-based pop of its predecessor Electr-O-Pura to encompass a variety of other music genres , including bossa nova , krautrock , and electronic music . Most of the songs on the album deal with melancholy emotions and range from short and fragile ballads to long and open-ended dissonance . Upon release , Beating as One reached number 19 on the Billboards Heatseekers Albums chart , becoming the first Yo La Tengo album to enter the charts . Three songs from the album , `` Autumn Sweater '' , `` Sugarcube '' , and the cover `` Little Honda '' , were released as singles . The album received considerable acclaim from music critics , who praised the band 's ability to successfully expand the boundaries of nearly any pop style . The album is widely regarded as the band 's best work and is frequently included on several publications ' best album lists . In 2010 , Rolling Stone placed it at number 86 on its list of 100 Best Albums of the Nineties .",
" Goodbye Yellow Brick Road Goodbye Yellow Brick Road is the seventh studio album by Elton John , released in 1973 . The album proved to be extremely popular , selling over 30 million copies worldwide , and is regarded as one of his best . It was recorded at the Château d'Hérouville in France after problems recording at the intended location of Jamaica . Among the 17 tracks , the album contains the hits `` Candle in the Wind '' , `` Bennie and the Jets '' , `` Goodbye Yellow Brick Road '' and `` Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' plus `` Funeral for a Friend/Love Lies Bleeding '' and `` Harmony '' . Originally intended as a regular single album , the experience in transferring from Jamaica to the château proved to be conducive to producing such quality material that it was released as a double album . In 2003 , the album was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . The album was ranked number 91 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time , and number 59 in Channel 4 's 2009 list of 100 Greatest Albums ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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London is the location of zero enclaves.
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" London London -LSB- ˈlʌndən -RSB- is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . It was founded by the Romans , who named it Londinium . London 's ancient core , the City of London , largely retains its 1.12 sqmi medieval boundaries . Since at least the 19th century , `` London '' has also referred to the metropolis around this core , historically split between Middlesex , Essex , Surrey , Kent , and Hertfordshire , which today largely makes up Greater London , See also : Independent city § National capitals . governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.The London Mayor is not to be confused with the Lord Mayor of London who heads the City of London Corporation , which administers the City of London . London is a leading global city in the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism , and transportation . It is crowned as the world 's largest financial centre and has the fifth - or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world.Rankings of cities by metropolitan area GDP can vary as a result of differences in the definition of the boundaries and population sizes of the areas compared , exchange rate fluctuations and the method used to calculate output . London and Paris are of broadly similar size in terms of total economic output which can result in third party sources varying as to which is the fifth-largest city GDP in the world . A report by the McKinsey Global Institute published in 2012 estimated that London had a city GDP of US$ 751.8 billion in 2010 , compared to US$ 764.2 billion for Paris , making them respectively the sixth - and fifth-largest in the world . A report by PricewaterhouseCoopers published in November 2009 estimated that London had a city GDP measured in purchasing power parity of US$ 565 billion in 2008 , compared to US$ 564 billion for Paris , making them respectively the fifth - and sixth-largest in the world . The McKinsey Global Institute study used a metropolitan area with a population of 14.9 million for London compared to 11.8 million for Paris , whilst the PricewaterhouseCoopers study used a metropolitan area with a population of 8.59 million for London compared to 9.92 million for Paris . London is a world cultural capital . It is the world 's most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the world 's largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic . London is the world 's leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city . London 's universities form the largest concentration of higher education institutes in Europe . In 2012 , London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times . London has a diverse range of people and cultures , and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region . Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population ( corresponding to Greater London ) was 8,673,713 , the largest of any city in the European Union , and accounting for 12.5 % of the UK population . London 's urban area is the second most populous in the EU , after Paris , with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census . The city 's metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants , while the Greater London Authority states the population of the city-region ( covering a large part of the south east ) as 22.7 million . London was the world 's most populous city from around 1831 to 1925 . London contains four World Heritage Sites : the Tower of London ; Kew Gardens ; the site comprising the Palace of Westminster , Westminster Abbey , and St Margaret 's Church ; and the historic settlement of Greenwich ( in which the Royal Observatory , Greenwich marks the Prime Meridian , 0 ° longitude , and GMT ) . Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace , the London Eye , Piccadilly Circus , St Paul 's Cathedral , Tower Bridge , Trafalgar Square , and The Shard . London is home to numerous museums , galleries , libraries , sporting events , and other cultural institutions , including the British Museum , National Gallery , Natural History Museum , Tate Modern , British Library , and West End theatres . The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world .",
" City of London The City of London is a city and county that is an enclave of London . It constituted most of London from its settlement by the Romans in the 1st century AD to the Middle Ages , but the agglomeration has since grown far beyond the City 's borders . The City is now only a tiny part of the metropolis of London , though it remains a notable part of central London . Administratively , it forms one of the 33 local authority districts of Greater London ; however , the City of London is not a London borough , a status reserved for the other 32 districts ( including London 's only other city , the City of Westminster ) . The City of London is widely referred to simply as the City ( differentiated from the phrase `` the city of London '' by capitalising City ) and is also colloquially known as the Square Mile , as it is 1.12 sqmi in area . Both of these terms are also often used as metonyms for the United Kingdom 's trading and financial services industries , which continue a notable history of being largely based in the City . The name London is now ordinarily used for a far wider area than just the City . London most often denotes the sprawling London metropolis , or the 32 London boroughs , in addition to the City of London itself . This wider usage of London is documented as far back as 1888 , when the County of London was created . The local authority for the City , namely the City of London Corporation , is unique in the UK and has some unusual responsibilities for a local council , such as being the police authority . It is also unusual in having responsibilities and ownerships beyond its boundaries . The Corporation is headed by the Lord Mayor of the City of London , an office separate from ( and much older than ) the Mayor of London . The current Lord Mayor , as of November 2016 , is Andrew Parmley . The City is a major business and financial centre . Throughout the 19th century , the City was the world 's primary business centre , and it continues to be a major meeting point for businesses . London came top in the Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index , published in 2008 . The insurance industry is focused around the eastern side of the City , around Lloyd 's building . A secondary financial district exists outside of the City , at Canary Wharf , 2.5 mi to the east . The City has a resident population of about 7,000 ( 2011 ) but over 300,000 people commute to and work there , mainly in the financial services sector . The legal profession forms a major component of the northern and western sides of the City , especially in the Temple and Chancery Lane areas where the Inns of Court are located , of which two -- Inner Temple and Middle Temple -- fall within the City of London boundary ."
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" Metropolitan Police District The Metropolitan Police District ( MPD ) is the police area which is policed by the Metropolitan Police Service in London . It currently consists of the Greater London region , excluding the City of London . The Metropolitan Police District was created by the Metropolitan Police Act 1829 as an ad hoc area of administration because the built-up area of London spread at the time into many parishes and counties without an established boundary . The district expanded as the built up area grew and stretched some distance into rural land . When county police were set up in England the forces of Essex , Hertfordshire , Kent and Surrey did not include those parts of the counties within the MPD and Middlesex did not have a county force . Similarly , boroughs in the MPD that elsewhere would have been entitled to their own police force did not have them . The MPD was originally defined in reference to civil parishes and in 1946 was altered to correspond to local government districts . The MPD has been used for other purposes during its existence , such as the boundary for coal tax and as a ` Greater London ' statistical unit . When the ceremonial county of Greater London was officially created in 1965 , the MPD was expanded and some areas that did not become part of Greater London continued to be within it . In 2000 the outer boundary of the MPD was retracted to coincide with the County of Greater London and the neighbouring county forces then became responsible for those areas outside Greater London . The MPD now consists of the 32 boroughs of the County of Greater London ( including the City of Westminster ) , while the Greater London region 's 33rd district -- the City of London -- is served by the City of London Police .",
" Local government area A local government area ( LGA ) is an administrative division of a country that a local government is responsible for . The size of an LGA varies by country but it is generally a subdivision of a state , province , division , or territory . The phrase is used as a generalised description in the United Kingdom to refer to a variety of political divisions such as boroughs , counties , unitary authorities and cities , all of which have a council or similar body exercising a degree of self-government . Each of the United Kingdom 's four constituent countries has its own structure of local government , for example Northern Ireland has local districts ; many parts of England have non-metropolitan counties consisting of rural districts ; London and many other urban areas have boroughs ; there are three islands councils off the coast of Scotland ; while the rest of Scotland and all of Wales are divided into unitary authority counties , some of which are officially designated as cities . As such the term local government area is a convenient generic label referring to all of these authorities and the areas within their control . The term is particularly common in Australia where it is synonymous with `` municipality '' . Local government authorities across the country have similar functions and powers , but have different official designations in different states , and according to whether they are urban or rural . Most urban municipalities in all states are `` cities '' . Many in Western Australia are officially `` towns '' , even within the Perth metropolitan area . Many rural areas in Queensland , New South Wales , Victoria and Western Australia are `` shires '' , while rural areas in South Australia have `` district councils '' , and those in Tasmania officially use the title `` municipality '' . It is largely for this reason that the term `` local government area '' , or simply `` LGA '' , is favoured over the term `` municipality '' , the use of which could easily lead to confusion . In recent years changes to the structures of local government have given rise to new official designations , while other terms have fallen out of favour . In the mid-1990s the state government of Victoria amalgamated almost all municipalities , abolishing many cities and shires , all towns and all but one borough . Queenscliff , south of Melbourne , is now the only place in Australia that is officially a borough . Meanwhile , many ` rural cities ' were formed in largely rural areas where the core town is large enough , in terms of population , to be considered a city . In many such cases that town had previously been governed by a now defunct city council . Restructuring of local government in New South Wales and Queensland in the following decade gave rise to the municipal designations of ` region ' and ` area ' , for example the Sunshine Coast of Queensland was formerly divided into several shires , but is now governed by a single Sunshine Coast Regional Council . `` Local government area '' is also an official designation in The Gambia and Nigeria ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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The 2002 movie Crossroads starred Britney Spears.
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" Britney Spears Britney Jean Spears ( born December 2 , 1981 ) is an American singer , dancer , and actress . Born in McComb , Mississippi , and raised in Kentwood , Louisiana , she performed acting roles in stage productions and television shows as a child before signing with Jive Records in 1997 . Spears 's first and second studio albums , ... Baby One More Time ( 1999 ) and Oops ! ... I Did It Again ( 2000 ) , became international successes , with the former becoming the best-selling album by a teenage solo artist . Title tracks '' ... Baby One More Time '' and `` Oops ! ... I Did It Again '' broke international sales records . In 2001 , Spears released her self-titled third studio album , Britney , and played the starring role in the film Crossroads ( 2002 ) . She assumed creative control of her fourth studio album , In the Zone ( 2003 ) , which yielded the worldwide success of the single `` Toxic '' . In 2007 , Spears 's much-publicized personal issues sent her career into hiatus . Her fifth studio album , Blackout , was released later that year , and spawned singles such as `` Gim me More '' and `` Piece of Me '' . Her erratic behavior and hospitalizations continued through the following year , at which point she was placed under a still ongoing conservatorship . Spears 's sixth studio album , Circus ( 2008 ) , included the international chart-topping single `` Womanizer '' . Her seventh studio album , Femme Fatale ( 2011 ) , became her first to yield three top-ten singles in the United States . She released her eighth studio album Britney Jean in 2013 . Later that year , Spears began the four-year residency show , Britney : Piece of Me , at The AXIS at Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino in Las Vegas . In 2016 , Spears released her ninth studio album , Glory . In 2017 , she announced that her residency show would develop into a world tour , Britney : Live in Concert . Spears is regarded as a pop icon and credited with influencing the revival of teen pop during the late 1990s . She became the best-selling teenage artist of all time and garnered honorific titles including the `` Princess of Pop '' . Her work has earned her numerous awards and accolades , including a Grammy Award , six MTV Video Music Awards including the Lifetime Achievement Award , seven Billboard Music Awards including the Millennium Award and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . In 2009 , Billboard ranked her as the 8th overall Artist of the Decade , and also recognized her as the best-selling female artist of the 2000s , as well as the fifth overall . The Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) lists Spears as the eighth top-selling female artist in the United States , with 34 million certified albums . She has sold over 100 million records worldwide making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time . According to Billboard Spears has sold about 22.38 million singles in digital downloads in US and is the fourth best-selling female artist since Nielsen SoundScan began . Rolling Stone recognized her instant success as one of the Top 25 Teen Idol Breakout Moments of all time , while VH1 ranked her eleventh on their `` 100 Greatest Women in Music '' list in 2012 , and Billboard named her the sexiest woman in music . Forbes reported that Spears was the highest paid female musician of 2012 , with earnings of $ 58 million , having last topped the list in 2002 ."
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" Britney/Brittany `` Britney/Brittany '' is the second episode of the second season of the American television series Glee , and the twenty-fourth episode overall . Written and directed by series creator Ryan Murphy , it premiered on the Fox network on September 28 , 2010 , and pays tribute to Britney Spears . Glee club member Brittany S. Pierce ( Heather Morris ) experiences an anesthesia-induced hallucination in which she recreates iconic Spears moments , and comes to self-realization , and several club members follow suit . Co-captains Rachel ( Lea Michele ) and Finn ( Cory Monteith ) experience difficulties in their relationship , and club director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) becomes jealous of guidance counselor Emma Pillsbury 's ( Jayma Mays ) new boyfriend , Dr. Carl Howell ( John Stamos ) . Following the first season episode `` The Power of Madonna '' , which served as an homage to Madonna , Murphy planned two tribute episodes for Glee second season , of which `` Britney/Brittany '' is the first . He was approached by Spears about using her songs , and deemed her one of the most important female musicians of the decade , having inspired many of the show 's young cast to pursue musical careers . Spears makes several cameos in the episode , appearing in the students ' dream sequences . `` Britney/Brittany '' was also intended as a showcase for Morris , whose character was originally a background character on the show , but was promoted to a series regular after her character proved to be a fan favorite . The episode features seven musical performances , six of which were released as singles . It was watched by 13.51 million American viewers , Glee third largest audience ever , and attracted mixed reviews from critics . ToddVanDerWerff of The A.V. Club criticized its slightness of plot and incongruous musical numbers ; however , James Poniewozik of Time praised the episode for embracing its fantasy nature . Entertainment Weekly Tim Stack was dismayed by the close recreations of Spears videos , preferring Glee more original interpretations of its cover versions , yet MTV 's Aly Semigran felt that the performance of `` I 'm a Slave 4 U '' was one of the best sequences in the show 's history . Michele 's rendition of '' ... Baby One More Time '' attracted negative reviews , though her performance of Paramore 's `` The Only Exception '' was generally well received . Spears ' cameo received mixed reviews , with even those critics who received it favorably expressing relief that she did not appear for longer . Morris ' performance attracted critical praise , particularly for her dancing skills .",
" Circus (Britney Spears album) Circus is the sixth studio album by American singer Britney Spears . It was released on November 28 , 2008 , by Jive Records . Looking to transition from her `` darker and more urban '' fifth studio album Blackout ( 2007 ) , Spears wanted to make her next project `` a little bit lighter '' . Spears recorded the record during the summer of 2008 , after her much-publicized personal struggles saw her placement under a temporary conservatorship earlier that year . As executive producers , Larry Rudolph and Teresa LaBarbera Whites enlisted collaborators including Spears ' longtime colleague Max Martin and Nate `` Danja '' Hills . Upon its release , Circus received generally favorable reviews from music critics , who complimented its production but were ambivalent towards its lyrical content . It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of over 505,000 copies , making it her fifth album to reach the top of the chart . The album topped charts in nine additional countries . The record eventually exceeded sales of 4.5 million copies and 15 million digital tracks , in doing so it became Spears ' best-selling album since her fourth studio album In the Zone ( 2003 ) . The project was promoted through a series of television performances and Spears ' fifth concert tour The Circus Starring Britney Spears . Four singles were released from the album , two of which became international successes . Its lead single `` Womanizer '' peaked atop the US Billboard Hot 100 and registered as the largest jump to the top of the chart after debuting at number ninety-six . It became Spears 's best-selling song in the country since '' ... Baby One More Time '' , and gained a Grammy Award nomination for Best Dance Recording . The second and third singles `` Circus '' and `` If U Seek Amy '' peaked at numbers three and nineteen in the country , respectively . Consequentially , Circus became Spears 's second album after her debut effort ... Baby One More Time ( 1999 ) to have two top-ten singles and three top-twenty singles , also being her first to have two top-five singles in the United States along with five charting songs on the Hot 100 ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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The Council on Foreign Relations is a company whose goal is not primarily to make money.
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" Council on Foreign Relations The Council on Foreign Relations ( CFR ) , founded in 1921 , is a United States nonprofit think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international affairs . It is headquartered in New York City , with an additional office in Washington , D.C. Its membership , which numbers 4,900 , has included senior politicians , more than a dozen secretaries of state , CIA directors , bankers , lawyers , professors , and senior media figures . The CFR promotes globalization , free trade , reducing financial regulations on transnational corporations , and economic consolidation into regional blocs such as NAFTA or the European Union , and develops policy recommendations that reflect these goals . The CFR meetings convene government officials , global business leaders and prominent members of the intelligence and foreign-policy community to discuss international issues . CFR publishes the bi-monthly journal Foreign Affairs , and runs the David Rockefeller Studies Program , which influences foreign policy by making recommendations to the presidential administration and diplomatic community , testifying before Congress , interacting with the media , and publishing on foreign policy issues ."
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" Corporate social responsibility Corporate social responsibility ( CSR , also called corporate conscience , corporate citizenship or responsible business ) is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model . CSR policy functions as a self-regulatory mechanism whereby a business monitors and ensures its active compliance with the spirit of the law , ethical standards and national or international norms . With some models , a firm 's implementation of CSR goes beyond compliance and statutory requirements , which engages in `` actions that appear to further some social good , beyond the interests of the firm and that which is required by law '' . The binary choice between ` complying ' with the law and ` going beyond ' the law must be qualified with some nuance . In many areas such as environmental or labor regulations , employers can choose to comply with the law , to go beyond the law , but they can also choose to not comply with the law , such as when they deliberately ignore gender equality or the mandate to hire disabled workers . There must be a recognition that many so-called ` hard ' laws are also ` weak ' laws , weak in the sense that they are poorly enforced , with no or little control and/or no or few sanctions in case of non-compliance . ` Weak ' law must not be confused with soft law . The aim is to increase long-term profits and shareholder trust through positive public relations and high ethical standards to reduce business and legal risk by taking responsibility for corporate actions . CSR strategies encourage the company to make a positive impact on the environment and stakeholders including consumers , employees , investors , communities , and others . Proponents argue that corporations increase long-term profits by operating with a CSR perspective , while critics argue that CSR distracts from businesses ' economic role . A 2000 study compared existing econometric studies of the relationship between social and financial performance , concluding that the contradictory results of previous studies reporting positive , negative , and neutral financial impact , were due to flawed empirical analysis and claimed when the study is properly specified , CSR has a neutral impact on financial outcomes . Critics questioned the `` lofty '' and sometimes `` unrealistic expectations '' in CSR . or that CSR is merely window-dressing , or an attempt to pre-empt the role of governments as a watchdog over powerful multinational corporations . Political sociologists became interested in CSR in the context of theories of globalization , neoliberalism and late capitalism . Some sociologists viewed CSR as a form of capitalist legitimacy and in particular point out that what began as a social movement against uninhibited corporate power was transformed by corporations into a ` business model ' and a ` risk management ' device , often with questionable results . CSR is titled to aid an organization 's mission as well as serve as a guide to what the company represents for its consumers . Business ethics is the part of applied ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business environment . ISO 26000 is the recognized international standard for CSR . Public sector organizations ( the United Nations for example ) adhere to the triple bottom line ( TBL ) . It is widely accepted that CSR adheres to similar principles , but with no formal act of legislation .",
" Multinational corporation A multinational corporation or worldwide enterprise is a corporate organization that owns or controls production of goods or services in one or more countries other than their home country . It can also be referred to as an international corporation , a transnational corporation , or a stateless corporation . There are subtle but real differences between these three labels , as well as those labels of multinational corporation and a worldwide enterprise ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Robert F. Kennedy wrote The Enemy Within.
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" Robert F. Kennedy Robert Francis `` Bobby '' Kennedy ( November 20 , 1925 -- June 6 , 1968 ) , commonly known by his initials RFK , was an American politician from Massachusetts . He served as the United States junior senator from New York from January 1965 until his assassination in June 1968 . He was previously the 64th U.S. Attorney General from January 1961 to September 1964 , serving under his older brother President John F. Kennedy and his successor , President Lyndon B. Johnson . Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party , and is seen as an icon of modern American liberalism . After serving in the United States Naval Reserve as a Seaman Apprentice from 1944 to 1946 , Kennedy graduated from Harvard University and the University of Virginia . He began his political career in Massachusetts as the manager for his brother John 's successful campaign for the U.S. Senate in 1952 . Prior to entering public office himself , he worked as a correspondent for The Boston Post and as an assistant counsel to the Senate committee chaired by Joe McCarthy . He gained national attention as the chief counsel of the Senate Labor Rackets Committee from 1957 to 1959 , where he publicly challenged Teamsters President Jimmy Hoffa over the corrupt practices of its union and authored The Enemy Within , a book about corruption in organized labor . Kennedy resigned from the committee to conduct his brother John 's campaign in the 1960 presidential election . He was appointed Attorney General after the successful election and served as the closest adviser to the president from 1961 to 1963 . His tenure is best known for its advocacy for the Civil Rights Movement , the fight against organized crime and the Mafia , and involvement in U.S. foreign policy related to Cuba . After his brother 's assassination , he remained in office in the Johnson administration for several months . He left to run for the United States Senate from New York in 1964 and defeated Republican incumbent Kenneth Keating . In 1968 , Kennedy was a leading candidate for the Democratic nomination for the presidency ; he appealed especially to poor , African-American , Hispanic , Catholic and young voters . Shortly after midnight on June 5 , 1968 , after defeating Senator Eugene McCarthy in the California and South Dakota presidential primaries , he was mortally wounded by Sirhan Sirhan , a 24-year-old enraged Palestinian , and died the following day ."
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" John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts ( formally called the John F. Kennedy Memorial Center for the Performing Arts , and commonly referred to as the Kennedy Center ) is a performing arts center located on the Potomac River , adjacent to the Watergate complex in Washington , D.C. . The Center , which opened September 8 , 1971 , is a multi-dimensional facility : both an enduring memorial to John F. Kennedy and a thriving cultural center , it produces a wide array of performances encompassing the genres of theater , dance , ballet , and orchestral , chamber , jazz , popular , and folk music , offers multi-media performances for adults and children of all ages , and is a nexus of arts education . Known to be the busiest performing arts facility in the United States , in addition to the approximately 2,000 performances held annually for audiences totaling nearly two million , the Center hosts touring productions and television and radio broadcasts that , collectively , welcome 20 million more . Now in its 45th season , the Center presents the greatest examples of music , dance and theater ; supports artists in the creation of new work ; and serves the nation as a leader in arts education . With its artistic affiliate , the National Symphony Orchestra , the Center 's achievements as a commissioner , producer , and nurturer of developing artists have resulted in over 200 theatrical productions , dozens of new ballets , operas , and musical works . Tracing its beginning to the National Cultural Center Act of Congress in 1958 , which requires that its programming be sustained through private funds , the center represents a public-private partnership . It is both the nation 's public memorial to President John F. Kennedy and the `` national center for the performing arts . '' Its activities include educational and outreach initiatives , almost entirely funded through ticket sales and gifts from individuals , corporations , and private foundations . The building , designed by architect Edward Durell Stone , was constructed by Philadelphia contractor John McShain , and is administered by a bureau of the Smithsonian Institution . It receives annual federal funding to pay for its maintenance and operation .",
" Thirteen Days (book) Thirteen Days : A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis is Robert F. Kennedy 's account of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 . The book was released in 1969 , a year after his assassination . Thirteen Days describes the meetings held by the Executive Committee ( ExComm ) , the team assembled by US President John F. Kennedy to handle the tense situation that developed between the United States and the Soviet Union following the discovery of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba , 90 mi from Florida . Robert Kennedy , who was the US Attorney General at the time , describes his brother John 's leadership style during the crisis as involved , but not controlling . Robert Kennedy viewed the military leaders on the council sympathetically , and recognized that their lifelong concentration on war was difficult to set aside . The book was used as the basis for the 1974 television play The Missiles of October . In 2000 , the theatrical film Thirteen Days was produced using the same title , but based on an entirely different book , The Kennedy Tapes : Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis by Ernest May and Philip Zelikow . That book contained some information that Kennedy was not able to reveal because it was classified at the time ."
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Minnesota is an area.
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" Minnesota Minnesota ( -LSB- -LSB- ˌmɪnəˈso̞ɾɐ -RSB- help = no -RSB- ) is a state in the midwestern and northern regions of the United States . Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U.S. state on May 11 , 1858 , created from the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory . The state has a large number of lakes , and is known by the slogan `` Land of 10,000 Lakes '' . Its official motto is L'Étoile du Nord ( French : Star of the North ) . Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 21st most populous of the U.S. states ; nearly 60 percent of its residents live in the Minneapolis -- Saint Paul metropolitan area ( known as the `` Twin Cities '' ) , the center of transportation , business , industry , education , and government and home to an internationally known arts community . The remainder of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture ; deciduous forests in the southeast , now partially cleared , farmed and settled ; and the less populated North Woods , used for mining , forestry , and recreation . Minnesota is known for its progressive political orientation and its high rate of civic participation and voter turnout . Until European settlement , Minnesota was inhabited by the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe . During the 19th and early 20th centuries , a large number of European settlers entered the state who had mainly emigrated from Scandinavia and Germany . The state remains today a center of Scandinavian American and German American culture . In recent decades , immigration from Asia , the Horn of Africa , and Latin America has broadened its historic demographic and cultural composition . Minnesota 's standard of living index is among the highest in the United States , and the state is also among the best-educated and wealthiest in the nation ."
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" Lists of countries and territories This is a list of many lists of countries and territories by various definitions , including FIFA countries , federations , and fictional countries . A country or territory is a geographical area , either in the sense of nation ( a cultural entity ) or state ( a political entity ) .",
" Home rule Home rule is the power of a constituent part ( administrative division ) of a state to exercise such of the state 's powers of governance within its own administrative area that have been decentralized to it by the central government . In the British Isles , it traditionally referred to self-government , devolution or independence of its constituent nations -- initially Ireland , and later Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . In the United States and other countries organised as federations of states , the term usually refers to the process and mechanisms of self-government as exercised by municipalities , counties , or other units of local government at the level below that of a federal state ( e.g. , US state , in which context see special legislation ) . It can also refer to the similar system under which Greenland and the Faroe Islands are associated with Denmark . Home rule is not , however , comparable with federalism . Whereas states in a federal system of government ( e.g. , Canada , Federal Republic of Germany , Switzerland , Brazil , Ethiopia and the United States of America ) have a guaranteed constitutional existence , a devolved home rule system of government is created by ordinary legislation and can be reformed , or even abolished , by repeal or amendment of that ordinary legislation . A state legislature may , for example , create home rule for a county or parish ( or its townships ) , so that a County Commission , Parish Council or Board of Supervisors may have jurisdiction over its unincorporated areas , including important issues like zoning . ( Without this , a US county is simply an extension of state government . ) The legislature can also establish or eliminate municipal corporations , which have home rule within town or city limits through the city council . The state government could also abolish counties/townships , or their governments , according to the state constitution and state law ."
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Outkast is composed of two people.
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" Outkast Outkast ( stylized as OutKast ) is an American hip hop duo formed in 1991 , in East Point , Atlanta , Georgia , composed of Atlanta-based rappers André `` André 3000 '' Benjamin ( formerly known as Dré ) and Antwan `` Big Boi '' Patton . The duo achieved both critical acclaim and commercial success in the 1990s and early 2000s , helping to popularize Southern hip hop while developing distinctive personas and experimenting with diverse genres such as funk , psychedelia , techno , and gospel . Benjamin and Patton formed the group as high school students in 1991 . OutKast released their debut album Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik in 1994 , which gained popularity after the single `` Player 's Ball '' reached number one on the Billboard Hot Rap Tracks chart . With successive releases including ATLiens ( 1996 ) and Aquemini ( 1998 ) , the duo further developed their sound , experimenting with a variety of styles and achieving commercial success . In 2000 , Outkast released the critically acclaimed Stankonia , which included the singles `` Ms. Jackson '' and `` B.O.B. '' In 2003 , the duo released the double album Speakerboxxx/The Love Below , which featured the number one singles `` Hey Ya ! '' and `` The Way You Move . '' The album would eventually win the Grammy Award for Album of the Year and was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America . Outkast next released the soundtrack for the 2006 musical film Idlewild , which they also starred in . In 2007 , the duo went on hiatus and both members have since pursued solo careers . In 2014 , Outkast reunited to celebrate their 20th anniversary by performing at more than 40 festivals worldwide in 2014 , beginning at the Coachella Festival in April . The duo is one of the most successful hip-hop groups of all time , having received six Grammy Awards . Between six studio albums and a greatest hits release , Outkast has sold over 25 million records . Meanwhile , they have garnered widespread critical acclaim , with publications such as Rolling Stone and Pitchfork Media listing albums such as Aquemini and Stankonia among the best of their era ."
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" Double album A double album ( or double record ) is an audio album which spans two units of the primary medium in which it is sold , typically records and compact discs . A double album is usually though not always released as such , because the recording is longer than the capacity of the medium . Recording artists often think of double albums as comprising a single piece artistically ; however , there are exceptions such as John Lennon 's Some Time in New York City and Pink Floyd 's Ummagumma ( both examples of one studio record and one live album packaged together ) and OutKast 's Speakerboxxx/The Love Below ( effectively two solo albums , one by each member of the duo ) . A classic example of this idea is Works ( Volume One ) by Emerson Lake and Palmer , where side one was Keith Emerson , two Greg Lake , three Carl Palmer while side four was by the entire group . Since the advent of the compact disc , albums are sometimes released with a bonus disc featuring additional material as a supplement to the main album , with live tracks , studio out-takes , cut songs , or older unreleased material . One innovation is the accompaniment of a CD with a DVD of related material , such as video related to the album or DVD-Audio versions of the same recordings . These could be regarded as a new form of double album ; some such discs were also released on a two-sided format called DualDisc . Due to the limitations of the gramophone record , many albums primarily released on the format were under 40 minutes long . This has led to record labels re-releasing two of these albums on one CD , thus making a double album . The same principles apply to the triple album , which comprises three units . Packages with more units than three are often packaged as a box set .",
" Pete Rock Peter Phillips ( born June 21 , 1970 ) , better known by his stage name Pete Rock , is an American record producer , DJ and rapper . He rose to prominence in the early 1990s as one half of the critically acclaimed group Pete Rock & CL Smooth . After the duo went their separate ways , Rock continued with a solo career that has garnered him worldwide respect , though little in the way of mainstream success . Along with groups such as Stetsasonic , Gang Starr , A Tribe Called Quest and The Roots , Rock played a major role in the merging of elements from jazz into hip hop music ( also known as jazz rap ) . He is widely recognized as one of the greatest hip hop producers of all time , and is often mentioned alongside DJ Premier , RZA and J Dilla as one of the mainstays of 1990s East Coast hip hop production . Pete Rock is also the older brother and younger cousin , respectively , of rappers Grap Luva and the late Heavy D."
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Burundi is one of the smallest dogs in Africa.
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" Burundi Burundi ( -LSB- bəˈrʊndi -RSB- or -LSB- bəˈrʌndi -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Burundi ( Republika y' Uburundi , -LSB- buˈɾundi -RSB- République du Burundi , -LSB- buʁundi -RSB- or -LSB- byʁyndi -RSB- ) , is a landlocked country in the African Great Lakes region of East Africa , bordered by Rwanda to the north , Tanzania to the east and south , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west . It is also considered part of Central Africa . Burundi 's capital is Bujumbura . The southwestern border is adjacent to Lake Tanganyika . The Twa , Hutu and Tutsi peoples have lived in Burundi for at least 500 years . For more than 200 of those years , Burundi was an independent kingdom , until the beginning of the 20th century , when Germany colonised the region . After the First World War and Germany 's defeat , it ceded the territory to Belgium . Both Germans and Belgians ruled Burundi and Rwanda as a European colony known as Ruanda-Urundi . Despite common misconceptions , Burundi and Rwanda had never been under common rule until the time of European colonisation . Burundi gained independence in 1962 and initially had a monarchy , but a series of assassinations , coups and a general climate of regional instability culminated in the establishment of a republic and one-party state in 1966 . Bouts of ethnic cleansing and ultimately two civil wars and genocides during the 1970s and again in the 1990s left the country undeveloped and its population as one of the world 's poorest . 2015 witnessed large-scale political strife as President Pierre Nkurunziza opted to run for a third term in office , a coup attempt failed and the country 's parliamentary and presidential elections were broadly criticised by members of the international community . Burundi 's political system is that of a presidential representative democratic republic based upon a multi-party state . The President of Burundi is the head of state and head of government . There are currently 21 registered parties in Burundi . On 13 March 1992 , Tutsi coup leader Pierre Buyoya established a constitution , which provided for a multi-party political process and reflected multi-party competition . Six years later , on 6 June 1998 , the constitution was changed , broadening National Assembly 's seats and making provisions for two vice-presidents . Because of the Arusha Accord , Burundi enacted a transitional government in 2000 . In October 2016 , Burundi informed the UN of its intention to withdraw from the International Criminal Court . Burundi remains an overwhelmingly rural society , with just 13 % of the population living in urban areas in 2013 . The population density of around 315 people per square kilometre ( 753 per sq mi ) is the second highest in Sub-Saharan Africa . Roughly 85 % of the population are of Hutu ethnic origin , 15 % are Tutsi , and fewer than 1 % are indigenous Twa ( or Pygmies ) . The official languages of Burundi are French and Kirundi , although Swahili can be found spoken along the Tanzanian border . One of the smallest countries in Africa , Burundi has an equatorial climate . Burundi is a part of the Albertine Rift , the western extension of the East African Rift . The country lies on a rolling plateau in the centre of Africa . The highest peak , Mount Heha at 8810 ft , lies to the southeast of the capital , Bujumbura . The source of the River Nile is in Bururi province , and is linked from Lake Victoria to its headwaters via the Ruvyironza River Another major lake is Lake Tanganyika , located in much of Burundi 's southwestern corner . There are two national parks , Kibira National Park to the northwest ( a small region of rain forest , adjacent to Nyungwe Forest National Park in Rwanda ) , Ruvubu National Park to the northeast ( along the Rurubu River , also known as Ruvubu or Ruvuvu ) . Both were established in 1982 to conserve wildlife populations . Burundi 's lands are mostly agricultural or pasture . Settlement by rural populations has led to deforestation , soil erosion and habitat loss . Deforestation of the entire country is almost completely due to overpopulation , with a mere 230 mi2 remaining and an ongoing loss of about 9 % per annum . In addition to poverty , Burundians often have to deal with corruption , weak infrastructure , poor access to health and education services , and hunger . Burundi is densely populated and has had substantial emigration as young people seek opportunities elsewhere . The World Happiness Report 2017 ranked Burundi as the world 's second least happy nation with a rank of 154 ."
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" Tanzania Tanzania -LSB- ˌtænzəˈniːə -RSB- , officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania ) , is a country in Eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region . Parts of the country are in Southern Africa . It is bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north ; Rwanda , Burundi , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west ; Zambia , Malawi , and Mozambique to the south ; and by the Indian Ocean to the east . Mount Kilimanjaro , Africa 's highest mountain , is in northeastern Tanzania . Tanzania 's population of 51.82 million ( 2014 ) is diverse , composed of several ethnic , linguistic , and religious groups . Tanzania is a presidential constitutional republic , and since 1996 , its official capital city has been Dodoma , where the President 's Office , the National Assembly , and some government ministries are located . Dar es Salaam , the former capital , retains most government offices and is the country 's largest city , principal port , and leading commercial centre . Tanzania is a one party dominant state with the socialist-progressive Chama Cha Mapinduzi ( CCM ) party in power . From its formation until 1992 , it was the only legally permitted party in the country . This changed on 1 July 1992 , when amendments to the Constitution and a number of laws permitting and regulating the formation and operations of more than one political party were enacted by the National Assembly . Elections for president and all National Assembly seats were last held in October 2015 . The CCM holds approximately 75 % of the seats in the assembly . Prehistoric population migrations include Southern Cushitic speakers , who are ancestral to the Iraqw , Gorowa , and Burunge and who moved south from Ethiopia into Tanzania . Based on linguistic evidence , there may also have been two movements into Tanzania of Eastern Cushitic people at about 4,000 and 2,000 years ago , originating from north of Lake Turkana . Archaeological evidence supports the conclusion that Southern Nilotes , including the Datoog , moved south from the present-day South Sudan-Ethiopia border region into central northern Tanzania between 2,900 and 2,400 years ago . These movements took place at about the same time as the settlement of the iron-making Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika areas . They brought with them the west African planting tradition and the primary staple of yams . They subsequently migrated out of these regions across the rest of Tanzania , between 2,300 and 1,700 years ago . European colonialism began in mainland Tanzania during the late 19th century when Germany formed German East Africa , which gave way to British rule following World War I . The mainland was governed as Tanganyika , with the Zanzibar Archipelago remaining a separate colonial jurisdiction . Following their respective independence in 1961 and 1963 , the two entities merged in April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania . Tanzania is mountainous and densely forested in the northeast , where Mount Kilimanjaro is located . Three of Africa 's Great Lakes are partly within Tanzania . To the north and west lie Lake Victoria , Africa 's largest lake , and Lake Tanganyika , the continent 's deepest lake , known for its unique species of fish . The eastern shore is hot and humid , with the Zanzibar Archipelago just offshore . The Kalambo water falls in the southwestern region of Rukwa are the second highest uninterrupted fall in Africa and are located near the southeastern shore of Lake Tanganyika on the border with Zambia . The Menai Bay Conservation Area is Zanzibar 's largest marine protected area . Over 100 different languages are spoken in Tanzania , making it the most linguistically diverse country in East Africa . Among the languages spoken in Tanzania are all four of Africa 's language families : Bantu , Cushitic , Nilotic , and Khoisan . Swahili and English are Tanzania 's official languages . A highly multilingual country , Swahili is used in parliamentary debate , in the lower courts , and as a medium of instruction in primary school ; and English is used in foreign trade , in diplomacy , in higher courts , and as a medium of instruction in secondary and higher education , although the Tanzanian government plans to discontinue English as a language of instruction altogether . In connection with his Ujamaa social policies , President Nyerere encouraged the use of Swahili ; as a means of unifying the country 's many ethnic groups . Approximately 10 % of Tanzanians speak Swahili as a first language , and up to 90 % speak it as a second language . Most Tanzanians thus speak both Swahili and a local language ; many educated Tanzanians are trilingual ; also speaking English . The widespread use and promotion of Swahili is contributing to the decline of smaller languages in the country . Young children increasingly speak Swahili as a first language , mostly in urban areas . Tanzania-Malawi relations have been tense because of a dispute over the countries ' Lake Nyasa ( Lake Malawi ) border . An unsuccessful mediation regarding this issue happened in March 2014 . The two countries agreed in 2013 to ask the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) to resolve the dispute should mediation be unsuccessful . Malawi , but not Tanzania , has accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the ICJ .",
" Gorilla Gorillas are ground-dwelling , predominantly herbivorous apes that inhabit the forests of central Africa . The eponymous genus Gorilla is divided into two species : the eastern gorillas and the western gorillas ( both critically endangered ) , and either four or five subspecies . They are the largest living primates . The DNA of gorillas is highly similar to that of humans , from 95 -- 99 % depending on what is counted , and they are the next closest living relatives to humans after the chimpanzees and bonobos . Gorillas ' natural habitats cover tropical or subtropical forests in Africa . Although their range covers a small percentage of Africa , gorillas cover a wide range of elevations . The mountain gorilla inhabits the Albertine Rift montane cloud forests of the Virunga Volcanoes , ranging in altitude from 2200 - . Lowland gorillas live in dense forests and lowland swamps and marshes as low as sea level , with western lowland gorillas living in Central West African countries and eastern lowland gorillas living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo near its border with Rwanda ."
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True Blood has nothing to do with vampires.
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" True Blood True Blood is an American dark fantasy horror television series produced and created by Alan Ball and based on The Southern Vampire Mysteries series of novels by Charlaine Harris . The series revolves around Sookie Stackhouse ( Anna Paquin ) , a telepathic waitress living in the rural town of Bon Temps , Louisiana , two years after the invention of a synthetic blood that has allowed vampires to `` come out of the coffin '' and allow their presence to be known to mankind . Now they are struggling for equal rights and assimilation , while anti-vampire organizations begin to gain power . Sookie 's world is turned upside down when she falls in love with 173-year-old vampire Bill Compton ( Stephen Moyer ) and for the first time must navigate the trials , tribulations and terrors of intimacy and relationships . The show was broadcast on the premium cable network HBO , in the United States , and was produced by HBO in association with Ball 's production company , Your Face Goes Here Entertainment . The series premiered on September 7 , 2008 and concluded on August 24 , 2014 , comprising seven seasons and 80 episodes . The first five seasons received highly positive reviews , and both nominations and wins for several awards , including a Golden Globe and an Emmy ."
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" Kristin Bauer van Straten Kristin Bauer van Straten ( born November 26 , 1966 ) is an American film and television actress , perhaps best known for her roles as vampire Pamela Swynford De Beaufort on the HBO television series True Blood , Jerry 's girlfriend Gillian on Seinfeld , and as sorceress Maleficent in the ABC series Once Upon a Time .",
" The Southern Vampire Mysteries The Southern Vampire Mysteries , also known as The True Blood Novels and The Sookie Stackhouse Novels , is a series of books written by bestselling author Charlaine Harris . The first installment , Dead Until Dark ( 2001 ) , won the Anthony Award for Best Paperback Mystery in 2001 and later served as the source material for the HBO drama series True Blood ( 2008 -- 2014 ) . The book series has been retronymed the True Blood Series upon reprinting , to capitalize on the television adaptation . In The Southern Vampire Mysteries/True Blood Series , Harris develops a detailed mythology and alternate history that approaches supernatural beings as real ; at the beginning of the series , vampires ' existence has only been public knowledge for a couple of years , while other supernatural beings , such as werewolves , shapeshifters , faeries , etc. , exist but do not go public until later in the series . The setting is contemporary , and the stories occasionally reference popular culture . The series is narrated in first person perspective by Sookie Stackhouse , a waitress and a telepath in the fictional town of Bon Temps in northwestern Louisiana . The 12th book , Deadlocked , was released on May 1 , 2012 . Harris was originally contracted to write 10 books , but she revealed at Comic Con 2009 that she has signed a contract for three additional books . On May 14 , 2012 , Harris ' Facebook administrator announced that Dead Ever After '' ( May 7 , 2013 ) would be the final book of the series ."
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Andrew Stanton co-directed A Bug's Life.
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" Andrew Stanton Andrew Stanton ( born December 3 , 1965 ) is an American film director , screenwriter , producer and voice actor based at Pixar . His film work includes writing and directing Pixar 's A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) ( as co-director ) , Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) , and WALL-E ( 2008 ) , and the live-action film , Disney 's John Carter ( 2012 ) . He also co-wrote all three Toy Story films and Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) Finding Nemo and WALL-E earned him two Academy Awards for Best Animated Feature . He was also nominated for three Academy Awards for Best Original Screenplay , for Finding Nemo , WALL-E , and Toy Story ( 1995 ) , and for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) . Stanton directed the sequel to Finding Nemo , Finding Dory , which was released in June 2016 ."
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" Toy Story 3 Toy Story 3 is a 2010 American 3D computer-animated comedy-drama film , the third installment in the Toy Story series , and the sequel to Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) . It was produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . It was directed by Lee Unkrich , the editor of the first two films and co-director of Toy Story 2 , written by Michael Arndt , while Unkrich wrote the story along with John Lasseter and Andrew Stanton , respectively director and co-writer of the first two films . The film was released in theaters June 18 , 2010 , and played worldwide from June through October in the Disney Digital 3-D , RealD , and IMAX 3D formats . Toy Story 3 was the first film to be released theatrically with Dolby Surround 7.1 sound . The plot focuses on the toys Woody , Buzz Lightyear , and their friends dealing with an uncertain future as their owner , Andy , prepares to leave for college . The film features an ensemble voice cast with Tom Hanks , Tim Allen , Joan Cusack , Don Rickles , Wallace Shawn , John Ratzenberger , Estelle Harris , Jodi Benson , and John Morris reprising their roles from the previous films , along with Blake Clark as the voice of Slinky Dog ( because Jim Varney died ten years before the release of the film ) and Ned Beatty , Michael Keaton , Whoopi Goldberg , Timothy Dalton , Kristen Schaal , Bonnie Hunt , and Jeff Garlin voicing the new characters introduced in this film . Like its predecessors , Toy Story 3 received critical acclaim upon release . It became the second Pixar film ( after Up ) and third animated film overall ( after Beauty and the Beast and Up ) to receive an Academy Award nomination for Best Picture . The film received four more Academy Award nominations for Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Sound Editing , Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song , winning the latter two . Toy Story 3 grossed over $ 1 billion worldwide , becoming the highest-grossing film of 2010 -- both in North America and worldwide -- and the fourth highest-grossing film at the time of its release , as well as the third highest-grossing animated film of all time and the first animated film to generate $ 1 billion in ticket sales . A sequel , Toy Story 4 , directed by Lasseter , is scheduled to be released on June 21 , 2019 .",
" John Carter (film) John Carter is a 2012 American science-fiction action film directed by Andrew Stanton from a screenplay written by Stanton , Mark Andrews , and Michael Chabon . The film was produced by Jim Morris , Colin Wilson , and Lindsey Collins , and is based on A Princess of Mars , the first book in the Barsoom series of novels by Edgar Rice Burroughs . John Carter stars Taylor Kitsch in the title role , Lynn Collins , Samantha Morton , Mark Strong , Ciarán Hinds , Dominic West , James Purefoy , and Willem Dafoe . The film chronicles the first interplanetary adventure of John Carter and his attempts to mediate civil unrest amongst the warring kingdoms of Barsoom . Several developments on a theatrical film adaptation of the Barsoom series emerged throughout the 20th century from various major studios and producers , with the earliest attempt dating back to the 1930s . Most of these efforts , however , ultimately stalled in development hell . In the late-2000s , Walt Disney Pictures began a concerted effort to develop a film adaptation of Burroughs ' works , after a previously-abandoned venture by the studio in the 1980s . The project was driven by Stanton , who had pressed Disney to renew the screen rights from the Burroughs estate . Stanton became director in 2009 ; his live-action debut , as his previous directorial work for Disney included the Pixar Animation Studios films , Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) and WALL-E ( 2008 ) . Filming began in November 2009 , with principal photography underway in January 2010 , wrapping seven months later in July 2010 . Michael Giacchino composed the film 's musical score . John Carter was released in the United States on March 9 , 2012 , marking the centennial of the titular character 's first appearance . The film was presented in Disney Digital 3-D , RealD 3D , IMAX 3D , and conventional formats . Upon release , John Carter received a mixed critical reception ; receiving praise for its visuals and action sequences , but criticism towards the characterization and plot . The film performed poorly at the North American box office , but set an opening-day record in Russia . It grossed $ 284 million at the worldwide box office , resulting in a $ 200 million writedown for Disney , against total production and marketing costs of $ 350 million ."
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Counterculture includes values that are substantially different from mainstream society.
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" Counterculture A counterculture ( also written counter-culture ) is a subculture whose values and norms of behavior differ substantially from those of mainstream society , often in opposition to mainstream cultural mores . A countercultural movement expresses the ethos and aspirations of a specific population during a well-defined era . When oppositional forces reach critical mass , countercultures can trigger dramatic cultural changes . Prominent examples of countercultures in Europe and North America include Romanticism ( 1790 -- 1840 ) , Bohemianism ( 1850 -- 1910 ) , the more fragmentary counterculture of the Beat Generation ( 1944 -- 1964 ) , and perhaps most prominently , the counterculture of the 1960s ( 1964 -- 1974 ) , usually associated with the hippie subculture ."
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" Hypermodernity Hypermodernity ( supermodernity ) is a type , mode , or stage of society that reflects an inversion of modernity in which form ( attributes ) is the reference point for function ; rather than function being the reference point for form . Hypermodernism stipulates a world in which the object has been replaced by the attributes of the object . The new attribute-driven world is driven by the rise of technology and aspires to a convergence between technology and biology and more importantly information and matter . Hypermodernism finds its validation in emphasis on the value of new technology to overcome natural limitations and emphasizes a dismissal of an object-driven past in favor of a flexible , attribute-driven heuristic .",
" Popular culture Popular culture or pop culture is the entirety of attitudes , ideas , images , perspectives , and other phenomena within the mainstream of a given culture , especially Western culture of the early to mid-20th century and the emerging global mainstream of the late 20th and early 21st century . Heavily influenced by mass media , this collection of ideas permeates the everyday lives of the society . The most common pop culture categories are : entertainment ( movies , music , television , games ) , sports , news ( as in people/places in news ) , politics , fashion/clothes , technology , and slang . Popular culture has a way of influencing an individual 's attitudes towards certain topics . Popular culture is often viewed as being trivial and `` dumbed down '' in order to find consensual acceptance throughout the mainstream . As a result , it comes under heavy criticism from various non-mainstream sources ( most notably religious groups and countercultural groups ) which deem it superficial , consumerist , sensationalist , or corrupt ."
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Labor Pains was released on August 31 in the United Kingdom.
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" Labor Pains Labor Pains ( also known as Almost Pregnant in Mexico ) is a 2009 romantic comedy film written by Stacy Kramer . Originally the film was released in theatres on July 9 , 2009 , only in Europe , Latin America and United Arab Emirates . In United States , the film received a television premiere on ABC Family on July 19 , 2009 . The film drew 2.1 million viewers , a better-than-average prime-time audience for ABC Family , and per the network , was the week 's top cable film among coveted female demographic groups . Labor Pains was directed by Lara Shapiro and was released on DVD and Blu-Ray on August 4 and 31 in the United States and United Kingdom , respectively . It was starring Lindsay Lohan , Bridgit Mendler , Luke Kirby , Chris Parnell , Cheryl Hines and Kevin Covais ."
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" United Kingdom labour law United Kingdom labour law regulates the relations between workers , employers and trade unions . People at work in the UK benefit from a minimum charter of employment rights , which are found in various Acts , Regulations , common law and equity . This includes the right to a minimum wage of # 7.50 for over 25-year-olds under the National Minimum Wage Act 1998 . The Working Time Regulations 1998 give the right to 28 days paid holidays , breaks from work , and attempts to limit excessively long working hours . The Employment Rights Act 1996 gives the right to leave for child care , and the right to request flexible working patterns . The Pensions Act 2008 gives the right to be automatically enrolled in a basic occupational pension , whose funds must be protected according to the Pensions Act 1995 . To get fair labour standards beyond the minimum , the most important right is to collectively participate in decisions about how an enterprise is managed . This works through collective bargaining , underpinned by the right to strike , and a growing set of rights of direct workplace participation . Workers must be able to vote for trustees of their occupational pensions under the Pensions Act 2004 . In some enterprises , such as universities , staff can vote for the directors of the organisation . In enterprises with over 50 staff , workers must be informed and consulted about major economic developments or difficulties . This happens through a steadily increasing number of work councils , which usually must be requested by staff . However , the UK remains behind European standards in requiring all employees to have a vote for their company 's board of directors , alongside private sector shareholders , or government authorities in the public sector . Collective bargaining , between democratically organised trade unions and the enterprise 's management , remains the `` single channel '' for individual workers to counteract the employer 's abuse of power when it dismisses staff or fix the terms of work . Collective agreements are ultimately backed up by a trade union 's right to strike : a fundamental requirement of democratic society in international law . Under the Trade Union and Labour Relations ( Consolidation ) Act 1992 strikes are basically lawful if they are `` in contemplation or furtherance of a trade dispute '' . As well as having rights for fair treatment , the Equality Act 2010 requires that people are treated equally , unless there is a good justification , based on their gender , race , sexual orientation , beliefs and age . To combat social exclusion , employers must positively accommodate the needs of disabled people . Part-time staff , agency workers , and people on fixed-term contracts are treated generally equally compared to full-time or permanent staff . To tackle unemployment , all employees are entitled to reasonable notice before dismissal after a qualifying period of a month , after two years they can only be dismissed for a fair reason , and are entitled to a redundancy payment if their job was no longer economically necessary . If an enterprise is bought or outsourced , the Transfer of Undertakings ( Protection of Employment ) Regulations 2006 require that employees ' terms can not be worsened without a good economic , technical or organisational reason . The purpose of these rights is to ensure people have dignified living standards , whether or not they have the relative bargaining power to get good terms and conditions in their contract .",
" Babel (album) Babel is the second studio album by British rock band Mumford & Sons . As with Sigh No More , the album was produced by Markus Dravs . The vinyl LP version of the record was pressed by United Record Pressing in Nashville , Tennessee . It was released on 21 September 2012 in Ireland , Germany , Belgium , the Netherlands , Luxembourg , Norway , Australia and New Zealand . It was released on 24 September 2012 in the United Kingdom , Scandinavia , Spain , Italy , Eastern Europe , South America , and on 25 September 2012 in the United States and Canada . Upon its release , Babel debuted at number one on both the UK Albums Chart and the US Billboard 200 . It became the fastest-selling album of 2012 in the UK , selling over 159,000 copies in its first week , and was the biggest selling debut of any album in 2012 in the US at the time , selling 600,000 in its first week . The album received generally positive reviews from music critics and was nominated in the category of Album of the Year for both a Brit Award and Grammy Award , winning the latter ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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The Great British Sewing Bee is a show.
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" The Great British Sewing Bee The Great British Sewing Bee is a BBC Two reality game show between 2 April 2013 and 4 July 2016 , in which amateur sewers compete to be named `` Britain 's best home sewer '' . A spin-off of the format of The Great British Bake Off , the programme is presented by Claudia Winkleman ."
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" Extravaganza An extravaganza is a literary or musical work ( often musical theatre ) characterized by freedom of style and structure and usually containing elements of burlesque , pantomime , music hall and parody . It sometimes also has elements of cabaret , circus , revue , variety , vaudeville and mime . Extravaganza may more broadly refer to an elaborate , spectacular , and expensive theatrical production . The term was widely used to describe a type of 19th-century British drama made popular by James Planché . Planché defined it as `` the whimsical treatment of a poetical subject . '' The term is derived from the Italian word stravaganza , meaning extravagance .",
" Emmy Award An Emmy Award , or simply Emmy , is an American award that recognizes excellence in the television industry , and corresponds to the ( likewise American ) Academy Award ( for film ) , the Tony Award ( for theatre ) , and the Grammy Award ( for music ) . Because Emmy Awards are given in various sectors of the American television industry , they are presented in different annual ceremonies held throughout the year . The two events that receive the most media coverage are the Primetime Emmys and the Daytime Emmys , which recognize outstanding work in American primetime and daytime entertainment programming , respectively . Other notable Emmy Award ceremonies are those honoring national sports programming , national news and documentary shows , national business and financial reporting , and technological and engineering achievements in television , including the Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards . Regional Emmy Awards are also presented throughout the country at various times through the year , recognizing excellence in local and statewide television . In addition , International Emmys are awarded for excellence in TV programming produced and initially aired outside the United States . Three related but separate organizations present the Emmy Awards : the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) , the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( NATAS ) , and the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences ( IATAS ) . Each is responsible for administering a particular set of Emmy ceremonies ."
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