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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Are steroid requirements and immune associations with vitamin D stronger in children than adults with asthma?
|
The effects of serum vitamin D status on atopy, steroid requirement, and functional responsiveness to corticosteroids in children versus adults with asthma have not been studied systematically. We sought to explore the age-specific effects of vitamin D in asthmatic patients. Serum vitamin D levels were examined in a prospective study of adults and children (102 healthy control subjects and 103 asthmatic patients). PBMCs were cultured for 3 hours with or without 100 nmol/L dexamethasone, and the ...
|
This study demonstrated significant associations between serum vitamin D status and steroid requirement and in vitro responsiveness to corticosteroids in the pediatric but not the adult asthma group. Vitamin D was also related to IgE levels in children but not in adults.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"PCR",
"culture",
"pcr"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does catheter type effect pregnancy rate in intrauterine insemination cycles?
|
To determine if a soft insemination catheter increases pregnancy rates. Seven hundred forty-seven consecutive intrauterine insemination (IUI) cycles in 364 women in a reproductive endocrinology office between October 1998 and March 2000. Patients with even birth years were inseminated with the Tomcat catheter, and those with odd birth year with the Wallace IUI catheter. Clinical pregnancy rates were compared. The Wallace catheter group included 180 women for 372 cycles and an overall pregnancy r...
|
When comparing the softer Wallace catheter to the less pliable Tomcat catheter during IUI cycles, there was no significant difference in pregnancy rate when using a standard gentle technique that includes not touching the top of the fundus with the catheter.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
True about obesity
|
A. Seen mostly in females
B. Prevalence decrease upto 40 years of age
C. No genetic predisposition
D. Smoking is a risk factor
|
正确答案: C. No genetic predisposition
解释: Ans. is 'd' i.e., Smoking is a risk factor Cessation of smoking Weight gain is very common when people stop smoking. This is thought to be mediated at least in pa by nicotine withdrawal, which is associated with increased food intake and reduced energy expenditure. Weight gain of 1 to 2 kg in the first two weeks is often followed by an additional 2 to 3 kg weight gain over the next four to five months. The average weight gain is 4 to 5 kg but can be much greater. Obesity is common in both men and women (more common in women). Etiologic Classification of Obesity latrogenic causes Drugs that cause weight gain Hypothalamic surgery Dietary obesity Infant feeding practices Progressive hyperplastic obesity Frequency of eating High fat diets Overeating Neuroendocrine obesities Hypothalamic obesity Seasonal affective disorder Cushing's syndrome Polycystic ovary syndrome Hypogonadism Growth hormone deficiency Pseudohypoparathyroidism Social and behavioral factors Socioeconomic status Ethnicity Psychological factors Restrained eaters Night eating syndrome Binge-eating Sedentary lifestyle Enforced inactivity (post-operative) Aging Genetic (dysmorphic) obesities Autosomal recessive traits Autosomal dominant traits X-linked traits Chromosomal abnormalities Other Low bih weight
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography for pharmacologic stress testing: is quantitative estimation of myocardial blood flow reserve necessary?
|
Little is known about the diagnostic accuracy of quantitative real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) as an adjunct to stress testing. This study was performed to evaluate the agreement between MCE and technetium 99m-sestamibi single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) for detection of perfusion defects and to investigate whether quantitative assessment of myocardial perfusion can increase the diagnostic value of MCE. MCE was performed at rest and during peak adenosine stres...
|
Quantitative estimation of myocardial blood flow reserve by MCE parameters corresponds to the evaluation of myocardial perfusion by nuclear imaging and can increase the sensitivity but not the overall accuracy of contrast echocardiography.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does osteogenic induction protect rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells against hypoxia-induced apoptosis in vitro?
|
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) undergo hypoxia-induced apoptosis when cells are transplanted from a normoxic to a hypoxic microenvironment in vivo. The effect of the osteogenic microenvironment on BMSCs under hypoxic conditions has not yet been revealed. In the current study, we investigated the effects on BMSCs of hypoxia and osteogenic induction (OI) individually and in combination. We isolated BMSCs from rat bone marrow and confirmed them by recognition of surface antigens...
|
Osteogenic induction could protect BMSCs against hypoxia-induced apoptosis. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells may be appropriate candidate cells for cytotherapy for skeletal diseases.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"candida"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does evolution of DNA amount across land plants ( embryophyta )?
|
DNA C-values in land plants (comprising bryophytes, lycophytes, monilophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms) vary approximately 1000-fold from approx. 0.11 to 127.4 pg. To understand the evolutionary significance of this huge variation it is essential to evaluate the phylogenetic component. Recent increases in C-value data (e.g. Plant DNA C-values database; release 2.0, January 2003; http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/cval/homepage.html) together with improved consensus of relationships between and within l...
|
Different land plant groups are characterized by different C-value profiles, distribution of C-values and ancestral C-values. For example, the large ( approximately 1000-fold) range yet strongly skewed distribution of C-values in angiosperms contrasts with the very narrow 12-fold range in bryophytes. Further, character-state mapping showed that the ancestral genome sizes of both angiosperms and bryophytes were reconstructed as very small (i.e. < or =1.4 pg) whereas gymnosperms and most branches of monilophytes were reconstructed with intermediate C-values (i.e. >3.5, <14.0 pg). More in-depth analyses provided evidence for several independent increases and decreases in C-values; for example, decreases in Gnetaceae (Gymnosperms) and heterosperous water ferns (monilophytes); increases in Santalales and some monocots (both angiosperms), Pinaceae, Sciadopityaceae and Cephalotaxaceae (Gymnosperms) and possibly in the Psilotaceae + Ophioglossaceae clade (monilophytes). Thus, in agreement with several focused studies within angiosperm families and genera showing that C-values may both increase and decrease, it is apparent that this dynamic pattern of genome size evolution is repeated on a broad scale across land plants.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Are prophylactic antibiotics required for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy?
|
Some clinicians administer prophylactic antibiotics routinely before laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and the results of some of the studies in the literature support this practice. We conducted a prospective randomized trial to determine whether administration of prophylactic antibiotics is necessary during routine laparoscopic cholecystectomy in low-risk patients. Two hundred fifty patients without evidence of acute inflammation, common duct stones, or other indications for antibiotics were rando...
|
Prophylactic antibiotics are not necessary for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy in low-risk patients.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"infection",
"urinary tract infection",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does silibinin restore paclitaxel sensitivity to paclitaxel-resistant human ovarian carcinoma cells?
|
Drug resistance and tumor metastasis are the main causes of treatment failure and mortality in cancer patients. Silibinin, a naturally occurring flavanone, has been shown to be a potent sensitizer for apoptosis induced by a variety of anticancer drugs. In this study, whether silibinin could overcome chemoresistance and reduce the invasiveness of A2780/taxol cells was investigated. A2780 and A2780/taxol cells were treated with silibinin alone and in combination with paclitaxel. Cell viability was...
|
These results suggest silibinin in combination with paclitaxel may be a beneficial chemotherapeutic strategy, especially in patients with tumors refractory to paclitaxel alone.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"PCR",
"drug resistance",
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does marker of Endothelial Dysfunction Asymmetric Dimethylarginine be Elevated in HIV Infection but Not Associated With Subclinical Atherosclerosis?
|
Cardiovascular disease contributes to excess morbidity and mortality in HIV infection, and endothelial dysfunction may contribute to this pattern. We aimed to determine the endothelial function in treated and untreated HIV-infected individuals and investigate potential associations with viral replication, immune activation, coagulation, platelet function, and subclinical atherosclerosis. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA, marker of endothelial dysfunction) and soluble CD14 (sCD14, marker of mono...
|
Evidence of endothelial dysfunction was found in HIV infection and in untreated compared with treated HIV infection. In untreated HIV infection, the main driver of endothelial dysfunction was viral replication. Importantly, in treated HIV infection, ADMA was not associated with subclinical atherosclerosis. Thus, our data question the potential of ADMA as a useful biomarker of early atherosclerosis in treated HIV infection.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"HIV",
"infection",
"hiv"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Do self- or parent-reported dietary, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors predict worsening obesity in children?
|
To determine whether information gathered during routine healthcare visits regarding obesity related risk factors and risk behaviors predicts increases in BMI z-score over time among overweight and obese children. Medical records from 168 overweight and 441 obese patients seen for repeated visits between September 2003 and April 2006 were examined for reported dietary, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors, family history of obesity and diabetes mellitus, documented Acanthosis nigricans, an...
|
Our findings suggest that the risk factors and self- or parent-reported risk behaviors routinely assessed by pediatric clinicians have limited ability to predict future growth trends, demonstrating the difficulty in determining which patients have the greatest risk of progression of obesity.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does valproate treatment normalize EEG functional connectivity in successfully treated idiopathic generalized epilepsy patients?
|
To investigate the effect of chronic VPA treatment of EEG functional connectivity in successfully treated idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) patients. 19-channel waking, resting-state EEG records of 26 IGE patients were analyzed before treatment (IGE) and after the 90th day of treatment (VPA), in seizure-free condition. Three minutes of artifact-free EEG background activity (without epileptiform potentials) was analyzed for each patient in both conditions. A group of 26 age-matched healthy no...
|
VPA treatment normalizes EEGfC in IGE patients.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
该样本的菌群多样性结果意味着什么？能否判断存在菌群紊乱？
|
样本ID: 6894
|
菌群多样性分析：
**多样性指标解读：**
- Shannon指数：1.937
多样性中等，菌群结构相对集中
- Simpson指数：0.812
均匀度高，物种分布较为均衡
- 物种丰富度：71种
**菌群平衡状态评估：**
菌群状态基本正常，持续监测即可。
**可能原因分析：**
- 抗生素使用史
- 免疫功能低下
- 慢性疾病影响
| null | null | null |
csv_analysis
|
6894
|
interpretation
|
intermediate
|
[] |
该样本的菌群多样性指标表明什么？是否存在菌群失调？
|
Can experienced paramedics perform tracheal intubation at cardiac arrests?
|
Paramedic tracheal intubation has been reported to carry a high failure rate and morbidity. A comparison between doctor and paramedic-led intubation at out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) was conducted to assess whether this finding was observed in our clinical practice. Retrospective review of all medical OHCA attended by the Warwickshire and Northamptonshire Air Ambulance (WNAA) over a 64-month period. Cases were identified and divided into doctor-led or paramedic-led groups. Self-reported ...
|
Experienced paramedics regularly operating with physicians have a low tracheal intubation failure rate at OHCA, whether practicing independently or as part of a doctor-led team. This is likely due to increased and regular clinical exposure.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is activation of the unfolded protein response associated with favorable prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia?
|
The unfolded protein response is triggered by the accumulation of misfolded proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum. Previous studies suggest that the unfolded protein response is activated in some cancer cell lines and involved in tumor development. The role of the unfolded protein response during leukemogenesis is unknown thus far. Here, we assessed the induction of key effectors of the unfolded protein response in leukemic cells at diagnosis of 105 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients comp...
|
These results suggest that the unfolded protein response is activated in a considerable subset of AML patients. AML patients with activated unfolded protein response present specific clinical characteristics and a more favorable course of the disease.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does infection by chikungunya virus modulate the expression of several proteins in Aedes aegypti salivary glands?
|
Arthropod-borne viral infections cause several emerging and resurging infectious diseases. Among the diseases caused by arboviruses, chikungunya is responsible for a high level of severe human disease worldwide. The salivary glands of mosquitoes are the last barrier before pathogen transmission. We undertook a proteomic approach to characterize the key virus/vector interactions and host protein modifications that occur in the salivary glands that could be responsible for viral transmission by us...
|
Our study constitutes the first analysis of the protein response of Aedes aegypti salivary glands infected with CHIKV. We found that the differentially regulated proteins in response to viral infection include structural proteins and enzymes for several metabolic pathways. Some may favour virus survival, replication and transmission, suggesting a subversion of the insect cell metabolism by arboviruses. For example, proteins involved in blood-feeding such as the short D7, an adenosine deaminase and inosine-uridine preferring nucleoside hydrolase, may favour virus transmission by exerting an increased anti-inflammatory effect. This would allow the vector to bite without the bite being detected. Other proteins, like the anti-freeze protein, may support vector protection.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"infection",
"virus"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is plasma growth hormone a strong predictor of risk at 1 year in acute heart failure?
|
We sought to compare the prognostic utility of growth hormone (GH) with NT-proBNP) and the ADHERE score in a large cohort of acute heart failure (HF) patients, subcategorized into HF with reduced EF <50% (HFrEF) and preserved EF ≥50% (HFpEF). GH and NTproBNP levels were measured in 537 patients (HFrEF n = 415; HFpEF n = 122) with acute HF recruited into this prospective cohort study. The main outcome measure was death or HF readmission at 1 year. GH levels were higher in both HFrEF [1.26 (0.54-2...
|
GH offers incremental prognostic information over the ADHERE score clinical predictors and NT-proBNP for risk stratification of acute HF patients.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Are serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels correlated with mitral valve calcification score in patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis?
|
Rheumatic mitral stenosis (RMS) is a chronic disease related to autoimmune heart valve damage after streptococcal infection. Epidemiological evidence supports an association between vitamin D and the susceptibility and severity of autoimmune disorders. The study aim was to assess the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and their correlation with Wilkins calcification score in patients with RMS. Thirty-four patients with RMS and 29 healthy age- and gender-matched controls were enrolled in the stu...
|
The study results showed that serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D were significantly lower in RMS patients than in controls, and also correlated with the Wilkins calcification score. Thus, a link may exist between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the calcification process in RMS.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"infection",
"susceptibility"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does p-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 regulate chemokine-dependent leukocyte recruitment in colonic ischemia-reperfusion?
|
Leukocyte recruitment is a key feature in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) -provoked tissue injury. This study evaluated the role of P-selectin-glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) in CXC chemokine- and ischemia-reperfusion- induced leukocyte rolling and adhesion in the colon. Balb/c mice were used in an inverted intravital fluorescence microscopy study of the microvascular bed in the colon. Mice were challenged with macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) intraperitonally and leukocyte-endothelium intera...
|
Our data demonstrates that PSGL-1 is a dominant adhesion molecule supporting MIP-2- and I/R-provoked leukocyte rolling. Inhibition of PSGL-1 abolished leukocyte rolling and abrogated I/R-induced leukocyte adhesion in colonic venules. These findings suggest that targeting PSGL-1 may be an effective strategy to prevent I/R-induced inflammation in the colon.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does daily Plasmodium yoelii infective mosquito bite do not generate protection or suppress previous immunity against the liver stage?
|
Human populations that are naturally subjected to Plasmodium infection do not acquire complete protection against the liver stage of this parasite despite prolonged and frequent exposure. However, sterile immunity against Plasmodium liver stage can be achieved after repeated exposure to radiation attenuated sporozoites. The reasons for this different response remain largely unknown, but a suppressive effect of blood stage Plasmodium infection has been proposed as a cause for the lack of liver st...
|
Liver stage immunity generated by irradiated versus normal P. yoelii infected mosquitoes is essentially different, probably because of the blood stage infection that follows normal mosquito bites, but not irradiated. While infective mosquito bites do not induce a protective liver stage response, they also do not interfere with previously acquired liver stage protective responses, even if they induce a complete blood stage infection. Considering that the recently generated anti-malaria vaccines induce only partial protection against infection, it is encouraging that, at least in mouse models, immunity is not negatively affected by subsequent exposure and infection with the parasite.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"parasite",
"infection"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
谢谢医生，我会按照您的建议进行。还有一件事想问一下，如果我需要用药，有没有什么特别的药物可以推荐？
|
对话历史:
问: 我最近感染了新冠病毒，发烧七天了，可是体温一直没有下来，我应该怎么办呢？
答: 您好，对于新冠病毒感染后复阳且发烧七天没有退烧的情况，我建议您及时就医。除了前往医院进行全面的身体检查，以便及早发现并治疗潜在的健康问题，您还可以采取日常防护措施，如佩戴口罩、勤洗手、保持社交距离等来避免感染或传播病毒。另外，根据您的身体状况，我们可以选择适合您的治疗方法，如支持性治疗、药物治疗等来帮助身体恢复。请问还有其他需要了解的吗？
问: 我听说新冠病毒复阳是因为感染还没有完全被清除，是这样吗？那我需要继续隔离吗？
答: 是的，新冠病毒复阳可能是因为感染还没有完全被清除，或者身体正在抵抗病毒，导致体温持续升高。所以继续隔离是非常重要的，这样可以避免传播给他人，并且有助于您个人的康复。请您尽量待在家中，在家期间保持良好的通风，并注意个人卫生。如果有其他肺部感染症状出现，如呼吸急促、气短等，请立即就医。还有其他问题需要我帮助吗？
问: 在家隔离期间我应该如何进行自我监测？有没有什么需要特别注意的症状？
答: 在家隔离期间，您可以进行自我监测。首先，监测体温是非常重要的，每天定时测量体温并记录下来。此外，您还可以注意自身的呼吸情况，如出现呼吸急促、气短等异常症状，请及时就医。其他需要特别注意的症状包括咳嗽、咳痰、乏力、肌肉或关节疼痛、头痛等。如果出现这些症状，请及时就医并告知医生您的情况。在隔离期间，请保持良好的心态，合理的饮食和休息，多喝水，有助于提高身体的免疫力。还有其他问题需要解答吗？
|
针对新冠病毒感染后复阳且发烧七天没有退烧的情况，是否需要药物治疗需要根据您具体的身体情况来确定，因此我无法直接推荐特定的药物。建议您前往医院就诊，医生会根据您的体检结果，结合您的病情来决定是否需要药物治疗以及具体的治疗方案。请您不要自行购买和使用药物，以免带来其他的不良影响。如果还有其他问题，可以继续咨询我哦。
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_内科
|
[
"病毒",
"新冠病毒",
"感染"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does subnormothermic machine perfusion at both 20°C and 30°C recovers ischemic rat livers for successful transplantation?
|
Utilizing livers from donors after cardiac death could significantly expand the donor pool. We have previously shown that normothermic (37°C) extracorporeal liver perfusion significantly improves transplantation outcomes of ischemic rat livers. Here we investigate whether recovery of ischemic livers is possible using sub-normothermic machine perfusion at 20°C and 30°C. Livers from male Lewis rats were divided into five groups after 1 h of warm ischemia (WI): (1) WI only, (2) 5 h of static cold s...
|
MP at both 20°C and 30°C eliminated temperature control in perfusion systems and recovered ischemically damaged rat livers. Postoperatively, low transaminases suggest a beneficial effect of sub-normothermic perfusion, while rising total bilirubin levels suggest inadequate prevention of ischemia- or hypothermia-induced biliary damage.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Sensitivity of a screening test indicates: September 2006
|
A. False positive
B. False negative
C. True negative
D. True positive
|
正确答案: C. True negative
解释: Ans. D: True positive
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Which of the following drugs that is known to cause dependence is most commonly abused?
|
A. Cocaine
B. Heroin
C. Amphetamine
D. Cannabis
|
正确答案: C. Amphetamine
解释: m/c used illegal Drug in India Active agent- d-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)Joints, marijuana , grass, pot, weed etc Preparations PREPARATIONS THC concentration Bhang (dried leaves) 1% Ganja (inflorescence) 1-2% Hashish/ Charas (Resinous exudates) 8-14% Hash oil 15- 40% Intoxication Euphoria Sense of slowing of time Sense of floating in air Reddening of conjunctiva Increased appetite Dryness of mouth Depersonalization, derealization Synesthesia, illusions Bad trip
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Which of the following drugs has both 5HT4 agonist and D2 antagonist property
|
A. Ondansetron
B. Metoclopramide
C. Benzhexol
D. Ibutilide
|
正确答案: A. Ondansetron
解释: Metaclopramide is a prokinetic drug which is 5HT4 agonist and D2 antagonist used as antienetic.
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
请描述该样本的微生物组成概况，并指出其中值得关注的观察结果。
|
样本ID: JXEY04A016
|
样本微生物组成分析：
**主要菌群组成：**
- Streptococcus mitis (5.6%)
- Schaalia odontolytica (4.1%)
- Streptococcus oralis (3.7%)
- Lachnoanaerobaculum orale (3.0%)
- Veillonella dispar (2.6%)
**多样性评估：**
- Shannon指数为4.745，表明菌群多样性非常高
- 物种丰富度：1101个物种
**关键发现：**
- 检出 12 种潜在病原体，需重点关注
- 菌群多样性良好，微生态平衡
- 优势菌为常驻菌群（Streptococcus属），总体正常
| null | null | null |
csv_analysis
|
JXEY04A016
|
overview
|
basic
|
[
"Streptococcus mitis (5.6%)",
"Schaalia odontolytica (4.1%)",
"Streptococcus oralis (3.7%)"
] |
该样本的主要微生物组成是什么？有哪些值得关注的发现？
|
好的，我会注意的！谢谢医生的指导！
|
对话历史:
问: 我的孩子从昨天开始就拉肚子、发烧，还有呕吐的情况，去了医院说了是轮状病毒肠炎，请问轮状病毒肠炎的特点有哪些？怎么治疗才能好？
答: 您好！根据您的描述，孩子可能患上了轮状病毒肠炎。轮状病毒肠炎是一种常见的肠道病毒感染，其主要特点有以下几点：1. 腹泻：轮状病毒肠炎常伴随腹泻，主要表现为稀水状便便，可能伴有黏液或血丝；2. 呕吐：孩子可能会出现呕吐的情况；3. 发热：轮状病毒肠炎患者常伴有发热，体温可能超过38摄氏度；4. 消化不良：孩子可能出现食欲不振、腹痛等消化不良症状。为了确诊和治疗，请您尽快带孩子去儿科专家面诊。
问: 我知道了，谢谢医生！那请问一下，轮状病毒肠炎要怎么治疗才能好呢？
答: 针对轮状病毒肠炎的治疗主要包括对症治疗和支持治疗。具体措施如下：1. 补充水分：由于腹泻和呕吐会导致身体水分丢失过多，建议及时补充足够的水分，适当喂食含水分丰富的食物；2. 维持水电解质平衡：可适当口服含有盐分和糖分的口服补液，以补充失去的电解质；3. 注意饮食调理：在症状缓解后，逐渐添加易消化的食物，如稀饭、面条等，并分多次少量进食；4. 注意卫生：保持室内通风，勤洗手，消毒环境，以防感染扩散；5. 接种疫苗：根据医生建议，及时进行轮状病毒疫苗接种，有效降低患病风险。
问: 明白了，谢谢医生的建议！除了治疗措施外，还有哪些预防轮状病毒肠炎的方法呢？
答: 预防轮状病毒肠炎的方法有以下几点：1. 注重个人卫生：勤洗手，特别是在接触排泄物、饭前饭后、与他人接触后等时刻要养成洗手的好习惯；2. 注意饮食卫生：避免食用生冷食物，尽量选择新鲜、熟透的食材；3. 注意室内通风：保持室内空气流通，开窗通风；4. 避免接触患者：尽量减少与患者的接触，避免交叉感染；5. 及时接种疫苗：根据医生建议，建议给予孩子接种轮状病毒疫苗，以加强身体的免疫力。
|
不客气！如果孩子的症状没有缓解或有其他问题，请随时咨询专业医生，祝愿孩子早日康复！如果还有其他医疗问题，随时欢迎向我咨询。祝您和家人健康！
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_儿科
|
[
"肠炎",
"轮状病毒",
"病毒"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
IUCD is absolutely contraindicated in all the following except
|
A. Undiagnosed vaginal bleeding
B. Suspected pregnancy
C. Congenital malformation of uterus
D. PID
|
正确答案: B. Suspected pregnancy
解释: Absolute contraindications for IUD use include the following: Pregnancy. Significantly distoed uterine anatomy. Unexplained vaginal bleeding concerning for pregnancy or pelvic malignancy. Gestational trophoblastic disease with persistently elevated beta-human chorionic gonadotropin levels. Ongoing pelvic infection
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"infection"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
请分析样本 3664 的微生物检测结果概况。
|
样本ID: 3664
|
根据样本 3664 的微生物检测结果分析：
**一、样本基本信息**
- 总测序读数：17,853,508
- 检出物种数：484
- Shannon多样性指数：4.185
- Simpson多样性指数：0.968
**二、优势菌群**
- Klebsiella michiganensis (10.1%)
- Klebsiella oxytoca (6.7%)
- Phocaeicola vulgatus (5.9%)
- Roseburia amylophila (5.7%)
- Bacteroides fragilis (4.0%)
**三、检出病原体情况**
未检出明显致病菌
**四、总体评估**
菌群多样性良好，微生态状态相对健康。
| null | null | null |
csv_analysis
|
3664
|
overview
|
basic
|
[
"Klebsiella michiganensis (10.1%)",
"Klebsiella oxytoca (6.7%)",
"Phocaeicola vulgatus (5.9%)"
] | null |
Does topical mupirocin/sodium hypochlorite reduce peritonitis and exit-site infection rates in children?
|
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a common maintenance renal replacement modality for children with ESRD frequently compromised by infectious peritonitis and catheter exit site and tunnel infections (ESI/TI). The effect of topical mupirocin (Mup) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution was evaluated as part of routine daily exit site care on peritonitis and ESI/TI rates, causative microorganisms, and catheter survival rates. Retrospective chart review of children on home continuous cycling PD between...
|
The combination Mup+NaOCl in daily exit site care was very effective to reduce PD catheter-associated infections and prolong catheter survival in pediatric patients.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"infection",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
检测到 Fusobacterium nucleatum，丰度为 0.35%，请评估其临床意义。
|
样本ID: LJDX-01-A009
|
Fusobacterium nucleatum（具核梭杆菌）检测分析：
**1. 病原体特征**
- 检出丰度：0.35%
- 读数：101,787
- 致病类别：oral
- 临床风险等级：medium
**2. 临床意义评估**
该菌丰度较低（<1%），可能为低水平定植或过路菌。若患者有相关症状，仍需警惕；若无症状，可随访观察。
**3. 建议措施**
1. 结合临床症状评估
2. 必要时进行药敏试验
3. 动态监测菌量变化
| null | null | null |
csv_analysis
|
LJDX-01-A009
|
pathogen
|
intermediate
|
[
"Fusobacterium nucleatum"
] | null |
Does betacellulin protect from pancreatitis by activating stress-activated protein kinase?
|
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a serious, unpredictable clinical problem, the pathophysiology of which is poorly understood. Here, we evaluate whether betacellulin (BTC), a ligand of the epidermal growth factor receptor also able to activate the proapoptotic ERBB4 receptor, can protect against experimental AP. AP was induced in transgenic mice overexpressing BTC (BTC-tg), control mice, or control mice after administration of recombinant BTC. The severity of pancreatitis was assessed by measurements ...
|
These findings indicate a potential application of the BTC/ERBB4 pathway for modulating the course of AP.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
All of these are HSG features for genital tuberculosis, EXCEPT ?
|
A. Rigid(lead pipe) tubes with nodulation.
B. 'Tobacco pouch' appearance of the tube.
C. Bilateral cornual blockage.
D. Multiple nodular diveicula.
|
正确答案: C. Bilateral cornual blockage.
解释: - HSG features for genital tuberculosis are: Tobacco-pouch appearance of hydrosalpinx and pyosalpinx Lead pipe appearance (A rigid nonperistaltic pipe-like tube) Calcification of the tube Beading and variation in the filling defect A jagged fluffiness of the tubal outline Cornual block - HSG should not be done if genital tuberculosis is suspected, as it may spread the infection - Fallopian tubes - Primary site of pelvic tuberculosis
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"infection"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is low adipocyte IRS-1 protein expression associated with an increased arterial stiffness in non-diabetic males?
|
Low adipocyte IRS-1 protein expression is a biomarker for insulin resistance and early atherosclerosis. However, whether IRS-1 protein expression is related to systemic arterial stiffness, is unknown. Ten non-diabetic male subjects with low adipocyte IRS-1 protein expression (LIRS) were matched with 10 non-diabetic males with normal IRS-1 protein expression (NIRS). Augmentation index (AIx) and time for reflection of pulse wave (Tr) were studied with pulse wave analysis, both in the fasting state...
|
The data suggest that non-obese non-diabetic men with a low adipocyte IRS-1 protein expression have an increased systemic arterial stiffness.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"resistance"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does caffeic acid phenethyl ester reduce mortality and sepsis-induced lung injury in rats?
|
Sepsis and ensuing multiorgan failure continue to be the major causes of mortality in intensive care units. Nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation is supposed to be one of the targets in the treatment of sepsis. We studied the effectiveness of caffeic phenethyl ester (CAPE), a known NF-kappaB inhibitor, in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis and lung injury. Randomized, controlled animal study. Research laboratory of an academic institution. Female Sprague-Dawley rats. CLP was perfor...
|
CAPE reduced mortality in sepsis and improved histopathologic variables best when it was administered after the onset of sepsis.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti",
"sepsis"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is mechanical bowel preparation mandatory for elective colon surgery?
|
Bowel preparation prior to colonic surgery usually includes antibiotic therapy together with mechanical bowel preparation (MBP). Mechanical bowel preparation may cause discomfort to the patient, prolonged hospitalization, and water and electrolyte imbalance. It was assumed that with the improvement in surgical technique together with the use of more effective prophylactic antibiotics, it was possible that MBP would no longer be necessary. There is no statistical difference in the postoperative r...
|
Our results suggest that no advantage is gained by preoperative MBP in elective colorectal surgery.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"antibiotic"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Do dietary fatty acids differentially regulate production of TNF-alpha and IL-10 by murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes?
|
Obesity correlates with increased production of adipocyte-derived cytokines, which may contribute to a chronic subclinical inflammation seen in obese individuals. This study evaluated the ability of specific fatty acids to modulate production of the proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10), in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Effects on nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), a key transcriptional activator of the inflammat...
|
In aggregate, these results suggest that dietary fatty acids act directly on adipocytes to modulate cytokine production. As circulating fatty acids levels are chronically elevated in obese individuals, this effect may account in part for obesity-associated inflammation.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"PCR",
"cre",
"pcr"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
根据该样本的菌群多样性指标，可以得出怎样的结论？是否存在微生物群落失调？
|
样本ID: 7003
|
菌群多样性分析：
**多样性指标解读：**
- Shannon指数：2.104
多样性中等，菌群结构相对集中
- Simpson指数：0.81
均匀度高，物种分布较为均衡
- 物种丰富度：190种
**菌群平衡状态评估：**
菌群状态基本正常，持续监测即可。
**可能原因分析：**
- 当前无明显异常因素
| null | null | null |
csv_analysis
|
7003
|
interpretation
|
intermediate
|
[] |
该样本的菌群多样性指标表明什么？是否存在菌群失调？
|
In pneumonic plague, transmission occurs from human to human by
|
A. Rat flea bite
B. Rat bite
C. Respiratory droplets
D. Discharge from wounds
|
正确答案: B. Rat bite
解释: Pneumonic plague is spread by droplet infection. The bacilli spread through the lungs producing hemmorhagic pneumonia. Cyanosis is very prominent. The bloody mucoid sputum that is coughed out contains bacilli in numerous numbers. Pneumonic plague is highly infectious and in untreated patients almost invariably fatal. Ref: Textbook of microbiology; Ananthanarayan and paniker's; 10th edition; Pg: 328
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"infection",
"pneumonia",
"Pneumonia"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
为什么个体间微生物群的高度变异性给疾病研究带来挑战？
|
尽管人类微生物组计划发现许多个体在其一生中保持相对保守的微生物群结构，但不同个体之间的微生物组成存在高度差异性，这种差异受遗传、饮食、环境、生活方式和药物使用等多种因素影响。这种高度的个体间变异性使得难以确定特定微生物种类与某种疾病之间的直接因果关系，也增加了识别‘健康’或‘致病’微生物特征的难度，从而显著提高了微生物群与疾病关联研究的复杂性。
|
medllm-dataset-md-ocr/哈里森感染病学/哈里森感染病学.md
|
机制原理
| null |
llm_textbook
| null | null | null | null | null |
|
Is beta2-adrenoceptor gene variant Arg16Gly associated with idiopathic ventricular outflow-tract tachycardia?
|
Imbalance of the sympathetic nervous system was involved in the pathogenesis of idiopathic ventricular outflow-tract tachycardia (IVOT). We aimed to investigate whether the major genetic variants in β(1)- and β(2)-adrenoceptors and GNB3 C825T were associated with IVOT and verapamil sensitive idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia (ILVT). Patients with IVOT and ILVT from December 2005 to December 2007 were consecutively enrolled into this study. Controls were randomly selected from the community...
|
Arg16Gly in β(2)-adrenoceptor is significantly associated with IVOT in Chinese Han population. Major genetic variants in β(1)- and β(2)-adrenoceptor and GNB3 C825T may not be associated with ILVT. These data suggest a different arrhythmogenic mechanism in IVOT and ILVT.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Do beta2-Adrenoceptor agonists enhance cytokine-induced release of thymic stromal lymphopoietin by lung tissue cells?
|
Whilebeta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists (beta(2)-agonists) are widely used as bronchodilators in the treatment of asthma, there has been increasing concern that regular use of beta(2)-agonists may adversely affect the control of asthma. However, the molecular mechanisms of such undesirable effects of beta(2)-agonists are not fully understood. In this study, we examined the effects of beta(2)-agonists on cytokine-induced production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), an indispensable cytokine in t...
|
beta(2)-Agonists significantly enhanced the cytokine-induced TSLP production by primary human lung tissue cells. This may be partly responsible for the undesirable clinical effects of continuous beta(2)-agonist monotherapy, and combination therapy with a corticosteroid might effectively inhibit TSLP-mediated allergic inflammation.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"ELISA",
"cre",
"elisa"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
住院治疗盆腔炎性疾病的一线静脉方案有哪些？其选择依据是什么？
|
住院治疗盆腔炎性疾病的一线静脉方案包括：头孢替坦2g静脉滴注，每12小时一次，或头孢西丁2g静脉滴注，每6小时一次，联合多西环素100mg静脉或口服，每12小时一次。该方案的选择依据在于其广谱抗菌活性——头孢替坦和头孢西丁均为第二代头孢菌素，对革兰阴性杆菌（如淋病奈瑟菌）、部分革兰阳性菌及厌氧菌有效，且能较好地穿透输卵管组织；联合多西环素可增强对沙眼衣原体和支原体的覆盖。此组合符合PID多病原体感染的特点，确保经验性治疗的全面性。
|
medllm-dataset-md-ocr/热病桑福德抗微生物治疗指南/热病桑福德抗微生物治疗指南.md
|
治疗
| null |
llm_textbook
| null | null | null | null | null |
|
Is molecular biology the best alternative for diagnosis of malaria to microscopy?
|
To assess the agreement of different diagnostic methods for the diagnosis and confirmation of the clinical suspicion of Plasmodium infection in children in Tanzania and Kenya. Blood samples were collected by the finger prick method from 338 children. Blood samples were collected from 338 children with the clinical suspicion of uncomplicated malaria in health clinics in Tanzania and Kenya. The presence of Plasmodium parasites was assessed with microscopy, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and the mol...
|
Malaria is overestimated if the diagnosis is based solely on clinical signs. Therefore, laboratory confirmation is essential. Microscopy is a reliable method in rural areas where malaria is prevalent, but RDTs offer a good alternative with the advantage that it is an easy and rapid method. Molecular tests are more sensitive but difficult to implement in rural areas. In areas with lower incidence, molecular tests detect a significantly higher number of Plasmodium infections than RDTs or microscopy. Although implementation of molecular tools can be difficult, the prospect of an easy and cheap detection system makes them promising tools for the near future.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"PCR",
"parasite",
"infection"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
H1N1 Is a type of?
|
A. SARS virus
B. Influenza type A virus
C. Influenza type B virus
D. Influenza type C virus
|
正确答案: A. SARS virus
解释: H1N1 include influenza virus types REF:<\p> ANATHANARAYANAN MICROBIOLOGY NINTH EDITION PAGE.499(table.54.2)
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"influenza",
"virus"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
明白了，谢谢医生的详细解答。
|
对话历史:
问: 我想知道婴儿吃益生菌的其他作用和功效。
答: 婴儿吃益生菌除了上面提到的几个方面外，还有以下作用和功效：
1. 改善过敏症状：益生菌可以调节免疫系统，减少过敏原对婴儿的影响，缓解过敏症状。
2. 预防感冒：益生菌能够增强婴儿的免疫力，对抗病毒入侵，有助于预防感冒和呼吸道感染。
3. 促进大脑发育：益生菌对大脑的神经系统发育有积极作用，有助于提高婴儿的智力发展。
4. 防治湿疹：湿疹是婴儿常见的皮肤问题，益生菌可以改善皮肤的健康状况，减少湿疹的发生。
5. 改善情绪和睡眠：益生菌对婴儿的情绪和睡眠有一定的调节作用，可以帮助婴儿更好地入睡和保持良好的情绪状态。
问: 那么，婴儿吃益生菌有没有什么禁忌症呢？
答: 婴儿吃益生菌大多数情况下是安全的，但也需要注意一些禁忌症。益生菌不适宜用于具有严重免疫抑制功能或免疫系统缺陷的婴儿。同时，如果婴儿有益生菌过敏史，也应避免使用。此外，对于早产儿、免疫功能低下的婴儿以及正在用抗生素的婴儿，应在咨询医生的指导下使用益生菌。
问: 那么，多大的婴儿适合服用益生菌呢？
答: 一般来说，在出生后的头几天内，婴儿的肠道菌群会逐渐建立。在这期间，如果医生认为需要，可以给婴儿补充益生菌。一般适合的年龄范围是0到1岁的婴儿，不同的婴儿在不同的时间点可能有不同的需求，还是要咨询医生的意见。
问: 我看到市场上有很多种类的益生菌产品，该如何选择？
答: 选择益生菌产品时，可以考虑以下几个因素：
1. 菌种多样性：多品种的益生菌产品更有助于建立多样化的肠道菌群，提高肠道健康。
2. 菌种数量：菌种数量越多，益生菌的活性越高，效果可能更好。
3. 质量认证：可以选择经过相关机构质量认证的产品，确保质量可靠。
4. 适用年龄范围：不同产品可能适用于不同年龄段的婴儿，选择合适年龄段的产品更加安全有效。
|
不客气，如果还有其他问题，随时来问我哦。祝宝宝健康成长！
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_儿科
|
[
"抗生素",
"病毒",
"肠道菌群"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Management of less-than-severe mitral regurgitation: should guidelines recommend earlier surgical intervention?
|
It is well accepted that patients with severe mitral regurgitation (MR) benefit from mitral valve repair; however, the management of those with less than severe leakage is controversial. Watchful waiting is often advocated and considered safe, but the risk of developing left ventricular (LV) dysfunction under medical management is unknown. Using a population-based County-wide study database, we analyzed echocardiograms during clinical follow-up and medical management of 204 patients with mitral ...
|
Over half of patients with chronic persistent, but sub-severe MR due to mitral leaflet prolapse develop LV dysfunction or worsening regurgitation despite optimal medical management. LV deterioration can occur even in the absence of MR progression. These data advocate for the development of detailed guidelines supporting frequent echocardiographic monitoring and the identification of earlier triggers for surgical consideration prior to the development of LV dysfunction in this patient population.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Do professional mechanical plaque removal for prevention of periodontal diseases in adults -- systematic review update?
|
To update previous systematic review investigating effect of professional mechanical plaque removal (PMPR) on prevention of periodontal diseases. Search for randomized controlled trials: 2004 to April 2014. Screening and data abstraction conducted independently/in duplicate and narrative synthesis. From 1655 titles and abstracts, 24 full-text articles screened and three new studies were eligible. Low-to moderate strength of evidence suggests that in adults, PMPR, particularly if combined with or...
|
There are insufficient data to inform directly on the effect of PMPR on primary prevention of periodontitis. However, in relation to gingival health, new studies strengthen the evidence that there is little value in providing PMPR without OHI. In fact, repeated, thorough OHI can achieve a similar benefit to repeated PMPR.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does tritium contamination of hematopoietic stem cells alter long-term hematopoietic reconstitution?
|
In vivo effects of tritium contamination are poorly documented. Here, we study the effects of tritiated Thymidine ([(3)H] Thymidine) or tritiated water (HTO) contamination on the biological properties of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Mouse HSC were contaminated with concentrations of [(3)H] Thymidine ranging from 0.37-37.03 kBq/ml or of HTO ranging from 5-50 kBq/ml. The biological properties of contaminated HSC were studied in vitro after HTO contamination and in vitro and in vivo after [(3)H]...
|
These results indicate that contaminations of HSC with doses of tritium that do not result in cell death, induce short-term effects on proliferation and cell cycle and long-term effects on hematopoietic reconstitution capacity of contaminated HSC.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
谢谢医生的建议，我会注意的。
|
对话历史:
问: 我的嗓子里面有痰不断的咳嗽，咳不出来，这是怎么回事啊？
答: 您好！根据您的描述，这种症状可能是支气管炎引起的。支气管炎是一种常见的呼吸道疾病，会导致咳嗽、痰液堆积等不适。针对这个问题，我可以给您一些建议和治疗方法。
问: 请问有什么治疗方法吗？
答: 当然有，以下是一些常规的治疗方法：
1. 吸入治疗：吸入疗法是一种有效的治疗支气管炎的方法。吸入药物能够直接作用于炎症部位，起到快速缓解症状的作用。
2. 抗生素治疗：如果病情比较严重，可以口服或注射抗生素，以消灭引起炎症的细菌。
3. 祛痰治疗：采用祛痰药或草药，帮助清除呼吸道内的痰液，从而减轻症状。
4. 保持通风环境：保持室内空气清新，适当开窗通风，减少吸入有害气体或颗粒物质的机会。
5. 生活保健：生活起居规律，饮食健康，减少吸烟和喝酒等不良习惯，增强体质，有助于预防和治疗支气管炎。
问: 对了，我还能做些什么来缓解症状呢？
答: 除了上述治疗方法，您还可以尝试以下措施来缓解症状：
1. 平时多喝温水，保持体内水分充足，帮助稀化痰液，便于排出。
2. 适当增加饮食中的维生素C摄入，可增强免疫力，促进病情恢复。
3. 注意休息，避免过度疲劳，有助于提高身体免疫力。
问: 好的，我会注意的。还有什么需要特别注意的吗？
答: 在治疗期间，您需要注意以下几点：
1. 避免接触冷空气和刺激性气体，如烟雾、粉尘等，以免加重症状。
2. 注意个人卫生，勤洗手，保持室内清洁，以减少病菌传播。
3. 如果症状无缓解或加重，或者出现呼吸困难等严重症状，应及时就医。
|
不客气，希望您尽快康复。如果还有其他问题，请随时向我咨询。祝您身体健康！
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_其他
|
[
"抗生素",
"细菌"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
False about pioglitazone aEUR'
|
A. It PPARy agonist
B. >It metabolized in liver
C. >Not given in case of diastolic dysfunction
D. It acts on insulin gene and even in absence of insulin helps in metabolism of carbohydrate
|
正确答案: C. >Not given in case of diastolic dysfunction
解释: It acts on insulin gene and even in absence of insulin helps in metabolism of carbohydrate km * Pioglitazone belongs to Thiazolidinediones -Other drugs of this group are Troglitazone, Rosiglitazone It is an oral antihyperglycemic agent that acts primarily by decreasing insulin resistance. - Pioglitazone deceases insulin resistance in the muscles, adipose tissues and in the liver resulting in increased L insulin dependent glucose disposal and decreased hepatic glucose output. Mechanism of action Pioglitazone is a potent and higly selective agonist for peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR - PPAR receptors are, found in tissues impoant. for insulin action such as adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver. - PPAR is .found in highest level in adipose tissue. - Activation of PPAR7 nuclear receptors modulates the transcription of a number of insulin responsive genes involved in the control of glucose and lipid metabolism. -Pioglitazone appears to reduce insulin resistance by enhancing fatty acids storage and possibly by increasing adinopectin levels. - In animal models of diabetes pioglitazone reduces the hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and hyperiglyceridemia which are characteristic of insulin resistant states. Pioglitazone depends on the presence of insulin for its mechanism of action. - Since piogletazone acts by enhancing the effect of circulating insulin it does not lower blood glucose in persons that lack endogenous insulin, - Circulating insulin level decrease with the use of pioglitazone indicating decrease in insulin resistance. Thiazolidinediones are considered euglycemics. -The overall response is similar to sulfonylureas and biguanide monotherapy. - Because their mechanism of action involves gene regulation, the thiazolidinediones have a slow onset and offset of activity over weeks or even months. - Combination therapy with sulfonylurea or insulin may lead to hypoglycemia. Metabolism of Pioglitazone Pioglitazone is extensively metabolized in liver by hydroxylation and oxidation. aiims pgmee answers & explanations - May 2011 Multiple CYP isoforms are involved in the metabolism of pioglitazone. - The cytochromes p450 isoforms primarily invove are : -CYP2 C8 - CYP 3A4 (to a lesser degree) Liver function should be monitored in patients receiving thiazolidinediones even though pioglitazone and rosiglitazone rarely have been associated with hepatotoxicity. Originally three member of thiazolidinedione family were introduced - Pioglitazone - Rosiglitazone - Troglitazone (This was withdrawn from the market due to an increase incidence of drug induced hepatitis). The withdraw! of troglitazone has also led to concerns of other thiazolidinediones also increasing the incidence of hepatitis and potential liver failure. Because of this FDA, recommends two to three months checks of liver enzyme for the first year of thiazolidinedione therapy, to check for this rare but potentially catastrophic complication. - Till date newer thiazolidinediones have been free of this problem. Thiazolidinediones should not be used in patients with NewYork Hea association class III or IV failure. The main side effect of all thiazolidinediones is water retention leading to edema.Sometimes there is significant water retention leading to decompensation of potentially previously unrecognized hea failure. herefore thiazolidinediones should be prescribed with both caution and patient warnings about the potential ,for water retention/weight gain especially in patients with decreased ventricular function.
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre",
"resistance",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Results of retrospective classification of thyroid FNAs according to the Bethesda system: would this have improved accuracy?
|
To retrospectively reclassify the results of fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology at our institution according to the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology (TBSRTC), and to determine whether the introduction of the new classification system would have influenced the diagnostic accuracy compared with our existing system in which suspicious/indeterminate categories (categories III-IV) are managed according to clinical findings and cytopathologists' recommendations. FNAs performed un...
|
At our institution, the application of the TBSRTC did not improve the diagnostic accuracy for the detection of malignancy compared with current practice. In selected cases with cytological results falling into category III (according to clinical data and cytopathologists' opinions), direct lobectomy seems to be justified.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is rNA transcript expression of IGF-I/PI3K pathway components in regenerating skeletal muscle sensitive to initial injury intensity?
|
Skeletal muscle regeneration is a complex process involving the coordinated input from multiple stimuli. Of these processes, actions of the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways are vital; however, whether IGF-I or PI3K expression is modified during regeneration relative to initial damage intensity is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine whether mRNA expression of IGF-I/PI3K pathway components was differentially regulated during muscl...
|
During early skeletal muscle regeneration in mice, transcript expressions for some components of the IGF-I/PI3K pathway are sensitive to initial injury intensity induced by freeze damage.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"PCR",
"cre",
"pcr"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Can postoperative nausea and vomiting be predicted?
|
Iletrospective studies fail to identify predictors of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). The authors prospectively studied 17,638 consecutive outpatients who had surgery to identify predictors. Data on medical conditions, anesthesia, surgery, and PONV were collected in the post-anesthesia care unit, in the ambulatory surgical unit, and in telephone interviews conducted 24 h after surgery. Multiple logistic regression with backward stepwise elimination was used to develop a predictive mode...
|
A validated mathematical model is provided to calculate the risk of PONV in outpatients having surgery. Knowing the factors that predict PONV will help anesthesiologists determine which patients will need antiemetic therapy.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does double-blind clinical study reveal synergistic action between alpha-hydroxy acid and betamethasone lotions towards topical treatment of scalp psoriasis?
|
A double-blind, single-site, split-face clinical study was organized and carried out in order to evaluate the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of a glycolic acid containing scalp lotion in conjunction with a betamethasone (as the 17-valerate) scalp application against conditions of psoriasis. Alpha-hydroxy acids (AHA) have been proposed as therapeutic modalities against skin exfoliative conditions such as ichthyosis, xeroderma, and psoriasis. AHAs are hereby clinically investigated as therapeu...
|
The present clinical study demonstrates for the first time that the effective and well tolerated therapeutic efficacy of glycolic acid scalp lotions is enhanced when used in conjunction with a 0.1% betamethasone scalp application against scalp psoriasis. This potential offers the practising dermatologist with novel treatment modes against severe skin conditions by combining topical corticosteroid with exfoliative agent therapy.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
明白了，谢谢医生解答。
|
对话历史:
问: 我想咨询一下，疟疾能通过血液检测出来吗？
答: 疟疾一般属于虫咬疾病，需要通过血液检测来确诊。普通验血无法检测出疟疾。
问: 那普通验血能检查出哪些常见疾病呢？
答: 普通验血主要是检查血常规、肝肾功能等。通过这些检查可以明确患者是否存在贫血、肝肾功能异常等情况。
问: 那如果我怀疑自己得了疟疾，应该怎么办呢？
答: 如果你怀疑自己感染了疟疾，我们可以采集你的血液进行血涂片检查，这是目前确诊疟疾的最常用方法之一。在血涂片检查中，如果找到了疟原虫，就可以确诊疟疾。另外，可以通过核酸检测的方法，从你的血液中检测疟原虫的特异性基因，这也是一种可行的检测方法。
问: 要是血涂片检查和核酸检测都没有找到疟原虫怎么办？
答: 如果血涂片检查和核酸检测都未能找到疟原虫，但你仍然怀疑自己感染了疟疾，建议你要继续观察自己的症状，并在发热期间再次就医。有时候，疟原虫可能不易检测出来，这时需要结合病史、临床表现等综合判断。
问: 血涂片检查和核酸检测怎么操作呢？
答: 进行血涂片检查时，我们会在你的手指上划一小道，采集血样，然后将血样涂抹在载玻片上，通过显微镜观察是否发现疟原虫。至于核酸检测，在专门的实验室条件下，会提取你的血液样本，使用特定的试剂盒检测疟原虫的特异性基因。
|
不客气，有任何其他问题随时向我咨询。祝您健康！
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_传染科
|
[
"涂片",
"感染"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does inhibition of amyloid precursor protein processing lead to downregulation of apoptotic genes in Alzheimer 's disease animal models?
|
We previously reported the development of site-directed monoclonal antibodies able to inhibit the initiation of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing site, named 'blocking β site 1' (BBS1). The beneficial effect of intracerebroventricular administration of these antibodies in the triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) showed improvement in cognitive functions and reduction in tau and amyloid pathology. Amyloid-β may not be the only active component of AD neurotoxicity...
|
A therapy that is capable of reducing not only the direct hallmarks of AD but also the components that lead to neuronal apoptosis might have neuroprotective potential in AD treatment.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
荧光显微镜的工作原理是什么？
|
荧光显微镜利用荧光色素（荧光染料）或自然荧光物质在吸收短波长光（如紫外线或蓝光）后被激发，并以较长波长的可见光形式发射荧光的特性。光源（如汞、卤素或氙灯）发出的短波长光经过一系列光学组件：首先通过热过滤器和红外阻碍过滤器以减少热量和不需要的红外辐射；然后通过激发过滤器（刺激过滤器），选择特定波长的光用于激发样品中的荧光团；该激发光经二色镜反射或透射后，通过物镜照射到标本上。当标本中的荧光分子受激发后发射出波长更长的荧光，此发射光逆向通过物镜和二色镜（因其波长不同而能透过），再经过屏蔽过滤器（又称发射过滤器），后者阻挡残余的激发光，仅允许发射光通过，最终到达目镜形成高对比度的荧光图像。
|
medllm-dataset-md-ocr/临床微生物学手册_下/临床微生物学手册_下.md
|
机制原理
| null |
llm_textbook
| null | null | null | null | null |
|
Does low-dose aspirin decrease blood alcohol concentrations by delaying gastric emptying?
|
To determine if treatment with low-dose aspirin (ASA) influences the bioavailability of orally administered alcohol and to assess whether this is caused by altered gastric emptying as measured by the paracetamol absorption test. In a single-center controlled crossover trial, ten healthy male medical students, aged 20-27 years, participated in two experiments in random order. Both times they took paracetamol (1.5 g together with a standardized breakfast) and drank ethanol (0.3 g/kg) 1 h after eat...
|
Intake of low-dose ASA (75 mg daily) tends to delay the absorption of a moderate dose of ethanol, which results in lower peak blood-ethanol concentrations and smaller areas under the concentration-time curves. The underlying mechanism seems to be delayed gastric emptying as indicated by the paracetamol absorption test.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity a decisive feature for the metastatic outgrowth of disseminated WAP-T mouse mammary carcinoma cells?
|
Experimental analysis of the metastatic cascade requires suitable model systems which allow tracing of disseminated tumor cells and the identification of factors leading to metastatic outgrowth in distant organs. Such models, especially models using immune-competent mice, are rather scarce. We here analyze tumor cell dissemination and metastasis in an immune-competent transplantable mouse mammary tumor model, based on the SV40 transgenic WAP-T mouse mammary carcinoma model. We orthotopically tra...
|
We demonstrate the utility of our mouse model to analyze factors influencing tumor cell dissemination and metastasis. We suggest that the different metastatic capacity of G-2 and H8N8 cells is due to their different degrees of epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP), and thus the ability of the respective disseminated cells to revert from a "mesenchymal" to an "epithelial" differentiation state.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"PCR",
"uti",
"pcr"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Do breast cancer cells stimulate osteoprotegerin ( OPG ) production by endothelial cells through direct cell contact?
|
Angiogenesis, the sprouting of capillaries from existing blood vessels, is central to tumour growth and progression, however the molecular regulation of this process remains to be fully elucidated. The secreted glycoprotein osteoprotegerin (OPG) is one potential pro-angiogenic factor, and clinical studies have demonstrated endothelial cells within a number of tumour types to express high levels of OPG compared to those in normal tissue. Additionally, OPG can increase endothelial cell survival, p...
|
These findings suggest that the VEGF signalling pathway is not involved in mediating the pro-angiogenic effects of OPG on endothelial cells in vitro. Additionally, we show that breast cancer cells cause increased levels of OPG expression by endothelial cells, and that direct contact between endothelial cells and tumour cells is required in order to increase endothelial OPG expression and secretion. Stimulation of OPG secretion was shown to involve alphanubeta3 ligation and NFkappaB activation.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti",
"culture"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Which of the following does not present with hemoptysis: September 2010
|
A. Mitral stenosis
B. Pulmonary embolism
C. Empyema
D. Bronchiectasis
|
正确答案: B. Pulmonary embolism
解释: Ans. C: Empyema The origin of blood can be known by observing its color. Bright red, foamy blood comes from the respiratory tract while dark red, coffee-colored blood comes from the gastrointestinal tract. Sometimes hemoptysis may be rust colored. Causes of hemoptysis includes: Lung cancer, including both non-small cell lung carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma. Sarcoidosis Aspergilloma Tuberculosis Histoplasmosis Pneumonia Foreign body aspiration and Aspiration pneumonia Goodpasture's syndrome Wegener's granulomatosis Bronchitis Bronchiectasis Pulmonary embolism Anticoagulant use Trauma Lung abscess Mitral stenosis Tropical eosinophilia
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"pneumonia",
"abscess",
"Pneumonia"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
A 21 year old female presents with oligomenorrhea. On examination she has excess facial hair growth, and lab investigation showed an increase in free serum testosterone levels. USG abdomen done shows normal ovaries. What is the most probable diagnosis?
|
A. Idiopathic hirsutism
B. PCOD
C. Adrenal hyperplasia
D. Testosterone secreting tumor
|
正确答案: B. PCOD
解释: All the 4 options given above can cause hirsutism in this age group. Since the USG abdomen shows normal ovaries, PCOD and testosterone secreting tumours are ruled out. In idiopathic hirsutism, there is only a mild increase in facial hair and will have normal menstrual cycles. In this condition, levels of free serum testosterone levels are elevated but have normal total serum testosterone levels. So, this patient is most likely suffering from late onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Late onset congenital adrenal hyperplasia: It is a heterogenous group of mild disorder of coisol biosynthesis and is an impoant cause of adult onset hirsuitism. It is mostly caused by deficiency of 21 alpha hydroxylase which leads to increased production of 17 hydroxyprogesterone and androstenedione with resultant hyperandrogenicity. These patients are not coisol deficient due to increased ACTH secretion.
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
5-溴脱氧尿核苷在HSV分型中的药理学基础是什么？
|
5-溴脱氧尿核苷是一种抗病毒核苷类似物，可被HSV-1编码的胸苷激酶高效磷酸化，进而掺入病毒DNA链中，阻断其复制过程，从而抑制HSV-1的增殖。而HSV-2编码的胸苷激酶对该药物的亲和力较低，无法有效激活该前药，因此HSV-2对其不敏感。这一药理学差异为HSV-1与HSV-2的功能性分型提供了实验依据，常用于体外培养中的病毒鉴别。
|
medllm-dataset-md-ocr/临床微生物学手册_下/临床微生物学手册_下.md
|
机制原理
| null |
llm_textbook
| null | null | null | null | null |
|
Is actin-related protein 2/3 complex required for actin ring formation?
|
Actin rings are vital for osteoclastic bone resorption, and actin-related protein 2/3 complex is a pivotal regulator of actin polymerization. Actin-related protein 2/3 complex was found in the podosomes of actin rings. A short interfering RNA knocked down expression of actin-related protein 2 in osteoclasts and disrupted actin rings, suggesting that the complex is crucial to actin ring formation. To resorb bone, osteoclasts form an extracellular acidic compartment segregated by a sealing zone. T...
|
These data show that Arp2/3 complex is a component of actin rings and that the presence of Arp2/3 complex is vital to the formation of actin rings. In addition, the results show the use of siRNAs for the study of RAW 264.7 osteoclast-like cells.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Cysteine, sulfite, and glutamate toxicity: a cause of ALS?
|
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) of nonmutant superoxide dismutase (SOD) type may be caused by toxicity of the reduced glutathione (GSH) precursors glutamate and cysteine, and sulfite (a metabolite of cysteine), which accumulate when one or more of the enzymes needed for GSH synthesis are defective. A case is examined where the patient exhibited elevated sulfur on a hair mineral analysis, elevated blood cysteine, positive urine sulfite, elevated urine glutamate, and low whole blood GSH. Durin...
|
Since elevated plasma cysteine has been reported in other ALS patients, sulfite and cysteine toxicity may be involved in other cases of ALS. Patients with ALS with nonmutant-SOD should be tested for sulfite toxicity, cysteine, glutamate and GSH levels, and whether they have low levels of GSH metabolism enzymes. Since glutamate metabolism appears to be inhibited by sulfite, research on the effect of sulfite on glutamate levels in patients with ALS should be pursued. Life might be prolonged in those patients with ALS with sulfite toxicity by closely monitoring the blood cysteine and urine sulfite levels and minimizing their dietary intake, as well as increasing GSH by using sublingual GSH. A long-term solution might be found through research to determine methods to increase GSH synthesis without using sulfur-containing supplements that may add to the cysteine and sulfite toxicity.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
非常感谢您的建议，我会帮助爷爷做好相关的预防措施。如果以后还有其他问题，我还可以向您咨询吗？
|
对话历史:
问: 你好，我是一个26岁的女性，最近发现我爷爷的视力下降，他看东西都变得迷糊不清。经过检查，发现他出现了玻璃体浑浊，我想请问这是什么原因呢？
答: 你好，玻璃体浑浊是眼部问题中常见的症状之一。它通常是由多种因素引起的，其中包括年龄因素、眼部炎症、眼部创伤、白内障等。由于您爷爷的年龄偏大，年龄因素可能是导致他眼部问题的主要原因之一。
问: 好的，那这个玻璃体浑浊会给他的视力带来什么影响吗？
答: 玻璃体浑浊可能导致视力模糊、暗影出现、眼睛看到的东西变得模糊不清等症状。这是因为玻璃体属于眼球内的透明物质，它的浑浊会阻碍光线正常通过，从而影响视力质量。
问: 那么有没有什么治疗方法可以改善玻璃体浑浊呢？
答: 针对玻璃体浑浊，如果症状较轻，医生一般会观察患者的情况，并给予一些眼药水或口服药物来减轻炎症和不适感。但若症状严重且影响生活质量，可能需要采取手术治疗，如玻璃体切除手术或玻璃体替换手术等。具体的治疗方法需要根据医生的评估和建议来确定。
问: 我明白了，感谢您的详细解答！除了保持定期复查外，有没有其他一些预防措施可以帮助减少玻璃体浑浊的发生呢？
答: 对于预防玻璃体浑浊，有一些注意事项是需要注意的。首先，保持眼部卫生是非常重要的，经常洗手，避免眼部接触感染源。其次，合理饮食对眼部健康也有一定影响，多摄入富含维生素和抗氧化物质的食物，如水果、蔬菜等。此外，避免长时间盯着电子屏幕，定期进行眼部休息和眼保健操也是很有帮助的。
|
当然可以，我作为仲景智能医学助手，随时欢迎您咨询任何医学问题。祝您和您的爷爷身体健康！如果有需要，请随时给我留言。
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_五官科
|
[
"感染"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Do statins and fenofibrate affect skeletal muscle chloride conductance in rats by differently impairing ClC-1 channel regulation and expression?
|
Statins and fibrates can produce mild to life-threatening skeletal muscle damage. Resting chloride channel conductance (gCl), carried by the ClC-1 channel, is reduced in muscles of rats chronically treated with fluvastatin, atorvastatin or fenofibrate, along with increased resting cytosolic calcium in statin-treated rats. A high gCl, controlled by the Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase C (PKC), maintains sarcolemma electrical stability and its reduction alters muscle function. Here, we investigated...
|
Our data suggest multiple mechanisms underlie the effect of statins and fenofibrate on ClC-1 channel conductance. While statins promote Ca(2+)-mediated PKC activation, fenofibrate directly inhibits ClC-1 channels and both fluvastatin and fenofibrate impair expression of mRNA for ClC-1.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase improve renal recovery after relief of unilateral ureteral obstruction?
|
The antifibrotic effects of soluble guanylate cyclase stimulation and cyclic guanosine monophosphate production have been observed in cases of anti-thy1-induced renal disease. We analyzed the action of the specific soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator BAY 41-8543 on the renal recovery phase in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction after obstruction was relieved. Sprague-Dawley® rats underwent reversible unilateral ureteral obstruction for 5 days, after which obstruction was relieved. Rats we...
|
Soluble guanylate cyclase stimulation by BAY 41-8543 increases cyclic guanosine monophosphate production and subsequently enhances renal recovery after unilateral ureteral obstruction relief through an array of pathways. This finding suggests that soluble guanylate cyclase stimulation may serve as a novel treatment approach to restore or preserve renal structure and function in cases of obstructive kidney disease.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Time taken for digitalization is:
|
A. 36 hours
B. 12 hours
C. 5 days
D. 10 days
|
正确答案: B. 12 hours
解释: Ref:KDT 6/e p497 Digitization is the process of conveing information into a digital format. In this format, information is organized into discrete units of data (called bits) that can be separately addressed (usually in multiple-bit groups called bytes).
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
下颌骨坏死继发感染时的临床处理原则有哪些？
|
下颌骨坏死继发感染的治疗原则包括：进行小范围清创以去除坏死组织，避免广泛手术以免加重骨暴露；使用盐酸氯己定进行局部冲洗以控制菌斑和减少微生物负荷；应用抗生素如哌拉西林等广谱抗生素控制感染，特别是针对革兰阴性杆菌和厌氧菌；同时需长期应用抗生素并结合细菌培养结果调整治疗方案，改善口腔卫生，必要时多学科协作管理。
|
medllm-dataset-md-ocr/热病桑福德抗微生物治疗指南/热病桑福德抗微生物治疗指南.md
|
临床应用
| null |
llm_textbook
| null | null | null | null | null |
|
IRS1, KCNJ11, PPARgamma2 and HNF-1alpha: do amino acid polymorphisms in these candidate genes support a shared aetiology between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
|
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic disorder primarily triggered by environmental and immunological factors in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite the fact that there are indications of common aetiological features of T1DM and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), variation in genes involved in insulin secretion and insulin signalling has to a large extent been ignored as potential modifiers in the pathogenesis of T1DM. Recent studies suggest, however, that proven T2DM susceptibility gene va...
|
The Pro12Ala variant of PPARgamma2 is associated with T1DM, the minor Ala allele conferring a reduced risk. This same finding has been reported in patients with T2DM.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"susceptibility",
"candida"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Management of suspected infectious diarrhoea by English GPs: are they right?
|
The criteria used when GPs submit stool specimens for microbiological investigation are unknown.AIM: To determine what criteria GPs use to send stool specimens, and if they are consistent with national guidance, and whether GPs would prescribe an antibiotic before they receive a result. Questionnaire survey of 974 GPs in 172 surgeries in England. GPs were sent a questionnaire (23 questions) based on national guidance. Questionnaires were returned by 90% (154/172) of surgeries and 49% (477/968) o...
|
GPs need more education to address gaps in knowledge about the risks and diagnosis of different infections in suspected infectious diarrhoea, especially Clostridium difficile post-antibiotics, E. coli O157, and requesting OCPs. Advice on reports, tick boxes, or links to guidance on electronic request forms may facilitate this.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"parasite",
"infection",
"escherichia coli"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Highly unstable complex C3-type distal femur fracture: can double plating via a modified Olerud extensile approach be a standby solution?
|
Multiplanar complex C3-type unstable distal femoral fractures present many challenges in terms of approach and fixation. This prospective study investigates a possible solution to these problems through double plating with autogenous bone grafting via a modified Olerud extensile approach. Twelve patients with closed C3-type injuries were included; eight of them were male, and their mean age was 33.5 years (range 22-44 years). Mechanism of injury was road traffic accident (RTA) in nine patients a...
|
Use of this modified highly invasive approach facilitated anatomical reconstruction of C3-type complex distal femoral fractures with lower expected complication rate and acceptable clinical outcome, especially offering good reconstruction of the suprapatellar pouch area. It can be considered as a standby solution for managing these difficult injuries.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"infection",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
巴尔通氏体属在体外对抗生素的敏感性模式如何，但为何不能完全依赖体外结果指导临床治疗？
|
在体外，巴尔通氏体属（如汉氏巴尔通氏体和五日热巴尔通氏体）对多种抗生素敏感，包括β-内酰胺类、四环素类、大环内酯类、氨基糖苷类、氯霉素、利福平、甲氧苄啶和氯喹啉等，但对萘啶酮酸耐药。然而，体外敏感性并不能可靠预测体内治疗反应。例如，尽管β-内酰胺类在试管中显示敏感，但在临床治疗中效果甚微；而利福平、四环素和大环内酯类虽在体外表现不一，却在临床上显示出良好的疗效。这提示药物在宿主内的药代动力学、组织穿透能力及免疫调节作用等因素可能影响实际疗效。
|
medllm-dataset-md-ocr/临床微生物学手册_上/临床微生物学手册_上.md
|
机制原理
| null |
llm_textbook
| null | null | null | null | null |
|
Do neurologic changes during carotid endarterectomy under cervical block predict a high risk of postoperative stroke?
|
This study was undertaken to confirm a previous report that patients having neurologic changes with carotid artery clamping were at greater risk of developing permanent postoperative neurologic complications after carotid endarterectomy. Superficial and deep cervical plexus blocks were performed in 389 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. The patients were premedicated and sedated to a level that allowed awake neurologic assessment. Intraoperative neurologic changes were recorded and all ...
|
This study confirms that patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy under cervical plexus block who have intraoperative neurologic changes have a sixfold increase in the chance of developing a postoperative stroke. This high-risk group may benefit from antithrombotic therapies to improve their outcome.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does cysteamine broadly improve the anti-plasmodial activity of artemisinins against murine blood stage and cerebral malaria?
|
The potential emergence and spread of resistance to artemisinins in the Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite constitutes a major global health threat. Hence, improving the efficacy of artemisinins and of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) represents a major short-term goal in the global fight against malaria. Mice defective in the enzyme pantetheinase (Vnn3) show increased susceptibility to blood-stage malaria (increased parasitaemia, reduced survival), and supplementation of Vnn3 mut...
|
These findings indicate that inclusion of Cys in current formulations of ACT, or its use as adjunct therapy could improve the anti-plasmodial activity of artemisinin, decrease mortality in cerebral malaria patients, and prevent or delay the development and spread of artemisinin resistance.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"parasite",
"cre",
"infection"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
根据该样本的菌群多样性指标，可以得出怎样的结论？是否存在微生物群落失调？
|
样本ID: JXEY04C027
|
菌群多样性分析：
**多样性指标解读：**
- Shannon指数：4.631
多样性非常高，菌群结构均匀
- Simpson指数：0.975
均匀度高，物种分布较为均衡
- 物种丰富度：1008种
**菌群平衡状态评估：**
菌群平衡状态良好，微生态环境健康。
**可能原因分析：**
- 急性感染状态
| null | null | null |
csv_analysis
|
JXEY04C027
|
interpretation
|
intermediate
|
[] |
该样本的菌群多样性指标表明什么？是否存在菌群失调？
|
Do location and duration of treatment of cystic fibrosis respiratory exacerbations affect outcomes?
|
Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) are subject to recurrent respiratory infections (exacerbations) that often require intravenous antibiotic treatment and may result in permanent loss of lung function. The optimal means of delivering therapy remains unclear. To determine whether duration or venue of intravenous antibiotic administration affect lung function. Data were retrospectively collected on 1,535 subjects recruited by the US CF Twin and Sibling Study from US CF care centers between 2000...
|
Intravenous antibiotic therapy for CF respiratory exacerbations administered in the hospital and in the home was found to be equivalent in terms of long-term FEV₁ change and interval between courses of antibiotics. Optimal duration of therapy (7-10 d) may be shorter than current practice. Large prospective studies are needed to answer these essential questions for CF respiratory management.
结论: no
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"infection",
"respiratory infection",
"antibiotic"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
The relaxation effects of ginseng saponin in rabbit corporal smooth muscle: is it a nitric oxide donor?
|
To determine whether crude extracts of ginseng saponin (GCS), containing the active ingredients from Panax ginseng and used as an aphrodisiac in oriental countries, relax corpus cavernosal smooth muscle in the rabbit. Corpus cavernosal strips were prepared from rabbit penises. Isometric tension changes, recorded with a pressure transducer, in response to various drugs and electrical stimulation were assessed in an organ chamber, after active muscle tone had been induced by 10 micromol/L phenylep...
|
These data suggest that GCS, as a nitric oxide donor, induces the relaxation of SMRCC through the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway. For the clinical application of ginseng saponin, further studies are required to clarify the active subfraction(s) of GCS.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Mangafodipir trisodium-enhanced MRI for the detection and characterization of focal hepatic lesions: is delayed imaging useful?
|
To investigate the usefulness of early and delayed hepatic MRI after mangafodipir trisodium (Mn-DPDP) administration for the detection and characterization of focal hepatic lesions. Forty-five patients (31 males and 14 females, mean age = 61 years) with a total of 113 hepatic lesions (mean size = 3.5 cm) were included in this study (15 with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, N = 35), 20 with hepatic metastasis (N = 63), five with hemangioma (N = 10), three with cholangiocarcinoma (CC, N = 3), and tw...
|
Postcontrast delayed MR images after Mn-DPDP administration were helpful in distinguishing hepatocellular from nonhepatocellular lesions, but were not useful for lesion detection and had limited utility for lesion characterization, since benign and malignant hepatic lesions looked the same.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti",
"abscess"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
A 32-year-old man comes into your office because of pain in his right knee, left elbow, and left wrist. It started about a week ago but has particularly localized to his wrist. The patient states that he has 2 sexual partners. He states he has also had some white discharge from his penis with pruritis and pain during urination. His temperature is 97.6°F (36.4°C), blood pressure is 124/84 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, respirations are 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam reveals pain upon palpation of the patient's left wrist which also appears erythematous and swollen. What is the best next step in management for this patient?
|
A. Arthrocentesis
B. Azithromycin, ceftriaxone, and vancomycin
C. Methotrexate
D. MRI
|
正确答案: A. Arthrocentesis
|
medqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"vancomycin"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is hIV-1 DNA for the measurement of the HIV reservoir predictive of disease progression in seroconverters whatever the mode of result expression is?
|
HIV-1 DNA levels, reported as copies/10(6) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), are very predictive of disease progression in seroconverters, independently of CD4(+)T cell count and HIV-RNA. Previously, HIV-DNA levels have sometimes been reported by other means: copies/10(6) CD4(+)T cells, reflecting the proportion of infected cells; or copies/mL whole blood, reflecting the global blood reservoir size. We investigated if the predictive value over the natural course of the disease depends o...
|
This reinforces the value of HIV-DNA quantification in physiopathological and therapeutical studies, particularly in an era of research aimed at diminishing the HIV reservoir. Even if blood represents a small part of this reservoir, HIV-DNA in blood is a simple marker that provides an informative picture of the global reservoir and is strongly predictive of disease progression.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"HIV",
"uti",
"hiv"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Is airway nitric oxide output reduced in bronchiectasis?
|
Increased concentrations of exhaled nitric oxide (NO) have been detected in inflammatory lung diseases including asthma and have been attributed to increased expression and activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) within the airways. However, previous studies of exhaled NO in patients with bronchiectasis have yielded conflicting results, with reports of both increased and normal NO values. Recent evidence from animal models suggests that chronic airway infection reduces NO production w...
|
These findings demonstrate that, in patients with bronchiectasis, airway NO output is reduced and that iNOS does not contribute significantly to airway NO production.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"infection",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery is a branch of
|
A. Splenic artery
B. Gastroduodenal artery
C. Right gastric artery
D. Superior mesenteric artery
|
正确答案: A. Splenic artery
解释: (Gastroduodenal artery) (263-BDC-2 4th) (261-Snell 7th)* Superior pancreatico duodenal artery is a branch of Gastroduodenal artery* Inferior pancreatico duodenal artery is a branch of superior mesenteric arteryHEPATIC ARTERY - branchesSUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY branches* Right gastric artery* Gastroduodenal artery-*Right gastroepiploic-*Superior pancreatico duodenal* Right and left hepatic arteries (Right hepatic artery gives off cystic artery)* *Left gastroepiploic artery is branch of splenic artery* *Inferior pancreatico duodenal artery* Middle colic artery* Iliocolic artery (Appendicular artery is a branch of the posterior cecal artery)* Jejunal and Ileal branches
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
A 14-year-old boy with difficulty in walking and behavioural disturbance, recovered from prolonged jaundice recently, has bluish pigmentation over lunula. The next investigation to be done:
|
A. Nail fold capillaroscopy
B. Slit lamp examination
C. Biopsy of the pigmented area
D. Ankle-Brachial Pressure Index
|
正确答案: A. Nail fold capillaroscopy
解释: Ans: (b) Slit lamp examinationRef: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19th edition, Page 2519; Nail Abnormalities: Clues to Systemic Disease Am Fam Physician 2004;69: 1417-24WILSON'S DISEASEAutosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in ATP7B gene, a membrane bound copper transporting ATPase on chromosome 13Primarily involves liver, brain, kidney and corneaAlso known as hepatolenticular degenerationClinical FeaturesHepatic: Commonly manifest in children of 5 to 6 years of age hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatic decompensation, associated with hemolytic anemia, hemolysis and liver disease suspect Wilson's diseaseNeurologic: Occurs in early twenties; Dystonia mainly of face, incoordination, tremor, autonomic disturbances, abnormal eye movements, no sensory abnormalities and muscular weaknessPsychiatric: Loss of emotional attachment, depression, hyperactivity, schizophreniaOcular: Sunflower cataracts, Kayser-Fleischer ring in the descemet's membraneRenal: Microscopic hematuria, proximal tubular defects like Fanconi's syndromeInvestigations:Serum ceruloplasmin - lowSerum copper level - total decreased free copper increase24 hours urine cu excretion - >1.6 micromolKF rings (slit lamp exam) - 99% in neurological and psychiatric symptoms 30-50% in hepatic presentationLiver biopsy - >250mg/g of dry tissue gold standard for diagnosisMRI brain - shows damage in basal gangliaNail Findings and Associated Systemic ConditionsNail findingAssociated systemic conditionsShape or growth change ClubbingInflammatory bowel disease, pulmonary malignancy, asbestosis, chronic bronchitis, COPD, cirrhosis, congenital heart disease, endocarditis, atrioventricular malformations, fistulasKoilonychiaIron deficiency anemia, hemochromatosis, Raynaud's disease, SLE, trauma, nail-patella syndromeOnycholysisPsoriasis, infection, hyperthyroidism, sarcoidosis, trauma, amyloidosis, connective tissue disordersPittingPsoriasis, Reiter's syndrome, incontinentia pigmenti, alopecia areataBeau's linesAny severe systemic illness that disrupts nail growth, Raynaud's disease, pemphigus, traumaYellow nailLymphedema, pleural effusion, immunodeficiency, bronchiectasis, sinusitis, rheumatoid arthritis, nephrotic syndrome, thyroiditis, tuberculosis, Raynaud's diseaseColor change Terry's (white) nailsHepatic failure, cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus, CHF, hyperthyroidism, malnutritionAzure lunulaHepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease), silver poisoning, quinacrine therapyHalf-and-half nailsSpecific for renal failureMuehrcke's linesSpecific for hypoalbuminemiaMees' linesArsenic poisoning, Hodgkin's disease, CHF, leprosy, malaria, chemotherapy, carbon monoxide poisoning, other systemic insultsDark longitudinal streaksMelanoma, benign nevus, chemical staining, normal variant in darkly pigmented peopleLongitudinal striationsAlopecia areata, vitiligo, atopic dermatitis, psoriasisSplinter hemorrhageSubacute bacterial endocarditis, SLE, RA, antiphospholipid syndrome, malignancies, oral contraceptive use, pregnancy, psoriasis, traumaTelangiectasiaRheumatoid arthritis, SLE, dermatomyositis, scleroderma
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre",
"bacteria",
"infection"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does aCGH on chorionic villi mirror the complexity of fetoplacental mosaicism in prenatal diagnosis?
|
To describe the diagnostic performance of array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) in the presence of mosaicism in the fetoplacental unit using direct chorionic villi. In an ongoing study on the diagnostic performance of aCGH in 80 high-risk pregnancies, we studied three cases of placental mosaicism by carrying out aCGH on DNA of direct chorionic villi and chorionic villi cultures. Case 1: A three- to fourfold dosage gain of the region 18p in aCGH on direct villi was due to two additional ...
|
Although interpretation of aCGH results may be straightforward in the majority of cases, placental mosaicism may cause misinterpretations of rapid aCGH results on direct chorionic villi due to discrepant chromosomal constitutions of cytotrophoblast and mesenchymal villus core. Further investigations including cultures, fluorescence in situ hybridization and possible amniocentesis will still be required for interpretation of results.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti",
"culture"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Are increased somatic sensations associated with reduced limb ownership?
|
Medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) are increasingly being thought of as resulting from dysfunctional modulation of interoceptive sensory signals by top-down cognitive processes. The current study investigated whether individuals with a tendency toward MUS would be more susceptible to visual illusions that suggest tactile sensation on the skin in the absence of any actual somatosensory input. Participants viewed real-time-mediated reality video images of their own hand, either un-manipulated or...
|
These findings support the proposed link between MUS and disturbances in body representation, and suggest that an over-reliance on top-down knowledge may interfere with current sensory inputs, contributing to symptom formation and maintenance in susceptible individuals.
结论: yes
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre",
"uti"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
明白了，非常感谢医生的建议和耐心解答。
|
对话历史:
问: 我最近左膝关节疼痛很严重，听说关节置换手术可以缓解疼痛，但我担心手术会有什么并发症？
答: 关节置换手术是一种常用的治疗重度关节退行性变的方法，确实可以缓解疼痛。但是，手术过程中也存在一些并发症的风险。我可以为您详细介绍一下关节置换的常见并发症，您有其他的疑问吗？
问: 是的，请告诉我关节置换手术的常见并发症有哪些？
答: 关节置换手术的常见并发症主要包括以下几种：
1. 血栓栓塞：深静脉血栓是关节置换手术中最严重的并发症之一。如果在手术后未采取任何形式的预防措施，深静脉血栓的发病率可达50%以上，而肺栓塞的危险性要比深静脉血栓更高。
2. 关节感染：关节置换术后，如果您出现持续性疼痛或疼痛缓解后又急性发作，就应该考虑有关节感染的可能性。关节感染可以通过手术切口或关节周围的组织传播，需要及时进行抗生素治疗来抗炎。
3. 血管神经损伤：在关节置换手术过程中，手术医生可能会对血管神经造成牵拉性损伤。这种损伤可能会导致麻木、刺痛或血管痉挛等症状，一定要定期复查。
问: 如果我出现了这些并发症怎么办？
答: 如果您在手术后出现了上述并发症，建议及时就诊，请不要擅自处理。如果出现血栓栓塞的症状，如呼吸困难、胸痛等，请立即就医，因为肺栓塞是一种危及生命的情况。而关节感染需要通过抗生素治疗来控制感染的扩散。对于血管神经损伤，您可以定期复查，并向医生咨询如何缓解相关不适。
问: 谢谢医生的详细解答，我对关节置换手术的并发症有了更清楚的了解。还有一点，手术后的康复期要注意哪些呢？
答: 关节置换手术后的康复期非常重要。您需要根据医生的建议进行康复训练，包括物理治疗和康复运动。同时，遵守医生的要求，并定期复查。在康复期间，您应该避免剧烈运动和重负荷的活动，以免对关节产生过大的压力。同时，保持良好的饮食和合理的休息也是康复的关键。
|
不客气，希望我的回答对您有所帮助。如果还有其他问题，请随时向我咨询。祝您早日康复！
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_外科
|
[
"抗生素",
"感染"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Which of the following is culture media for Neisseria gonorrhea?
|
A. Blood agar
B. Bile Esculin agar
C. Mannitol salt agar
D. Modified New York city agar medium
|
正确答案: C. Mannitol salt agar
解释: Culture media for Neisseria gonorrhea - 1. Chocolate agar and Mueller-Hinton agar 2. Thayer: Main media 3. Modified New York city medium 4. Main: Lewis Media Bile Esculin (agar) hydrolysis test - Positive = Blackening of the medium Enterococcus Group D Streptococci Mannitol salt agar - Selective media for S. aureus Yellow colonies due to mannitol fermentation Blood agar - Prepared by adding 5-10% of sheep blood to the molten nutrient agar at 45degC. Enriched media and suppo growth of all types of non-fastidious bacteria.
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"enterococcus",
"bacteria",
"culture"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Epzicom/Kivexa包含哪些抗逆转录病毒成分？其临床应用优势有哪些？
|
Epzicom（美国）或Kivexa（其他地区）是一种复方制剂，每片包含阿巴卡韦（Abacavir, ABC）600 mg和拉米夫定（Lamivudine, 3TC）300 mg，二者均为核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂（NRTIs）。该复方制剂用于HIV-1感染的初始治疗，优势在于简化用药方案、提高依从性，并具有良好的病毒抑制效果。但使用前必须筛查HLA-B*5701等位基因，以避免发生严重的阿巴卡韦超敏反应。
|
medllm-dataset-md-ocr/热病桑福德抗微生物治疗指南/热病桑福德抗微生物治疗指南.md
|
临床应用
| null |
llm_textbook
| null | null | null | null | null |
|
请分析样本 1333 的微生物检测结果概况。
|
样本ID: 1333
|
根据样本 1333 的微生物检测结果分析：
**一、样本基本信息**
- 总测序读数：1,907,827
- 检出物种数：215
- Shannon多样性指数：2.729
- Simpson多样性指数：0.835
**二、优势菌群**
- Akkermansia muciniphila (36.7%)
- Phocaeicola dorei (10.4%)
- Escherichia coli (6.3%)
- Shigella dysenteriae (6.2%)
- Shigella flexneri (6.2%)
**三、检出病原体情况**
未检出明显致病菌
**四、总体评估**
菌群多样性处于正常范围，建议定期监测。
| null | null | null |
csv_analysis
|
1333
|
overview
|
basic
|
[
"Akkermansia muciniphila (36.7%)",
"Phocaeicola dorei (10.4%)",
"Escherichia coli (6.3%)"
] | null |
Topical antibiotic ototoxicity: does it influence our practice?
|
We hypothesised that general practitioners and ENT specialists manage discharging ears differently. This study was designed to investigate this further. Postal questionnaires were sent to all general practitioners in the Birmingham area and all UK consultants on the British Association of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery address list. In the presence of an intact tympanic membrane, 99 per cent of consultants and 90 per cent of general practitioners would use topical antibiotics. In the prese...
|
The majority of general practitioners would not use topical antibiotics in the presence of a perforated tympanic membrane. Most doctors would consider using a non-ototoxic topical antibiotic as first line treatment should one be made available.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"antibiotic"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
请分析样本 6397 的微生物检测结果概况。
|
样本ID: 6397
|
根据样本 6397 的微生物检测结果分析：
**一、样本基本信息**
- 总测序读数：4,179,037
- 检出物种数：58
- Shannon多样性指数：2.755
- Simpson多样性指数：0.906
**二、优势菌群**
- Gilliamella apicola (17.5%)
- Apis mellifera (15.1%)
- Frischella perrara (11.8%)
- Gilliamella apis (9.9%)
- Lactobacillus apis (7.9%)
**三、检出病原体情况**
未检出明显致病菌
**四、总体评估**
菌群多样性处于正常范围，建议定期监测。
| null | null | null |
csv_analysis
|
6397
|
overview
|
basic
|
[
"Gilliamella apicola (17.5%)",
"Apis mellifera (15.1%)",
"Frischella perrara (11.8%)"
] | null |
如何根据感染控制原则决定医疗设备的再处理级别？
|
医疗设备的再处理级别应基于其使用时的感染风险进行分级管理。依据Spaulding分类体系：进入无菌组织或血管系统的‘严格意义’器械（如手术钳）必须进行灭菌处理，确保杀灭所有微生物，包括耐药芽孢。与黏膜或破损皮肤接触的‘半严格意义’器械（如支气管镜）具有中至高感染风险，应优先选择灭菌，否则至少进行高水平消毒（能杀灭除大量芽孢外的所有微生物）。仅接触完整皮肤的‘非严格意义’器械（如听诊器）感染风险低，可采用中低水平消毒。此外，还需结合具体病原体特性（如HIV、HBV、结核杆菌或朊病毒）、最小感染剂量、疾病严重程度以及机构的资源和技术能力来调整策略。最终目标是在保障患者安全的前提下实现风险与资源的合理平衡。
|
medllm-dataset-md-ocr/临床微生物学手册_上/临床微生物学手册_上.md
|
临床应用
| null |
llm_textbook
| null | null | null | null | null |
|
谢谢医生的建议，我会尽快去看医生，并按照您的建议进行治疗。
|
对话历史:
问: 医生，我最近小便的时候感觉很疼痛，而且还有血丝，这是怎么回事啊？
答: 您好，对不起让您等待了。根据您的描述，您可能出现了尿路感染的情况。尿路感染可以引起尿道疼痛以及血尿的症状。具体为了确定诊断，我还需要进一步了解您的情况，请问您有没有其他症状，比如尿频、尿急、腰痛等？
问: 是的，我感觉最近上厕所的次数确实比平常多，尿急的情况也比较明显，有时候还伴随着腰痛。
答: 非常感谢您提供的详细信息。根据您的症状，确实有可能是尿路感染引起的。您可以先尝试多喝水，尽量多排尿，这样有助于清洁尿道，减少细菌滋生的机会。同时，可以服用一些药物来缓解疼痛和抗菌治疗。我建议您尽快到医生那里进行尿常规检查和尿培养，以便明确感染的细菌种类，选择合适的抗生素治疗。同时，避免过度憋尿、保持私处清洁是非常重要的。
|
不客气，希望您早日康复。如果在治疗期间有任何疑问或者需要进一步咨询，请随时与我联系。祝您健康！
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_内科
|
[
"抗生素",
"培养",
"感染"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
All of the following are true about gastrinoma except:
|
A. Mostly found in triangle of Passaro
B. Basal acid output >15 mEq/hour is diagnostic
C. Most common site is pancreas
D. Lymphadenectomy is not required as there is no improvement in survival
|
正确答案: B. Basal acid output >15 mEq/hour is diagnostic
解释: Gastrinoma OR Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) Increased gastrin, increased acid, increased risk of peptic ulcer disease. Triangle of Passaro/ Gastrinoma Triangle. M.C site of gastrinoma is duodenum (1st, 2nd& 3rd)> pancreas Gastrinoma is associated with MEN-1 syndrome. Diagnosis Basal acid output > 15 mEq / hour Best provocative test - Secretin Stimulation Test (gastrin release > 200Pg/ ml) IOC for localization - Somatostatin Receptor Scintigraphy Drug of choice - PPI Treatment of choice: pylorus preserving pancreatoduodenectomy
|
medmcqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
Does blood donor history accurately reflect the use of prescription medications?
|
Blood donor screening is performed to accomplish several goals, including donor safety during collection and recipient safety during transfusion. Donors taking certain medications such as teratogens or platelet-inhibiting drugs are deferred from donation. Studies investigating the accuracy of the donor history are limited and only provide data on select groups of drugs. This study compares the results of an extended serum toxicology analysis to the medication use reported on the donor questionna...
|
Eleven percent of the donors did not fully disclose their recent medication history. Although none of the omitted medications would have been grounds for deferral, the finding of underreporting questions the reliability of donor screening. Despite a negative medication history, blood donor centers cannot assume that donors are medication-free. This study reveals a bias to omit psychotropic medications such as antidepressants and anxiolytics.
|
pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl
|
pubmed_qa
|
[
"cre"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
An 18-year-old man presents to the emergency department with complaints of sudden severe groin pain and swelling of his left testicle. It started roughly 5 hours ago and has been progressively worsening. History reveals that he has had multiple sexual partners but uses condoms regularly. Vital signs include: blood pressure 120/80 mm Hg, heart rate 84/min, respiratory rate 18/min, and temperature 36.6°C (98.0°F). Physical examination reveals that he has an impaired gait and a tender, horizontal, high-riding left testicle and absent cremasteric reflex. Which of the following is the best next step for this patient?
|
A. Urinalysis
B. Antibiotics
C. Surgery
D. Ultrasound of the scrotum
|
正确答案: C. Surgery
|
medqa/train.jsonl
|
med_exam_qa
|
[
"cre",
"antibiotic"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
明白了，我会尽早去找专业的皮肤科医生咨询。非常感谢医生的帮助和耐心解答！
|
对话历史:
问: 医生，我有个问题想请教您。我是一个15岁的女生，最近脸上长了很多痘痘，每天都不敢照镜子。您觉得我该怎么办呢？
答: 你好，我是仲景智能医学助手。很抱歉听到你最近脸上长了很多痘痘的困扰。痘痘的发生有许多原因，例如荷尔蒙的变化、油脂分泌过剩或外界刺激等。为了更好地帮助你，我想了解一些详细情况。你最近的生活习惯、饮食习惯、是否使用过护肤品等方面都可能与痘痘的产生有关。可以告诉我一些相关的信息吗？
问: 嗯，我最近的生活习惯基本正常，作息规律，每天都会保持充足的睡眠时间。至于饮食习惯，我平时饮食比较健康，不太吃辛辣刺激的食物，也喝足够的水。我平时使用一些清洁剂和护肤品来清洁和保湿皮肤。
答: 非常感谢你提供的信息。根据你的描述，生活习惯和饮食习惯都比较健康，这些因素一般对痘痘的发生影响较小。使用清洁剂和护肤品来保持皮肤清洁和保湿是一个很好的习惯，但有些产品可能含有刺激性的成分，有时会导致皮肤敏感或引起痘痘。你可以尝试选择些温和不刺激的产品。
问: 我明白了，谢谢医生的建议。但我还有个问题，有没有一些有效的治疗痘痘的方法呢？
答: 当然可以。针对痘痘问题，我可以给你一些建议。首先，保持面部清洁是很重要的，可以使用温和的洗面奶或洁面产品，每天洗脸2次，避免频繁摩擦皮肤。其次，避免挤压痘痘，以免引发感染或留下疤痕。还可以尝试使用含有水杨酸或苯酚酸的产品，这些成分可以帮助清除毛孔内的油脂和杂质。另外，保持饮食均衡，尽量避免食用油腻、辛辣或甜食等，这些食物可能会对痘痘有不良影响。
问: 非常感谢医生的详细建议！我会按照您的指导来做的。还有一个问题，我可以使用一些中药或者外用药物来治疗痘痘吗？
答: 对于痘痘治疗，中药和外用药物也是一种选择。但是，每个人的痘痘情况不同，需要个体化治疗。建议你尽早就医，找专业的皮肤科医生，根据你的症状和体质，进行个别诊断和治疗方案的选择。医生会...
|
不客气，祝愿你能早日解决痘痘问题，恢复健康的皮肤！如果以后还有其他疑问，欢迎随时进行咨询。祝你身体健康，生活愉快！
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_皮肤性病科
|
[
"感染"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
非常感谢你的建议！我会注意的。
|
对话历史:
问: 你好，我是耳朵刚刚打了耳洞，担心发炎，想要进行消毒，请问打了耳洞后采用酒精消毒还是碘伏消毒好吗？
答: 你好！对于耳洞的消毒，我可以给你一些建议。在耳洞刚打完的时候，消毒是非常重要的。酒精和碘伏都可以用于消毒，但建议你选择碘伏。
问: 为什么要选择碘伏呢？
答: 碘伏是一种广谱杀菌剂，能够杀灭各种细菌，真菌和病毒。它具有较高的消毒效果，并且对创口愈合也有一定帮助。另外，碘伏的刺激性较小，对皮肤的刺激相对较少，相比之下更适合用于耳洞消毒。
问: 那使用碘伏消毒有什么注意事项吗？
答: 是的，使用碘伏消毒需要注意几点。首先，在消毒之前，确保你的手是干净的，同时你也可以使用一些无菌棉签。其次，涂抹碘伏时要避免过量，只需轻轻涂抹在伤口和周围即可。最后，完成消毒后，不要用水冲洗，让碘伏自然干燥就可以了。碘伏应该每天使用一次，直到伤口完全愈合为止。
|
不客气！如果在消毒过程中或者耳洞后有任何不适，请尽快联系医生。祝你耳洞早日康复！如果还有其他问题，可以随时向我咨询。
|
cmtmedqa/train.jsonl
|
chinese_medical_qa_皮肤性病科
|
[
"病毒",
"真菌",
"细菌"
] |
opensource
| null | null | null | null | null |
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