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Line of Duty was created by a person.
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" Line of Duty Line of Duty is a British police procedural television series created by Jed Mercurio that premiered on 26 June 2012 . It is the most popular drama series broadcast on BBC Two in the multichannel era and is a winner of the Royal Television Society Award for Best Drama Series . Line of Duty was included in a list of the Top 50 BBC Two shows of all-time , in a list of the 80 best BBC shows of all time and was the highest ranked current series in a list of the best cop shows of all time . The first series was BBC Two 's best-performing drama series in ten years , with a consolidated audience of 4.1 million viewers . The drama was recommissioned for a second series and the first episode was broadcast on 12 February 2014 . The second series achieved widespread public and critical acclaim , and on 8 April 2014 , the BBC commissioned two more series . In an interview on 28 April 2016 , creator Jed Mercurio said that a fourth series would begin filming in the autumn of that year . It commenced broadcast on BBC One on 26 March 2017 . A fifth series has been confirmed and will air in Spring 2019 . A sixth series has also been ordered by the BBC . In the United States , the first series was aired on Hulu in August 2012 as an exclusive series .",
" Jed Mercurio Jed Mercurio ( born Gerald Gary Mercurio in 1966 ) is a British television writer , producer , director and novelist . He is reported to be one of the few British script-writers to work as a U.S.-style showrunner . A former hospital physician and RAF university air squadron cadet , Mercurio has been ranked among UK television 's leading writers by TV-industry magazine Broadcast . His chief works for television are the series Line of Duty , Bodies ( based on his 2002 novel ) , The Grimleys and Cardiac Arrest . His books are Bodies ( 2002 ) , Ascent ( 2007 ) , American Adulterer ( 2009 ) and , for children , The Penguin Expedition ( 2003 ) ."
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" Art Sevada Art Sevada or Artak Sevada Grigorian , born July 23 , 1972 ) is an American motion picture screenwriter , producer , director , designer and an entrepreneur .",
" Alexander McCall Smith R. Alexander `` Sandy '' McCall Smith , CBE , FRSE ( born 24 August 1948 ) , is a British writer and Emeritus Professor of Medical Law at the University of Edinburgh . In the late 20th century , McCall Smith became a respected expert on medical law and bioethics and served on British and international committees concerned with these issues . He has since become internationally known as a writer of fiction , with sales of English language versions exceeding 40 million by 2010 and translations into 46 languages . He is most widely known as the creator of the The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency series . `` McCall '' is not a middle name : his surname is `` McCall Smith '' ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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William Shatner did not play a police sergeant.
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" William Shatner William Shatner ( born March 22 , 1931 ) is a Canadian actor , author , producer , and director . In his seven decades of television , Shatner became a cultural icon for his portrayal of James T. Kirk , Captain of the USS Enterprise , in the Star Trek franchise . He has written a series of books chronicling his experiences playing Captain Kirk and being a part of Star Trek , and has co-written several novels set in the Star Trek universe . He has written a series of science fiction novels called TekWar , which were adapted for television . Shatner also played the eponymous veteran police sergeant in T. J. Hooker ( 1982 -- 86 ) and hosted the reality-based television series , Rescue 911 ( 1989 -- 96 ) , which won a People 's Choice Award for the Favorite New TV Dramatic Series . Shatner also appeared in the NBC series , 3rd Rock from the Sun in seasons 4 and 5 as the role of the `` Big Giant Head '' whom the alien characters of the Series reported to . From 2004 until 2008 , he starred as attorney Denny Crane in the final season of the legal drama The Practice and its spinoff series Boston Legal '' , a role that earned him two Emmy Awards . Shatner has also worked as a musician , an author , a director , and a celebrity pitchman ."
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" Blood Sport (film) Blood Sport is a 1986 American made-for-television film starring William Shatner and directed by Vincent McEveety . It is a spinoff of then-recently cancelled television series T. J. Hooker .",
" Star Trek Star Trek is an American science fiction media franchise based on the television series created by Gene Roddenberry . The first television series , simply called Star Trek and now referred to as The Original Series , debuted in 1966 and aired for three seasons on the television network NBC . It followed the interstellar adventures of Captain James T. Kirk ( William Shatner ) and his crew aboard the starship USS Enterprise , a space exploration vessel , built by the interstellar federal republic United Federation of Planets in the twenty-third century . The Star Trek canon of the franchise includes The Original Series , an animated series , four spin-off television series , its film franchise and an upcoming television series scheduled to debut in 2017 . In creating Star Trek , Roddenberry was inspired by the Horatio Hornblower novels , the satirical book Gulliver 's Travels , and by works of western genre such as the television series Wagon Train . These adventures continued in the short-lived Star Trek : The Animated Series and six feature films . Four spin-off television series were eventually produced : Star Trek : The Next Generation followed the crew of a new starship Enterprise set a century after the original series ; Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and Star Trek : Voyager set contemporaneously with The Next Generation ; and Star Trek : Enterprise set before the original series in the early days of human interstellar travel . The adventures of The Next Generation crew continued in four additional feature films . In 2009 , the film franchise underwent a `` reboot '' set in an alternate timeline , or `` Kelvin Timeline '' , entitled simply Star Trek . This film featured a new cast portraying younger versions of the crew from the original show ; their adventures were continued in the sequel film , Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) . The thirteenth film feature and sequel , Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) , was released to coincide with the franchise 's 50th anniversary . A new Star Trek TV series , entitled Star Trek : Discovery , is set to premiere on the digital platform CBS All Access . Star Trek has been a cult phenomenon for decades . Fans of the franchise are called Trekkies or Trekkers . The franchise spans a wide range of spin-offs including games , figurines , novels , toys , and comics . Star Trek had a themed attraction in Las Vegas that opened in 1998 and closed in September 2008 . At least two museum exhibits of props travel the world . The series has its own full-fledged constructed language , Klingon . Several parodies have been made of Star Trek . In addition , viewers have produced several fan productions . As of July 2016 , the franchise had generated $ 10 billion in revenue , making Star Trek one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time . Star Trek is noted for its cultural influence beyond works of science fiction . The franchise is also noted for its progressive civil rights stances . The Original Series included one of television 's first multiracial casts . Star Trek references may be found throughout popular culture from movies such as the submarine thriller Crimson Tide to the animated series South Park ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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The Mughals sold Bangalore to an Indian dynasty.
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" Kingdom of Mysore The Kingdom of Mysore was a kingdom in southern India , traditionally believed to have been founded in 1399 in the vicinity of the modern city of Mysore . The kingdom , which was ruled by the Wodeyar family , initially served as a vassal state of the Vijayanagara Empire . With the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire ( c. 1565 ) , the kingdom became independent . The 17th century saw a steady expansion of its territory and during the rule of Narasaraja Wodeyar I and Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar , the kingdom annexed large expanses of what is now southern Karnataka and parts of Tamil Nadu to become a powerful state in the southern Deccan . The kingdom reached the height of its military power and dominion in the latter half of the 18th century under the de facto ruler Haider Ali and his son Tipu Sultan . During this time , it came into conflict with the Marathas , the Nizam of Hyderabad , the Kingdom of Travancore and the British which culminated in the four Anglo-Mysore Wars . Success in the first two Anglo-Mysore wars was followed by defeat in the third and fourth . Following Tipu 's death in the fourth war of 1799 , large parts of his kingdom were annexed by the British , which signalled the end of a period of Mysorean hegemony over southern Deccan . The British restored the Wodeyars to their throne by way of a subsidiary alliance and the diminished Mysore was transformed into a princely state . The Wodeyars continued to rule the state until Indian independence in 1947 , when Mysore acceded to the Union of India . Even as a princely state , Mysore came to be counted among the more developed and urbanized regions of India . This period ( 1799 -- 1947 ) also saw Mysore emerge as one of the important centers of art and culture in India . The Mysore kings were not only accomplished exponents of the fine arts and men of letters , they were enthusiastic patrons as well , and their legacies continue to influence music and art even today .",
" Bangalore Bangalore -LSB- bæŋɡəˈlɔːr -RSB- , officially known as Bengaluru ( -LSB- ˈbeŋɡəɭuːɾu -RSB- ) , is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka . It has a population of about and a metropolitan population of about , making it the third most populous city and fifth most populous urban agglomeration in India . It is located in southern India on the Deccan Plateau . Its elevation is over 3000 ft above sea level , the highest of India 's major cities . A succession of South Indian dynasties , the Western Gangas , the Cholas and the Hoysalas , ruled the present region of Bangalore until in 1537 CE , Kempé Gowdā -- a feudal ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire -- established a mud fort considered to be the foundation of modern Bangalore . In 1638 , the Marāthās conquered and ruled Bangalore for almost 50 years , after which the Mughals captured and sold the city to the Mysore Kingdom of the Wadiyar dynasty . It was captured by the British after victory in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War ( 1799 ) , who returned administrative control of the city to the Maharaja of Mysore . The old city developed in the dominions of the Maharaja of Mysore and was made capital of the Princely State of Mysore , which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj . In 1809 , the British shifted their cantonment to Bangalore , outside the old city , and a town grew up around it , which was governed as part of British India . Following India 's independence in 1947 , Bangalore became the capital of Mysore State , and remained capital when the new Indian state of Karnataka was formed in 1956 . The two urban settlements of Bangalore -- city and cantonment -- which had developed as independent entities merged into a single urban centre in 1949 . The existing Kannada name , Bengalūru , was declared the official name of the city in 2006 . Bangalore is sometimes referred to as the `` Silicon Valley of India '' ( or `` IT capital of India '' ) because of its role as the nation 's leading information technology ( IT ) exporter . Indian technological organisations ISRO , Infosys , Wipro and HAL are headquartered in the city . A demographically diverse city , Bangalore is the second fastest-growing major metropolis in India . It is home to many educational and research institutions in India , such as Indian Institute of Science ( IISc ) , Indian Institute of Management ( Bangalore ) ( IIMB ) , National Institute of Fashion Technology , Bangalore , National Institute of Design , Bangalore ( NID R&D Campus ) , National Law School of India University ( NLSIU ) and National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences ( NIMHANS ) . Numerous state-owned aerospace and defence organisations , such as Bharat Electronics , Hindustan Aeronautics and National Aerospace Laboratories are located in the city . The city also houses the Kannada film industry ."
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" Babur Babur ( -LSB- بابر , lit = Tiger , translit = Bābur -RSB- 14 February 148326 December 1530 ) , born Ẓahīr-ud-Dīn Muḥammad ( -LSB- ظهیرالدین محمد , translit = Ẓahīr ad-Dīn Muḥammad -RSB- ) , was a conqueror from Central Asia who , following a series of setbacks , finally succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal dynasty in the Indian subcontinent and became the first Mughal emperor . He was a direct descendant of Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur ( Tamurlane ) from the Barlas clan , through his father , and also a descendant of Genghis Khan through his mother . He was also influenced by the Persian culture and this affected both his own actions and those of his successors , giving rise to a significant expansion of the Persianate ethos in the Indian subcontinent . Babur was the eldest son of Umar Sheikh Mirza . He ascended the throne of Fergana in 1495 at the age of twelve and faced rebellion from his own relatives . He conquered Samarkand two years later , only to lose the city of Fergana soon after . In his attempt to reconquer Fergana , he lost control of Samarkand . In 1501 , his attempt to recapture both cities went in vain as he was defeated by Muhammad Shaybani Khan . In 1504 , he conquered Kabul , which was under the rule of the infant heir of Ulugh Begh . Babur formed a partnership with Safavid ruler Ismail I and reconquered parts of central Asia , including Samarkand , only to again lose it and the other newly conquered lands to the Uzbeks . After losing Samarkand for the third time , Babur turned his attention to creating his empire in north India . At that time , the Indo-Gangetic Plain of the northern Indian Subcontinent was ruled by Ibrahim Lodi of the Afghan Lodi dynasty , whereas Rajputana was ruled by a Hindu Rajput Confederacy , led by Rana Sanga of Mewar . In 1524 , Daulat Khan Lodi , a rebel of the Lodhi dynasty , invited Babur to overthrow Ibrahim and become ruler . Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 and founded the Mughal empire . However , he again faced opposition , this time from Rana Sanga of Mewar who considered Babur a foreigner . The Rana was defeated at the Battle of Khanwa . Babur married several times . Notable among his sons are Humayun , Kamran Mirza and Hindal Mirza . Babur died in 1530 and was succeeded by Humayun . According to Babur 's wishes , he was buried in Bagh-e-Babur in Kabul , Afghanistan . Being a patrilineal descendant of Timur , Babur considered himself a Timurid and Turk , though Uzbek sources claim him as an ethnic Uzbek . He is considered a national hero in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan . Many of his poems also have become popular folk songs . He wrote his autobiography , Baburnama , in Chaghatai Turkic and this was translated into Persian during Akbar 's reign .",
" Holkar The Holkar dynasty was a Hindu Maratha royal house in India . The Holkars ruled as Maratha Rajas , and later as Maharajas of Indore in Central India as an independent member of the Maratha Empire until 1818 . Later , their kingdom became a princely state under the protectorate of British India . The dynasty was founded with Malhar Rao , who joined the service of the Peshwas of the Maratha Empire in 1721 , and quickly rose to the ranks of Subedar . The name of the dynasty was associated with the title of the ruler , who was known informally as Holkar Maharaja ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Kiiara only makes blues music.
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" Kiiara Kiara Saulters ( born May 24 , 1995 ) , known professionally as Kiiara , is an American singer and songwriter from Wilmington , Illinois . She is currently signed to Atlantic Records . Her music is described as downcast electronic pop with bass-heavy , trap-style rap production ."
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" Cabaret Cabaret ( -LSB- langpronkæbəˈreɪ -RSB- ) is a form of entertainment featuring music , song , dance , recitation , or drama . It is mainly distinguished by the performance venue , which might be a pub , a restaurant or a nightclub with a stage for performances . The audience , often dining or drinking , does not typically dance but usually sits at tables . Performances are usually introduced by a master of ceremonies or MC . The entertainment , as done by an ensemble of actors and according to its European origins , is often ( but not always ) oriented towards adult audiences and of a clearly underground nature . In the United States striptease , burlesque , drag shows , or a solo vocalist with a pianist , as well as the venues which house such events , are often advertised as cabarets .",
" Singing Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality , rhythm , and a variety of vocal techniques . A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist . Singers perform music ( arias , recitatives , songs , etc. ) that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments . Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians , such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists . Singers may perform as soloists , or accompanied by anything from a single instrument ( as in art song or some jazz styles ) up to a symphony orchestra or big band . Different singing styles include art music such as opera and Chinese opera , religious music styles such as gospel , traditional music styles , world music , jazz , blues , and popular music styles such as pop and rock . Singing can be formal or informal , arranged or improvised . It may be done as a form of religious devotion , as a hobby , as a source of pleasure , comfort , or ritual , as part of music education , or as a profession . Excellence in singing requires time , dedication , instruction , and regular practice . If practice is done on a regular basis then the sounds can become more clear and strong . Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific musical genre , such as classical or rock , although there are singers with crossover success ( singing in more than one genre ) . They typically take voice training provided by voice teachers or vocal coaches throughout their careers ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Gayathri Raguram began in a career.
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" Gayathri Raguram Gayathri Raguram is an Indian film actress and choreographer who works in south Indian language films . Daughter of noted dancer , Raguram , she began acting in the 2002 film Charlie Chaplin and later started working as choreographers in films ."
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" Chronic Bachelor Chronic Bachelor is a 2003 Malayalam romantic comedy drama film about the life of Sathyaprathapan ( known as SP ) , a bachelor as mentioned in the title . The film was written and directed by Siddique . It features Mammootty , Mukesh , Rambha , Bhavana , Indraja , Innocent and others . Jyothika was signed as the lead actress but later was replaced by Rambha . The movie was produced by Malayalam director Fazil . The film was a commercial success . It was later remade in Tamil as Engal Anna starring Vijaykanth , Prabhu Deva , Namitha and Vadivelu and in Telugu as Kushi Kushiga with Jagapati Babu .",
" Savithiri (1980 film) Savithiri is a 1980 Tamil language drama film directed by Bharathan . A remake of his Malayalam film Prayanam , Savithiri marked his debut in Tamil cinema . The cast includes Vinoth , Menaka , J. V. Ramana Murthi , Manorama , Nanditha Bose and Master Suresh . The screenplay was written by Padmarajan who also scripted the original film . The music was composed by M. S. Viswanathan with lyrics by Kannadasan . The film was a commercial failure . The film became controversial upon release for the depiction of its principal characters who belong to the Brahmin community . This led to widespread protests by members of the community in Madras ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Denzel Washington is the director of Fences.
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" Denzel Washington Denzel Hayes Washington Jr. ( born December 28 , 1954 ) is an American actor , director , and producer . He has received three Golden Globe awards , a Tony Award , and two Academy Awards : Best Supporting Actor for the historical war drama film Glory ( 1989 ) and Best Actor for his role as a corrupt cop in the crime thriller Training Day ( 2001 ) . Washington has received much critical acclaim for his film work since the 1980s , including his portrayals of real-life figures such as South African anti-apartheid activist Steve Biko in Cry Freedom ( 1987 ) , Muslim minister and human rights activist Malcolm X in Malcolm X ( 1992 ) , boxer Rubin `` Hurricane '' Carter in The Hurricane ( 1999 ) , football coach Herman Boone in Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) , poet and educator Melvin B. Tolson in The Great Debaters ( 2007 ) , and drug kingpin Frank Lucas in American Gangster ( 2007 ) . He has been a featured actor in the films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and has been a frequent collaborator of directors Spike Lee , Antoine Fuqua and Tony Scott . In 2016 , Washington was selected as the recipient for the Cecil B. DeMille Lifetime Achievement Award at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards . In 2002 , Washington made his directorial debut with biographical film Antwone Fisher . His second directorial effort was The Great Debaters , released in 2007 . Washington 's third directorial effort , Fences , starring himself and Viola Davis , was released on December 16 , 2016 ."
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" American Gangster (film) American Gangster is a 2007 American biographical crime film directed and produced by Ridley Scott and written by Steven Zaillian . The film is fictionally based on the criminal career of Frank Lucas , a gangster from La Grange , North Carolina who smuggled heroin into the United States on American service planes returning from the Vietnam War , before being detained by a task force led by detective Richie Roberts . The film stars Russell Crowe and Denzel Washington in their first lead acting roles together since 1995 's Virtuosity . The film also co-stars Ted Levine , John Ortiz , Josh Brolin , Chiwetel Ejiofor , Norman Reedus , Ruby Dee , Lymari Nadal and Cuba Gooding Jr. . Development for the film initially began in 2000 , when Universal Pictures and Imagine Entertainment purchased the rights to a New York magazine story about the rise and fall of Lucas . Two years later , screenwriter Steven Zaillian introduced a 170-page scriptment to Scott . Original production plans were to commence in Toronto for budget purposes ; however , production eventually relocated permanently to New York City . Because of the film 's rising budget Universal canceled production in 2004 . After negotiations with Terry George , it was later revived with Scott at the helm in March 2005 . Principal photography commenced over a period of five months from July to December 2006 ; filming took place throughout New York City and concluded in Thailand . American Gangster premiered in New York on October 20 , 2007 , and was released in the United States and Canada on November 2 . The film was well received by most film critics , and grossed over US$ 266.5 million worldwide , with domestic grosses standing at $ 130.1 million . Many of the people portrayed , including Roberts and Lucas , have stated that the film took a lot of creative license with the story , and three former DEA agents sued Universal claiming the agency 's portrayal was demoralizing . American Gangster was nominated for twenty-one awards , including two Academy Award nominations for Best Art Direction and Best Supporting Actress ( Ruby Dee ) , and won three including a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role for Dee .",
" Glory (1989 film) Glory is a 1989 American war film directed by Edward Zwick starring Matthew Broderick , Denzel Washington , Cary Elwes and Morgan Freeman . The screenplay was written by Kevin Jarre , based on the personal letters of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw , the book One Gallant Rush by Peter Burchard ( reissued in 1990 after the movie ) , and Lay This Laurel ( 1973 ) , Lincoln Kirstein 's compilation of photos of the monument to the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry on Boston Common . The film is about one of the first military units of the Union Army , during the American Civil War , to consist entirely of African-American men ( except for its officers ) , as told from the point of view of Colonel Shaw , its white commanding officer . The regiment is known especially for its heroic actions at Fort Wagner . Glory was nominated for five Academy Awards and won three , including one for Denzel Washington for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of Private Silas Tripp . It won many other awards from , among others , the British Academy of Film and Television Arts , the Golden Globe Awards , the Kansas City Film Critics Circle , the Political Film Society , and the NAACP . The film was co-produced by TriStar Pictures and Freddie Fields Productions , and distributed by Tri-Star Pictures in the United States . It premiered in limited release in the US on December 14 , 1989 , and in wide release on February 16 , 1990 , making $ 26,828,365 on an $ 18 million budget . The soundtrack , composed by James Horner and performed in part by Boys Choir of Harlem , was released on January 23 , 1990 . The home video was distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment . On June 2 , 2009 , a widescreen Blu-ray version , featuring the director 's commentary and deleted scenes , was released ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Sunrise created an anime directed by anyone except Goro Taniguchi.
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" Code Geass , often referred to as simply Code Geass , is a Japanese anime series created by Sunrise , directed by Gorō Taniguchi , and written by Ichirō Ōkouchi , with original character designs by manga authors Clamp . Set in an alternate timeline , the series focuses on how the former prince Lelouch vi Britannia obtains a power known as Geass and decides to use it to obliterate the Holy Britannian Empire , a superpower that has been conquering various countries . Code Geass first ran in Japan on MBS from October 5 , 2006 , to July 28 , 2007 . Its sequel series , , ran as a simulcast on JNN stations ( like MBS and TBS ) from April 6 , 2008 to September 28 , 2008 . The series has also been adapted into various manga and light novels with the former showing various alternate scenarios from the TV series . Bandai Entertainment also licensed most parts from the franchise for English release in December 2007 , airing the two TV series on Adult Swim . Most manga and light novels have also been published in North America by Bandai . At the Code Geass 10th anniversary event on November 27 , 2016 , it was announced that the series will be receiving a new anime , along with a compilation film trilogy in 2017 that will recap the events from both seasons of the anime series . The new anime , titled , will take place a few years after the events of the Zero Requiem . The director Gorō Taniguchi commented that the upcoming project would star an alive Lelouch and not as an alternate setting . Released to critical acclaim , the anime television series has been well received in Japan , selling over a million DVD and Blu-ray Disc volumes . Both seasons have won several awards at the Tokyo International Anime Fair , Animage Anime Grand Prix , and Animation Kobe event . Critics have praised the series for its large audience appeal as well as the cross conflicts shown among the main characters and the moral questions presented .",
" Sunrise (company) is a Japanese animation studio and production enterprise . It is a subsidiary of Bandai Namco Holdings . Its former name was Nippon Sunrise , and prior to that , Sunrise Studios . Its headquarters is located in Suginami , Tokyo . Among Japan 's largest and most famous studios , Sunrise is renowned for several critically lauded and popular original anime series , such as Gundam , Cowboy Bebop , Space Runaway Ideon , Armored Trooper Votoms , Yoroiden Samurai Troopers , Future GPX Cyber Formula , Crush Gear Turbo , The Vision of Escaflowne , Love Live School Idol Project , Witch Hunter Robin , My-HiME , My-Otome , Code Geass : Lelouch of the Rebellion , Tiger & Bunny , Cross Ange : Rondo of Angel and Dragon , as well as its numerous adaptations of acclaimed light novels including Dirty Pair , Horizon in the Middle of Nowhere and Accel World , and manga such as City Hunter , InuYasha , Outlaw Star , Yakitate !! Japan , Planetes , Keroro Gunso , Gin Tama , Kekkaishi and several others . Many of Sunrise 's original anime include similar themes , including mecha and masked identities accompanied with fluid animation . Because of the fluidity and high degree of details on much of their works , fans refer to their animation works as `` Sunrise Smooth '' . Most of their works are mostly original titles created in-house by their creative staffs that went into a collective pseudonym called Hajime Yatate . They also previously operated a now defunct video game studio of their own named Sunrise Interactive . Sunrise also launched their own light novel publication titled Yatate Bunko Imprint on September 30 , 2016 aimed to publish new original titles and also to supplemment their already existing franchises with new materials . Anime created by Sunrise that have won the Animage Anime Grand Prix prize are Mobile Suit Gundam in 1979 and the first half of 1980 , Space Runaway Ideon in the second half of 1980 , Crusher Joe ( co-production with Studio Nue ) in 1983 , Dirty Pair in 1985 , Future GPX Cyber Formula in 1991 , Gundam SEED in 2002 , Gundam SEED Destiny in 2004 and 2005 , Code Geass : Lelouch of the Rebellion in 2006 and 2007 and Code Geass R2 in 2008 , thus making Sunrise as the studio that won the most number of Animage Awards ."
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" Brave Command Dagwon is a Japanese anime series begun in 1996 , created by Sunrise under the direction of Tomomi Mochizuki and was the seventh Yūsha or `` Brave '' metaseries funded by Takara and produced by Sunrise . Earth is the target of the former Sargasso prisoners who took over the prison asteroid and attack our planet . To counter this , Brave Seijin chose seven ( initially , only five ; Geki and Rai joined later on ) youngsters from Earth to receive the DagBraces and turn into Dagwon , the alien equivalent to `` brave '' . Drawing inspiration from Super Sentai , the youngsters can don battle suits by activating their braces with the voice command `` Try Dagwon ! '' , which grant them pseudo-elemental powers and attacks as well as amplified physical power and advanced protection . If that is not enough , they have personal vehicles at their disposal which can turn into humanoid robots . Through , they merge with their vehicles and control their humanoid forms as if they were their own bodies . If even greater power is needed , the heroes can merge with additional support units , or even with each other to create stronger robotic warriors . In addition to the heroes , other friendly mechanical aliens arrive to aid their quest . Lian , last survivor of his race , is essentially a huge sword who helped the team after they 've proven their worth to him . Gunkid , who can take on the form of a jet or a bazooka , was initially on Sargasso 's side before he decided to help the Dagwon team . Lian proceeded to become the teacher of Gunkid . The team also have a large robotic base called Dag Base at their disposal .",
" Ryōta Yamaguchi is a Japanese anime screenwriter often associated with Sunrise . He penned a number of scripts for Sunrise 's anime TV series The Vision of Escaflowne , as well as writing the movie version , Escaflowne : A Girl in Gaea with director Kazuki Akane . He also worked on scripts for the 2002 Kanon anime television series ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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The Black Dahlia is a neo-noir crime thriller film.
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" The Black Dahlia (film) The Black Dahlia is a 2006 French-American neo-noir crime thriller film directed by Brian De Palma and written by Josh Friedman . It is drawn from the novel of the same name by James Ellroy and stars Josh Hartnett , Scarlett Johansson , Aaron Eckhart and Hilary Swank . The widely sensationalized murder of Elizabeth Short inspired both the novel and the film . The film was screen at the 63rd Venice International Film Festival on August 30 , 2006 , and was released in the United States on September 15 , 2006 . Despite its failure both critically and financially , it was nominated for Best Cinematography at the 79th Academy Awards , losing to Pan 's Labyrinth . Mia Kirshner 's performance as Short was also widely praised ."
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" A Walk Among the Tombstones (film) A Walk Among the Tombstones is a 2014 American neo-noir crime drama-thriller film written and directed by Scott Frank , and based on a 1992 novel of the same name by Lawrence Block . It stars Liam Neeson , Dan Stevens , David Harbour , Brian Bradley and Boyd Holbrook . It serves as an indirect sequel to the 1986 film 8 Million Ways to Die , featuring the same lead character . The film was released on September 19 , 2014 . Critical reception was mixed to positive , and the film was a financial success .",
" Mulholland Falls Mulholland Falls is a 1996 American neo-noir crime thriller film directed by Lee Tamahori , written by Pete Dexter , and starring an ensemble cast featuring Nick Nolte , Jennifer Connelly , Chazz Palminteri , Michael Madsen , Chris Penn , Melanie Griffith , Andrew McCarthy , Treat Williams , and John Malkovich . Nolte plays the head of an elite group of four Los Angeles Police Department detectives ( based on the real life `` Hat Squad '' ) who are known for stopping at nothing to maintain control of their jurisdiction . Their work has the tacit approval of L.A. 's police chief ( Bruce Dern ) . A similar theme is the basis of a 2013 film , Gangster Squad , which Nolte also appeared in , and a 2013 television miniseries , Mob City ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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John Cena is incapable of winning anything.
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" John Cena John Felix Anthony Cena Jr. ( -LSB- ˈsiːnə -RSB- born April 23 , 1977 ) is an American professional wrestler , rapper , actor , and reality television show host . He is signed to WWE , where he performs on the SmackDown brand . Cena started his professional wrestling career in 1999 with Ultimate Pro Wrestling ( UPW ) and won the UPW Heavyweight Championship the following year . Cena signed a developmental contract with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , later renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment , or simply WWE ) in 2001 , debuting on the WWE main roster in 2002 . From a generic character in 2002 , Cena morphed into a rapper for the time period of 2002 -- 2004 , which earned him fame within the audience on SmackDown ! . Cena later transitioned to his current character , which he describes as a `` goody-two shoes Superman '' . However , Cena has been labeled as the `` most polarizing professional wrestler ever '' as his character has many supporters and many detractors , according to Jim Ross of Fox Sports , who also noted that Cena has been WWE 's franchise player for a long-time . In 2012 , IGN described Cena as WWE 's franchise player since 2005 and WWE credited Cena as being the `` face of WWE '' in 2015 since 2004 . Industry veterans John Layfield , Paul Heyman , and Kurt Angle have called Cena the greatest WWE star of all time . Throughout his WWE career , Cena has won 25 championships , with 16 reigns as a world champion ( 13 times as WWE Champion and three times as WWE 's World Heavyweight Champion ) , an accomplishment only previously achieved by WWE Hall of Famer Ric Flair . He is also a five-time United States Champion , and four-time world tag team champion ( two World Tag Team and two WWE Tag Team ) . Furthermore , he is a Money in the Bank ladder match winner ( 2012 ) , a two-time Royal Rumble winner ( 2008 , 2013 ) , and a three-time Superstar of the Year Slammy Award winner ( 2009 , 2010 , 2012 ) . Cena has the fourth-highest number of combined days as WWE Champion , behind Bruno Sammartino , Bob Backlund , and Hulk Hogan . He has also headlined WWE 's flagship event , WrestleMania , on five different occasions ( WrestleManias 22 , 23 , XXVII , XXVIII , and 29 ) over the course of his career , as well as many others pay-per-view events . As of 2016 , John Cena is WWE 's highest-paid wrestler . Outside of wrestling , Cena has released the rap album You Ca n't See Me , which debuted at No. 15 on the US Billboard 200 chart , and starred in the feature films The Marine ( 2006 ) , 12 Rounds ( 2009 ) , Legendary ( 2010 ) , The Reunion ( 2011 ) , Trainwreck ( 2015 ) , and Sisters ( 2015 ) . Cena has also made appearances on television shows including Manhunt , Deal or No Deal , MADtv , Saturday Night Live , Punk 'd , Psych , and Parks and Recreation . He was also a contestant on Fast Cars and Superstars : The Gillette Young Guns Celebrity Race , where he made it to the final round before being eliminated , placing third in the overall competition . Cena is also the host of American Grit on Fox . Cena is involved in numerous philanthropic causes ; most notably with the Make-A-Wish Foundation . He has granted the most wishes in Make-A-Wish history ."
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" Judgment Day (2009) Judgment Day ( 2009 ) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view ( PPV ) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) , took place on May 17 , 2009 , at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont , Illinois . It was the eleventh and final show under the Judgment Day name and the tenth show held annually ; it featured talent from the Raw , SmackDown , and ECW brands . The event 's card featured seven matches . The main event for the show saw Edge successfully defend the World Heavyweight Championship against Jeff Hardy . WWE Champion Randy Orton was disqualified in a match against Batista and therefore retained his title . In addition , John Cena defeated Big Show . The undercard for the show had four other singles matches : CM Punk versus Umaga , ECW Champion Christian defending the championship against Jack Swagger , John Morrison versus Shelton Benjamin , and Rey Mysterio defending the WWE Intercontinental Championship against Chris Jericho . Presented by Columbia Pictures ' Terminator Salvation , the event had 228,000 buys , down from the Judgment Day 2008 figure of 252,000 buys .",
" Grand Slam (professional wrestling) The Grand Slam is an accomplishment in professional wrestling . It is a distinction given to a professional wrestler who has won four specific championships within a promotion throughout the course of their career . National promotions that recognize this include WWE and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) . Notable independent promotions include Florida Championship Wrestling ( FCW ) . The four titles typically include three singles championships plus a tag team championship . The singles championships include a primary , secondary , and tertiary championship ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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In the late 1980s, Quentin Tarantino began a career.
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" Quentin Tarantino Quentin Jerome Tarantino ( -LSB- ˌtærənˈtiːnoʊ -RSB- born March 27 , 1963 ) is an American director , writer , and actor . His films are characterized by nonlinear storylines , satirical subject matter , an aestheticization of violence , extended scenes of dialogue , ensemble casts consisting of established and lesser-known performers , references to popular culture , soundtracks primarily containing songs and score pieces from the 1960s to the 1980s , and features of neo-noir film . He is widely considered one of the greatest filmmakers of his generation . His career began in the late 1980s , when he wrote and directed My Best Friend 's Birthday , the screenplay of which formed the basis for True Romance . In the early 1990s , he began his career as an independent filmmaker with the release of Reservoir Dogs in 1992 ; regarded as a classic and cult hit , it was called the `` Greatest Independent Film of All Time '' by Empire . Its popularity was boosted by his second film , Pulp Fiction ( 1994 ) , a black comedy crime film that was a major success both among critics and audiences . Judged the greatest film from 1983 -- 2008 by Entertainment Weekly , many critics and scholars have named it one of the most significant works of modern cinema . For his next effort , Tarantino paid homage to the blaxploitation films of the 1970s with Jackie Brown ( 1997 ) , an adaptation of the novel Rum Punch . Kill Bill , a highly stylized `` revenge flick '' in the cinematic traditions of Kung fu films , Japanese martial arts , Spaghetti Westerns and Italian horror , followed six years later , and was released as two films : Volume 1 in 2003 and Volume 2 in 2004 . Tarantino directed Death Proof ( 2007 ) as part of a double feature with friend Robert Rodriguez , under the collective title Grindhouse . His long-postponed Inglourious Basterds , which tells the fictional alternate history story of two plots to assassinate Nazi Germany 's political leadership , was released in 2009 to positive reviews . After that came 2012 's critically acclaimed Django Unchained , a Western film set in the antebellum era of the Deep South . It became the highest-grossing film of his career so far , making over $ 425 million at the box office . His eighth film , the mystery Western The Hateful Eight , was released in its roadshow version December 25 , 2015 , in 70 mm film format , complete with opening `` overture '' and halfway-point intermission , after the fashion of big-budget films of the 1960s and early 1970s . Tarantino 's films have garnered both critical and commercial success . He has received many industry awards , including two Academy Awards , two Golden Globe Awards , two BAFTA Awards and the Palme d'Or , and has been nominated for an Emmy and a Grammy . He was named one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World by Time in 2005 . Filmmaker and historian Peter Bogdanovich has called him `` the single most influential director of his generation '' . In December 2015 , Tarantino received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the film industry ."
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" Sundance Institute Sundance Institute is a non-profit organization founded by Robert Redford in 1981 that actively advances the work of filmmakers and storytellers worldwide . The Institute has offices in Park City , Los Angeles , and New York City , and provides creative and financial support to emerging and aspiring filmmakers , directors , producers , film composers , screenwriters , playwrights , and theater artists through a series of Labs and Fellowships . The programs of Sundance Institute include the Sundance Film Festival , a premier platform for American and international independent film . The Sundance Institute 's founding staff , assembled in spring of 1980 , included Executive Director Sterling Van Wagenen , Director of Film Development Programs Jenny Walz Selby , and Director of Development Jon Lear . Frank Daniel was secured as Artistic Director . This staff produced the first Filmmakers Lab in June 1981 , which fortuitously followed the Academy Awards at which Ordinary People ( the directorial debut of Robert Redford ) won numerous awards , including Best Picture . Michelle Satter joined the staff in June 1981 and subsequently opened up the Los Angeles office of the Institute . The Sundance Institute 's 1981 founding Board of Directors included Robert Redford , Frank Daniel , George C. White , Reg Gipson , Jon Lear , Ian Calderon , Jack Crosby , Moctesuma Esparza , Robert Geller , Alan Jacobs , Bill Wittliff , and Marjorie Benton . Sydney Pollack was also instrumental in helping found the Institute . In 1985 , the Sundance Institute assumed management of the fledgling United States Film Festival , which had been experiencing financial problems . The Institute hired Tony Safford from the AFI Kennedy Center program as Program Director and renamed the festival .",
" 1980s in film The decade of the 1980s in film saw the return of studio-driven pictures , coming from the filmmaker-driven New Hollywood era of the 1970s . The period was when `` high concept '' films gained popularity , where movies were to be easily marketable and understandable , and , therefore , they had short cinematic plots that could be summarized in one or two sentences . The modern Hollywood blockbuster is the most popular film format from the 1980s . Producer Don Simpson is usually credited with the creation of the high-concept picture of the modern Hollywood blockbuster . The decade also saw an increased amount of nudity in film and the increasing emphasis in the American industry on film franchises , especially in the science fiction , horror , and action genres . Much of the reliance on these effect-driven blockbusters was due in part to the Star Wars films at the advent of this decade and the new cinematic effects it helped to pioneer . The teen comedy subgenre also rose in popularity during this decade . In the US , the PG-13 rating was introduced in 1984 to accommodate films that straddled the line between PG and R , which was mainly due to the controversies surrounding the violent content of the PG films Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and Gremlins ( both 1984 ) . Some have considered the 1980s in retrospect as one of the weaker decades for American cinema in terms of the qualities of the films released . Quentin Tarantino ( director of Pulp Fiction ) has voiced his own view that the 1980s was one of the worst eras for American films . Film critic Kent Jones also shares this opinion . However , film theorist David Bordwell countered this notion , saying that the `` megapicture mentality '' was already existent in the 1970s , which is evident in the ten highest-grossing films of that decade , as well as with how many of the filmmakers part of New Hollywood were still able to direct many great pictures in the 1980s ( Martin Scorsese , Brian de Palma , etc. ) ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Facebook is a for-profit business model.
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" Facebook Facebook is an American for-profit corporation and an online social media and social networking service based in Menlo Park , California . The Facebook website was launched on February 4 , 2004 , by Mark Zuckerberg , along with fellow Harvard College students and roommates , Eduardo Saverin , Andrew McCollum , Dustin Moskovitz , and Chris Hughes . The founders had initially limited the website 's membership to Harvard students ; however , later they expanded it to higher education institutions in the Boston area , the Ivy League schools , and Stanford University . Facebook gradually added support for students at various other universities , and eventually to high school students as well . Since 2006 , anyone age 13 and older has been allowed to become a registered user of Facebook , though variations exist in the minimum age requirement , depending on applicable local laws . The Facebook name comes from the face book directories often given to United States university students . Facebook may be accessed by a large range of desktops , laptops , tablet computers , and smartphones over the Internet and mobile networks . After registering to use the site , users can create a user profile indicating their name , occupation , schools attended and so on . Users can add other users as `` friends '' , exchange messages , post status updates and digital photos , share digital videos and links , use various software applications ( `` apps '' ) , and receive notifications when others update their profiles or make posts . Additionally , users may join common-interest user groups organized by workplace , school , hobbies or other topics , and categorize their friends into lists such as `` People From Work '' or `` Close Friends '' . In groups , editors can pin posts to top . Additionally , users can complain about or block unpleasant people . Because of the large volume of data that users submit to the service , Facebook has come under scrutiny for its privacy policies . Facebook makes most of its revenue from advertisements which appear onscreen . Facebook , Inc. held its initial public offering ( IPO ) in February 2012 , and began selling stock to the public three months later , reaching an original peak market capitalization of $ 104 billion . On July 13 , 2015 , Facebook became the fastest company in the Standard & Poor 's 500 Index to reach a market cap of $ 250 billion . Facebook has more than 1.94 billion monthly active users as of March 31 , 2017 . As of April 2016 , Facebook was the most popular social networking site in the world , based on the number of active user accounts . Facebook classifies users from the ages of 13 to 18 as minors and therefore sets their profiles to share content with friends only ."
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" Social web The social web is a set of social relations that link people through the World Wide Web . The Social web encompasses how websites and software are designed and developed in order to support and foster social interaction . These online social interactions form the basis of much online activity including online shopping , education , gaming and social networking websites . The social aspect of Web 2.0 communication has been to facilitate interaction between people with similar tastes . These tastes vary depending on who the target audience is , and what they are looking for . For individuals working in the public relation department , the job is consistently changing and the impact is coming from the social web . The influence , held by the social network is large and ever changing . As people 's activities on the Web and communication increase , information about their social relationships become more available . Social networking sites such as MySpace and Facebook , as well as the future Dataweb enable people and organizations to contact each other with persistent human-friendly names . Today hundreds of millions of Internet users are using thousands of social websites to stay connected with their friends , discover new `` friends '' , and to share user-created content , such as photos , videos , social bookmarks , and blogs , even through mobile platform support for cell phones . By the end quarter in 2008 , Facebook reported 67 million members , MySpace occupied 100 million users , and YouTube had more than 100 million videos and 2.9 million user channels , and these numbers are consistently growing . The social Web is quickly reinventing itself , moving beyond simple web applications that connect individuals to become an entirely new way of life .",
" Nonprofit corporation A nonprofit corporation is any legal entity which has been incorporated under the law of its jurisdiction for purposes other than making profits for its owners or shareholders . Depending on the laws of the jurisdiction , a nonprofit corporation may seek official recognition as such , and may be taxed differently from for-profit corporations , and treated differently in other ways ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Modern liberalism in the United States strongly endorses spending on welfare.
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" Modern liberalism in the United States Modern American liberalism is the dominant version of liberalism in the United States . It is characterized by social liberalism , and combines ideas of civil liberty and equality with support for social justice and a mixed economy . The term `` modern liberalism '' in this article refers only to the United States . In a global context , this philosophy is usually referred to as social liberalism . The American modern liberal philosophy strongly endorses public spending on programs such as education , health care , and welfare . Important social issues today include addressing inequality , voting rights for minorities , affirmative action , reproductive and other women 's rights , support for LGBT rights , and immigration reform . Modern liberalism took shape during the twentieth century , with roots in Theodore Roosevelt 's New Nationalism , Woodrow Wilson 's New Freedom , Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal , Harry S. Truman 's Fair Deal , John F. Kennedy 's New Frontier , and Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society . American liberals oppose conservatives on most issues , but not all . Modern liberalism is historically related to social liberalism and progressivism , though the current relationship between liberal and progressive viewpoints is debated . John F. Kennedy defined a liberal as follows : Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1941 defined a liberal party as one , Keynesian economic theory has played an important role in the economic philosophy of modern American liberals . Modern American liberals generally believe that national prosperity requires government management of the macroeconomy , in order to keep unemployment low , inflation in check , and growth high . They also value institutions that defend against economic inequality . In The Conscience of a Liberal Paul Krugman writes : `` I believe in a relatively equal society , supported by institutions that limit extremes of wealth and poverty . I believe in democracy , civil liberties , and the rule of law . That makes me a liberal , and I 'm proud of it . '' Liberals often point to the widespread prosperity enjoyed under a mixed economy in the years since World War II . They believe liberty exists when access to necessities like health care and economic opportunity are available to all , and they champion the protection of the environment . Modern American liberalism is typically associated with the Democratic Party , as modern American conservatism is typically associated with the Republican Party ."
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" Political ideologies in the United States Political ideologies in the United States refers to the various ideologies and ideological demographics in the United States . Citizens in the U.S. generally classify themselves as adherent to positions along the political spectrum as either liberal , progressive , moderate , or conservative . Modern American liberalism aims at the preservation and extension of human , social and civil rights as well as the government guaranteed provision of positive rights . It combines social progressivism and to some extent , ordoliberalism and is highly similar to European social liberalism . American conservatism commonly refers to a combination of economic liberalism and libertarianism , and to an extent , social conservatism . It aims at protecting the concepts of small government and individual liberty , while promoting traditional values on some social issues . The ideological position a person or party takes may be explained in terms of social and economic policy . The ideological positions a person assumes on social and economic policy issues may differ in their position on the political spectrum . Milton Friedman , for example , was left-of-center on social issues but right-of-center on fiscal matters and thus is often identified as libertarian . Several ideological demographics may be identified in addition to or as subgroups of liberals and conservatives with nearly every possible ideology being found in the general population . In the United States , the major parties overlap heavily in terms of ideology , with the Democrats more to the left and the Republicans more to the right . Social scientists Theodore Caplow et al. argue , `` the Democratic party , nationally , moved from left-center toward the center in the 1940s and 1950s , then moved further toward the right-center in the 1970s and 1980s . '' Small parties such as the Libertarian Party play a minor role in American politics . The size of ideological groups varies slightly depending on the poll . Gallup/USA Today polling in June 2010 revealed that 42 % of those surveyed identify as conservative , 35 % as moderate , and 20 % as liberal . In another polling in June 2010 , 40 % of American voters identify themselves as conservatives , 36 % as moderates and 22 % as liberals , with a strong majority of both liberals and conservatives describing themselves as closer to the center than to the extremes . As of 2013 , self-identified conservatives stand at 34 % , moderates at 38 % , and liberals at 23 % . In a 2005 study , the Pew Research Center identified nine typological groups . Three groups were identified as part of each , `` the left , '' `` the middle , '' and `` the right . '' In this categorization system , `` the right '' roughly represents the Republican base , those on `` the left '' the Democratic base and those in `` the middle '' independents . Within the left are the largely secular and anti-war `` Liberals '' , the socially conservative but economically left `` Conservative Democrats '' , and the economically `` Disadvantaged Democrats '' who favor extended government assistance to the needy . In `` the middle '' are the optimistic and upwardly mobile `` Upbeats '' , the discouraged and mistrusting `` Disaffecteds , '' and the disenfranchised `` Bystanders . '' The right compromises the highly pro-business `` Enterprisers , '' the highly religious `` Social Conservatives '' ( also known as the Christian right ) , and the `` Pro-Government Conservatives '' who are largely conservative on social issues but support government intervention to better their economic disposition .",
" Social policy Social policy is a term which is applied to various areas of policy , usually within a governmental or political setting ( such as the welfare state and study of social services ) . It can refer to guidelines , principles , legislation and activities that affect the living conditions conducive to human welfare , such as a person 's quality of life . The Department of Social Policy at the London School of Economics defines social policy as `` an interdisciplinary and applied subject concerned with the analysis of societies ' responses to social need '' , which seeks to foster in its students a capacity to understand theory and evidence drawn from a wide range of social science disciplines , including economics , sociology , psychology , geography , history , law , philosophy and political science . The Malcolm Wiener Center for Social Policy at Harvard University describes social policy as `` public policy and practice in the areas of health care , human services , criminal justice , inequality , education , and labor '' . Social policy might also be described as actions that affect the well-being of members of a society through shaping the distribution of and access to goods and resources in that society . Social policy often deals with wicked problems . The discussion of `` social policy '' in the United States and Canada can also apply to governmental policy on social issues such as tackling racism , LGBT issues ( such as same-sex marriage ) and the legal status of abortion , guns , euthanasia , recreational drugs and prostitution ."
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Thor: The Dark World is a superhero movie.
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" Thor: The Dark World Thor : The Dark World is a 2013 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Thor , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sequel to 2011 's Thor and the eighth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The film was directed by Alan Taylor , with a screenplay by Christopher Yost and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely . It stars Chris Hemsworth , Natalie Portman , Tom Hiddleston , Anthony Hopkins , Stellan Skarsgård , Idris Elba , Christopher Eccleston , Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje , Kat Dennings , Ray Stevenson , Zachary Levi , Tadanobu Asano , Jaimie Alexander , and Rene Russo . In Thor : The Dark World , Thor teams up with Loki to save the Nine Realms from the Dark Elves led by the vengeful Malekith , who intends to plunge the universe into darkness . Development of Thor : The Dark World began in April 2011 , when producer Kevin Feige announced plans for a sequel to follow the crossover film The Avengers . In July 2011 , Kenneth Branagh , the director of Thor , withdrew from the project . Brian Kirk and Patty Jenkins were considered to direct the film before Taylor was hired in January 2012 . The supporting cast filled out in August 2012 , with the hiring of Eccleston , Dennings , and Akinnuoye-Agbaje . Principal photography began in September 2012 in Surrey , England with filming continuing in Iceland and London , before wrapping up in December 2012 . Thor : The Dark World was converted to 3D in post-production . Thor : The Dark World premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on October 22 , 2013 . It was released internationally on October 30 , 2013 , and on November 8 , 2013 , in the United States . The film received mixed reviews , but was a commercial success , grossing over $ 644 million worldwide . A third film , Thor : Ragnarok , is set for release on November 3 , 2017 ."
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" Deity A deity ( -LSB- ˈdeɪ.ᵻti -RSB- ) is a natural or supernatural being considered divine or sacred . The Oxford Dictionary of English defines deity as `` a god or goddess ( in a polytheistic religion ) '' , or anything revered as divine . C. Scott Littleton defines a deity as `` a being with powers greater than those of ordinary humans , but who interacts with humans , positively or negatively , in ways that carry humans to new levels of consciousness beyond the grounded preoccupations of ordinary life '' . A male deity is a god , while a female deity is a goddess . Monotheistic religions accept only one deity ( predominantly referred to as God ) , polytheistic religions accept multiple deities , henotheistic religions accept one supreme deity without denying other deities , considering them as equivalent aspects of the same divine principle , while several nontheistic religions deny any supreme eternal creator deity but accept a pantheon of deities which live , die and are reborn just like any other being . A deity need not be omnipotent , omnipresent , omniscient , omnibenevolent , or eternal , however an almighty monotheistic God generally is held to have these attributes . Monotheistic religions typically refer to the incorporeal God in masculine terms , while other religions refer to their deities in a variety of ways -- masculine , feminine , androgynous and gender neutral . Historically , many ancient cultures such as Ancient Egyptian , Ancient Greece , Ancient Rome , Nordic culture and Asian culture personified natural phenomena , variously as either their conscious causes or simply their effects , respectively . Some Avestan and Vedic deities were viewed as ethical concepts . In Indian religions , deities have been envisioned as manifesting within the temple of every living being 's body , as sensory organs and mind . Deities have also been envisioned as a form of existence ( Saṃsāra ) after rebirth , for human beings who gain merit through an ethical life , wherein a being becomes a guardian deity and lives blissfully in heaven . But in Indian religions , all deities are also subject to death when their merit runs out .",
" Iron Man 3 Iron Man 3 ( stylized onscreen as Iron Man Three ) is a 2013 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Iron Man , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sequel to 2008 's Iron Man and 2010 's Iron Man 2 , and the seventh film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Shane Black directed a screenplay he co-wrote with Drew Pearce , which uses concepts from the `` Extremis '' story arc by Warren Ellis . The film stars Robert Downey Jr. , Gwyneth Paltrow , Don Cheadle , Guy Pearce , Rebecca Hall , Stephanie Szostak , James Badge Dale , Jon Favreau , and Ben Kingsley . In Iron Man 3 , Tony Stark deals with posttraumatic stress disorder caused by the events of The Avengers , while investigating the reemergence of the Ten Rings , led by the mysterious Mandarin and comes into a conflict with an old enemy : Aldrich Killian . After the release of Iron Man 2 in May 2010 , Favreau , who served as director , decided not to return , and in February 2011 Black was hired to write and direct the film . Black and Pearce opted to make the script more character-centric and focused on thriller elements . Throughout April and May 2012 , the film 's supporting cast was filled out , with Kingsley , Pearce , and Hall brought in to portray key roles . Filming began on May 23 , and lasted through December 17 , 2012 , primarily at EUE/Screen Gems Studios in Wilmington , North Carolina . Additional shooting took place at various locations around North Carolina , as well as Florida , China , and Los Angeles . The visual effects were handled by 17 companies , including Scanline VFX , Digital Domain , and Weta Digital . The film was converted to 3D in post-production . Iron Man 3 premiered at Le Grand Rex in Paris on April 14 , 2013 . It began its release on April 25 , 2013 , internationally , and debuted in the United States one week later on May 3 . The film received generally positive reviews and was commercially successful , grossing over $ 1.2 billion worldwide , the second highest-grossing film of 2013 overall , and the second-highest-grossing film at the domestic box office released in 2013 . It became the sixteenth film to gross over $ 1 billion and the 5th-highest-grossing film of all time , with its opening weekend ranking as the 6th-highest-grossing opening of all time . The film also received a nomination for Academy Award in the category of Best Visual Effects , and received another nomination for BAFTA Award in the same category ."
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Gift of the Night Fury stars the voice of an actor whose birthday was in November.
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" Gerard Butler Gerard James Butler ( born 13 November 1969 ) is a Scottish actor who has appeared on film , stage , and television . After studying law , Butler turned to acting in the mid-1990s with small roles in productions such as Mrs Brown ( 1997 ) , the James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies ( 1997 ) , and Tale of the Mummy ( 1998 ) . In 2000 , he starred as Dracula in the horror film Dracula 2000 with Christopher Plummer and Jonny Lee Miller . The following year onward , he played Attila the Hun in the miniseries Attila ( 2001 ) and then appeared in the films Reign of Fire with Christian Bale ( 2002 ) , and Lara Croft Tomb Raider : The Cradle of Life with Angelina Jolie ( 2003 ) , before playing André Marek in the adaptation of Michael Crichton 's science fiction adventure Timeline ( 2003 ) . He then was cast as the role of Erik , The Phantom in Joel Schumacher 's 2004 film adaptation of the musical The Phantom of the Opera alongside Emmy Rossum . That role earned him a Satellite Award nomination for Best Actor . Although Attila and The Phantom of the Opera were important breaks , it was only in 2007 that Butler gained worldwide recognition for his portrayal of King Leonidas in Zack Snyder 's fantasy war film 300 . That role earned him nominations for an Empire Award for Best Actor and a Saturn Award for Best Actor and a win for MTV Movie Award for Best Fight . In the 2010s , he voiced the role of Stoick the Vast in the animated action-fantasy film How to Train Your Dragon , a role he later reprised in Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon ( 2010 ) , Gift of the Night Fury ( 2011 ) and How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) . He played military leader Tullus Aufidius in the 2011 film Coriolanus , the modernized adaptation of Shakespeare 's tragedy of the same name . He also played Sam Childers in the 2011 action biopic Machine Gun Preacher .",
" Gift of the Night Fury Gift of the Night Fury is a 2011 computer-animated short film by DreamWorks Animation and directed by Tom Owens . It was released on November 15 , 2011 , on DVD and Blu-ray , along with another original animated short film Book of Dragons . Based on How to Train Your Dragon , the short takes place in the middle of preparing for the Viking winter holiday . After all dragons inexplicably fly away , the last one of them unwittingly kidnaps Hiccup . The film stars the voices of Jay Baruchel , Gerard Butler , Craig Ferguson , America Ferrera , Jonah Hill , T.J. Miller , Kristen Wiig , and Christopher Mintz-Plasse ."
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" Samm Levine Samuel Franklin `` Samm '' Levine ( born March 12 , 1982 ) is an American actor and comedian . He is known for his portrayal of Neal Schweiber on NBC 's short-lived Freaks and Geeks and PFC Hirschberg in the 2009 film Inglourious Basterds . He has said that Inglourious Basterds director Quentin Tarantino was a fan of Freaks and Geeks , and he used it as a way of introducing himself to the director , which was instrumental in getting the role in Inglourious Basterds . Levine is also the sidekick and fill-in host on the internet talk show Kevin Pollak 's Chat Show .",
" Jay Pharoah Jared Antonio Farrow ( born October 14 , 1987 ) , better known by his stage name Jay Pharoah , is an American actor , stand-up comedian , impressionist , rapper , and voice actor . He joined the cast of NBC 's Saturday Night Live in 2010 , for its thirty-sixth season . In 2015 , he was ranked the 55th greatest Saturday Night Live cast member by Rolling Stone magazine ."
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Ramayanam is a film.
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" Ramayanam (film) Ramayanam is a 1996 mythological Telugu film directed by Gunasekhar and produced by M. S. Reddy . The film starred N. T. Rama Rao Jr. as Lord Rama . It received the National Film Award for best children 's film ."
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" Ramakrishna (film) Ramakrishna is a family drama in Tamil directed by Agathyan produced by Sivasakthi Pandian . The film stars Jai Akash , Sridevika , along with Vijay Kumar , Vani and others . Deva scored the soundtrack and background music . The cinematography is by Rajesh Yadav .",
" Anbe Vaa Anbe Vaa ( Come , My Love ) is a 1966 Indian Tamil-language romantic comedy film written and directed by A. C. Tirulokchandar . The film features M. G. Ramachandran and B. Saroja Devi in the lead roles , while S. A. Ashokan , Nagesh , Manorama , T. R. Ramachandran , and P. D. Sambandam play supporting roles . Partly based on the 1961 American film Come September directed by Robert Mulligan , Anbe Vaa was produced and distributed by AVM Productions . The soundtrack and background music were composed by M. S. Viswanathan while the lyrics for the songs were written by Vaali . The film follows JB ( M. G. Ramachandran ) , a wealthy industrialist who goes on vacation to his bungalow in Shimla , only to discover that his caretaker ( Sambandam ) and his wife have left for Varanasi after renting the bungalow to a family of three . The rest of the film revolves around JB 's response to this situation . Anbe Vaa was the first film produced by AVM to be shot in Eastmancolor , as well as being their first colour production . The film was also the studio and Tirulokchandar 's only collaboration with Ramachandran . The film 's principal photography began in August 1965 and shooting took place in Shimla , Ooty , and at the hill station of Kufri , with some scenes filmed at Valparai . Anbe Vaa was released on 14 January 1966 , during the festive occasion of Thai Pongal . It received positive reviews from critics , who particularly praised Ramachandran 's performance , as he was known for doing mainly action-adventure films up until that point in his career . The film was also a commercial success , with a theatrical run of over 23 weeks . It was also dubbed into Telugu , under the title Prema Manasulu ."
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Eric Singer has performed with a musician.
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" Eric Singer Eric Singer ( born Eric Doyle Mensinger ; May 12 , 1958 ) is an American hard rock and heavy metal drummer , best known as a member of Kiss , portraying The Catman originally played by Peter Criss . He has also performed with artists such as Black Sabbath , Alice Cooper , Lita Ford , Badlands , and Gary Moore as well as his own band ESP . In his career , Singer has appeared on over 75 albums and 11 EPs .",
" Alice Cooper Alice Cooper ( born Vincent Damon Furnier ; February 4 , 1948 ) is an American singer , songwriter , and actor whose career spans over five decades . With his distinctive raspy voice and a stage show that features guillotines , electric chairs , fake blood , deadly snakes , baby dolls , and dueling swords , Cooper is considered by music journalists and peers alike to be `` The Godfather of Shock Rock '' . He has drawn equally from horror films , vaudeville , and garage rock to pioneer a macabre and theatrical brand of rock designed to shock people . Originating in Phoenix , Arizona , in the late 1960s after he moved from Detroit , Michigan , `` Alice Cooper '' was originally a band consisting of Furnier on vocals and harmonica , lead guitarist Glen Buxton , Michael Bruce on rhythm guitar , Dennis Dunaway on bass guitar , and drummer Neal Smith . The original Alice Cooper band released its first album in 1969 but broke into the international music mainstream with the 1971 hit `` I 'm Eighteen '' from their third studio album Love It to Death , which was followed by the even bigger single `` School 's Out '' in 1972 . The band reached their commercial peak with the 1973 album Billion Dollar Babies . Furnier adopted the band 's name as his own name in the 1970s and began a solo career with the 1975 concept album Welcome to My Nightmare . In 2011 , he released Welcome 2 My Nightmare , his 19th album as a solo artist and 26th album in total . In 2011 , the original Alice Cooper band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Expanding from his Detroit rock roots , Cooper has experimented with a number of musical styles , including art rock , hard rock , heavy metal , new wave , glam metal , pop rock , experimental rock , and industrial rock . Cooper is known for his social and witty persona offstage , with The Rolling Stone Album Guide calling him the world 's most `` beloved heavy metal entertainer '' . He is credited with helping to shape the sound and look of heavy metal , and has been described as the artist who `` first introduced horror imagery to rock 'n' roll , and whose stagecraft and showmanship have permanently transformed the genre '' . Away from music , Cooper is a film actor , a golfing celebrity , a restaurateur , and , since 2004 , a popular radio DJ with his classic rock show Nights with Alice Cooper ."
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" Guest appearance In show business , a guest appearance is the participation of an outsider performer ( such as a musician or actor ) in an event such as a music record or concert , show , etc. , when the performer does not belong to the regular cast , band or other performing group . In music , such an outside performer is often referred to as a guest artist . In performance art , the terms guest role or guest star are also common , the latter term specifically indicating the guest appearance of a celebrity . The latter is often also credited as `` special guest star '' or `` special musical guest star '' by some production companies . In pop music , guest appearances are often described with the words featuring , with , or and . It is abbreviated in credit lists as feat. , ft. , f / , f. . In a television series , a guest star is an actor who appears in one or a few episodes . In radio and television shows , a guest star is a guest of the show who is a celebrity .",
" Peter Criss George Peter John Criscuola ( born December 20 , 1945 ) , better known by his stage name Peter Criss , is an American musician and actor , best known as a co-founder , original drummer , and occasional vocalist of the hard rock band Kiss . Criss established the `` Catman '' character for his Kiss persona ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Edward VIII was King of the United Kingdom.
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" Edward VIII Edward VIII ( Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David ; 23 June 1894 -- 28 May 1972 ) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Empire , and Emperor of India , from 20 January 1936 until his abdication on 11 December the same year . Edward was the eldest son of George V and Mary of Teck . He was named Prince of Wales on his sixteenth birthday , nine weeks after his father succeeded as king . As a young man , he served in the British Army during the First World War and undertook several overseas tours on behalf of his father . Edward became king on his father 's death in early 1936 . However , he showed impatience with court protocol , and caused concern among politicians by his apparent disregard for established constitutional conventions . Only months into his reign , he caused a constitutional crisis by proposing marriage to Wallis Simpson , an American who had divorced her first husband and was seeking a divorce from her second . The prime ministers of the United Kingdom and the Dominions opposed the marriage , arguing that a divorced woman with two living ex-husbands was politically and socially unacceptable as a prospective queen consort . Additionally , such a marriage would have conflicted with Edward 's status as the titular head of the Church of England , which at the time disapproved of remarriage after divorce if a former spouse was still alive . Edward knew that the British government , led by Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin , would resign if the marriage went ahead , which could have forced a general election and would ruin his status as a politically neutral constitutional monarch . When it became apparent that he could not marry Wallis and remain on the throne , Edward abdicated . He was succeeded by his younger brother , George VI . With a reign of 326 days , Edward is one of the shortest-reigning monarchs in British history . After his abdication , he was created Duke of Windsor . He married Wallis in France on 3 June 1937 , after her second divorce became final . Later that year , the couple toured Germany . During the Second World War , he was at first stationed with the British Military Mission to France but , after private accusations that he held Nazi sympathies , he was appointed Governor of the Bahamas . After the war , Edward spent the rest of his life in retirement in France ."
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" College of Arms The College of Arms , also known as the College of Heralds , is a royal corporation consisting of professional officers of arms , with jurisdiction over England , Wales , Northern Ireland and some Commonwealth realms . The heralds are appointed by the British Sovereign and are delegated authority to act on behalf of the Crown in all matters of heraldry , the granting of new coats of arms , genealogical research and the recording of pedigrees . The College is also the official body responsible for matters relating to the flying of flags on land , and it maintains the official registers of flags and other national symbols . Though a part of the Royal Household of the United Kingdom the College is self-financed , unsupported by any public funds . Founded by royal charter in 1484 by King Richard III , the College is one of the few remaining official heraldic authorities in Europe . Within the United Kingdom , there are two such authorities , the Court of the Lord Lyon in Scotland and the College for the rest of the United Kingdom . The College has had its home in the City of London since its foundation , and has been at its present location , on Queen Victoria Street , since 1555 . The College of Arms also undertakes and consults on the planning of many ceremonial occasions such as coronations , state funerals , the annual Garter Service and the State Opening of Parliament . Heralds of the College accompany the sovereign on many of these occasions . The College comprises thirteen officers or heralds : three Kings of Arms , six Heralds of Arms and four Pursuivants of Arms . There are also seven officers extraordinary , who take part in ceremonial occasions but are not part of the College . The entire corporation is overseen by the Earl Marshal , a hereditary office held by the Duke of Norfolk , currently Edward Fitzalan-Howard , 18th Duke of Norfolk .",
" Coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth The coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth as King and Queen of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth and as Emperor and Empress of India took place at Westminster Abbey , London , on 12 May 1937 . King George ascended the throne upon the abdication of his brother , King Edward VIII , on 10 December 1936 , three days before his 41st birthday . Edward 's coronation had been planned for 12 May 1937 and it was decided to continue with his brother and sister-in-law 's coronation on the same date . Although the music included a range of new anthems and the ceremony underwent some alterations to include the Dominions , it remained a largely conservative affair and closely followed the ceremonial of King George V 's coronation in 1911 . The ceremony began with the anointing of the King , symbolising his spiritual entry into kingship , and then his crowning and enthronement , representing his assumption of temporal powers and responsibilities . The peers of the realm then paid homage to the King before a shorter and simpler ceremony was conducted for the Queen 's coronation . The return procession to Buckingham Palace was over six miles in length , making it the longest coronation procession up to that time ; crowds of people lined the streets to watch it , over thirty-two thousand soldiers took part and twenty thousand police officers lined the route . The coronation was commemorated by the issuing of official medals , coinage , and stamps , by military parades across the Empire , and by numerous unofficial celebrations , including street parties and the production of memorabilia . The event was designed to be not only a sacred anointing and formal crowning , but also a public spectacle , which was also planned as a display of the British Empire . May 1937 included a programme of royal events lasting nearly the entire month to commemorate and mark the occasion . In the lead up to the coronation , guests from across the Empire and around the world assembled on Buckingham Palace and official receptions were held to welcome them ; amongst those attending were Indian princes and , for the first time , native African royalty . For the event itself , the prime ministers of each Dominion took part in the procession to the abbey , while representatives of nearly every country attended . Contingents from most colonies and each Dominion participated in the return procession through London 's streets . The media played an important part in broadcasting this show of pageantry and imperialism to the Empire , which marked George and Elizabeth 's coronation as an important event in the history of television , being the world 's first major outside broadcast . It was also the first coronation to be filmed , as well as the first to be broadcast on radio ."
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J. Cole is an American farmer.
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" J. Cole Jermaine Lamarr Cole ( born January 28 , 1985 ) , better known by his stage name J. Cole , is an American hip hop recording artist and record producer . Raised in Fayetteville , North Carolina , Cole initially gained recognition as a rapper following the release of his debut mixtape , The Come Up , in early 2007 . Intent on further pursuing a solo career as a rapper , he went on to release two additional mixtapes after signing to Jay Z 's Roc Nation imprint in 2009 . Cole released his debut studio album , Cole World : The Sideline Story , in 2011 . It debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 , and was soon certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . His next two releases , 2013 's Born Sinner and 2014 's 2014 Forest Hills Drive , received mostly positive reviews from critics , while being both certified platinum in the US . The latter earned him his first Grammy Award nomination for Best Rap Album . In December 2016 Cole released his fourth studio album 4 Your Eyez Only . The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart and was certified platinum in April 2017 . Self-taught on piano , Cole also acts as a producer alongside his hip hop career , producing singles for artists such as Kendrick Lamar and Janet Jackson , as well as handling the majority of the production in his own projects . He has also developed other ventures , including Dreamville Records , as well as non-profit organization the Dreamville Foundation . The Dreamville Foundation is not the only non-profit gesture Cole has put forth ; in January 2015 , he decided to house single mothers rent-free in his childhood home at 2014 Forest Hills Drive , Fayetteville , North Carolina ."
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" Case Corporation The Case Corporation was a manufacturer of construction equipment and agricultural equipment . Founded by Jerome Increase Case as the J. I. Case Threshing Machine Company , it operated under that name for most of a century . For another 66 years it was the J. I. Case Company , and was often called simply Case . In the late 19th century , Case was one of America 's largest builders of steam engines , producing self-propelled portable engines , traction engines and steam tractors . It was a major producer of threshing machines and other harvesting equipment . In the 20th century , Case was among the 10 largest builders of farm tractors for many years . In the 1950s its construction equipment line became its primary focus , with agricultural business second . Case 's corporate entities and brands changed repeatedly in the 1980s and 1990s . When its corporate parent , Tenneco , bought International Harvester 's agricultural equipment division and merged it into Case , the J. I. Case Company continued , but it began using the Case IH brand . In the 1990s it changed names several more times ( each name including `` Case '' ) before its merger into CNH Global ended its history as a distinct entity . Various CNH brands continue to make use of the Case name , such as Case CE and Case IH .",
" Jimmy Iovine James `` Jimmy '' Iovine ( -LSB- ˈaɪ.əviːn -RSB- -LSB- ˈjovine -RSB- ; born March 11 , 1953 ) is an American record and film producer . He is best known as the co-founder of Interscope Records and chairman of Interscope Geffen A&M . In 2006 , Iovine teamed with Dr. Dre to found Beats Electronics , a company which produces audio products and operated a now defunct music streaming service . The company was purchased by Apple for $ 3 billion in May 2014 ."
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Halle Berry has a child by Olivier Martinez.
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" Halle Berry Halle Maria Berry ( born Maria Halle Berry ; August 14 , 1966 ) is an American actress . She won the 2002 Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in the romantic drama Monster 's Ball ( 2001 ) . As of 2017 , she is the only black woman to have won a Best Actress Academy Award . Berry was one of the highest paid actresses in Hollywood during the 2000s and has been involved in the production of several of the films in which she performed . She is also a Revlon spokesmodel . Before becoming an actress , she started modeling and entered several beauty contests , finishing as the 1st runner-up in the Miss USA Pageant and coming in 6th place in the Miss World Pageant in 1986 . Her breakthrough film role was in the romantic comedy Boomerang ( 1992 ) , alongside Eddie Murphy , which led to roles in films such as the comedy The Flintstones ( 1994 ) , the political comedy-drama Bulworth ( 1998 ) and the television film Introducing Dorothy Dandridge ( 1999 ) , for which she won the Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Actress , among many other awards . In addition to her Academy Award win , Berry garnered high-profile roles in the 2000s such as Storm in the X-Men film series ( beginning in 2000 ) , the action crime thriller Swordfish ( 2001 ) , and the spy film Die Another Day ( 2002 ) , where she played Bond Girl Jinx . She then appeared in the X-Men sequels , X2 ( 2003 ) and X-Men : The Last Stand ( 2006 ) . In the 2010s , she appeared in movies such as the science fiction film Cloud Atlas ( 2012 ) , the crime thriller The Call ( 2013 ) and X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) . Berry was formerly married to baseball player David Justice , and singer-songwriter Eric Benét . She has a daughter by model Gabriel Aubry , and a son by actor Olivier Martinez ."
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" Frankie & Alice Frankie & Alice is a 2010 Canadian drama film directed by Geoffrey Sax starring Halle Berry . Filming began in Vancouver , British Columbia , in November 2008 and ended in January 2009 . To qualify for awards season , the film opened in a limited release on December 10 , 2010 . It is based on a true story about a popular go-go dancer/stripper in the 1970s who suffers from dissociative identity disorder .",
" New Year's Eve (2011 film) New Year 's Eve is a 2011 American romantic comedy film directed by Garry Marshall and stars Halle Berry , Jessica Biel , Jon Bon Jovi , Abigail Breslin , Ludacris , Robert De Niro , Josh Duhamel , Zac Efron , Héctor Elizondo , Katherine Heigl , Ashton Kutcher , Seth Meyers , Lea Michele , Sarah Jessica Parker , Michelle Pfeiffer , Til Schweiger , Hilary Swank and Sofía Vergara . New Year 's Eve is the second in an unofficial trilogy of romantic comedy films directed by Garry Marshall , set on a one-day holiday and featuring an ensemble cast in a variety of stories , the other films being Valentine 's Day ( 2010 ) and Mother 's Day ( 2016 ) . Some of the cast of New Year 's Eve had previously appeared in Valentine 's Day , including Biel , Kutcher and Elizondo . New Year 's Eve was released on December 9 , 2011 and was negatively reviewed by film critics . Despite critical panning , the film was a box office success , grossing $ 142 million ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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The X Factor is a British competition.
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" The X Factor (UK series 7) The X Factor is a British television music competition to find new singing talent . The seventh series started on ITV on 21 August 2010 and ended on 12 December 2010 . The winner was Matt Cardle and his debut single `` When We Collide '' was released after the final . Cardle was mentored throughout by Dannii Minogue , who won as mentor for the second time . A total of 15,448,019 votes were cast throughout the series . It was presented by Dermot O'Leary , with spin-off show The Xtra Factor presented by Konnie Huq on ITV2 , who took over from Holly Willoughby . The competition was split into several stages : auditions , bootcamp , judges ' houses and live shows . Auditions took place throughout June and July 2010 , with Simon Cowell , Louis Walsh and Cheryl Cole returning as judges . Minogue missed the auditions and bootcamp due to being on maternity leave , so Geri Halliwell , Natalie Imbruglia , Katy Perry , Pixie Lott and Nicole Scherzinger were brought in as guest judges . Cole missed the auditions in Manchester and bootcamp because she had malaria . Following bootcamp , successful acts were split into four categories : Boys ( male soloists aged 16 to 28 ) , Girls ( female soloists aged 16 to 28 ) , Over 28s ( soloists aged 29 and over ) and Groups . Minogue and Cole returned for the judges ' houses stage , and each judge mentored eight acts through judges ' houses . The live shows started on 9 October 2010 . Four acts eliminated at judges ' houses were brought back as wildcards , making this the first series to have 16 acts perform in the live shows . This was the first series of the show to be filmed in high definition , and was simulcast on ITV1 HD and STV HD . From October , The Xtra Factor was also shown in high definition , simulcast on the new channel ITV2 HD . It was sponsored by TalkTalk in the United Kingdom and Dominos Pizza in Ireland . This series proved to be highly controversial , with many people complaining about the use of pitch correction software on the broadcast of contestants ' auditions , the decision to form two groups out of rejected soloists , the rejection of popular contestant Gamu Nhengu at judges ' houses and Cole 's failure to vote to eliminate an act in week 5 of the live shows . Controversy also surrounded contestants Shirlena Johnson , who was axed over fears for her mental health , and Treyc Cohen , who was reported to already have a record deal when the live shows started . There were also accusations of fixing , which were denied by the show 's producers . It was the most watched series to date , with an average of 14.13 million viewers per episode . The final was watched by 17.71 million people , making it the highest rated television episode of 2010 in the UK ."
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" The X Factor (Australia season 8) The X Factor was an Australian television reality music competition , based on the original UK series , to find new singing talent ; the winner of which received a Sony Music Australia recording contract . The eighth and final season , branded as X Factor : Next Generation , premiered on Seven Network on 3 October 2016 . Jason Dundas replaced Luke Jacobz as host ; with the judging panel consisting of Guy Sebastian , Iggy Azalea , Adam Lambert and Mel B . The winner was Isaiah Firebrace and his winner 's single `` It 's Got ta Be You '' was released after the final . He was mentored by Lambert , who won as mentor for the first time .",
" The X Factor (UK series 9) The X Factor is a British television music competition to find new singing talent . The ninth series began airing on ITV on 18 August 2012 and ended on 9 December 2012 . Dermot O'Leary returned as presenter of the main show on ITV , whilst Caroline Flack and Olly Murs returned to co-present The Xtra Factor on ITV2 . Louis Walsh , Gary Barlow and Tulisa returned as judges . Nicole Scherzinger was confirmed as the fourth permanent judge after Geri Halliwell , Leona Lewis , Rita Ora , Mel B , Anastacia and Scherzinger herself stood in as guest judges for the vacant position left by Kelly Rowland . After the 8 December show , two of Scherzinger 's acts , James Arthur and Jahméne Douglas , became the top two , meaning that Scherzinger was guaranteed to win . Arthur was announced as the winner on 9 December , and released a cover of Shontelle 's `` Impossible '' as his winner 's song . As of 2016 , it is the most successful winner 's single in the show 's history . Auditions for the series took place between 23 May and 25 June 2012 , in Liverpool , London , Manchester , Glasgow , Newcastle and Cardiff . Bootcamp took place in Liverpool for three days , between 19 July and 22 July . Barlow mentored the over 28s , Scherzinger had the boys , Tulisa mentored the girls and Walsh had the groups . They selected their final three acts during judges ' houses , which took place in Boughton House in Northamptonshire , Dubai , Saint Lucia and Las Vegas . The 12 finalists were joined by a 13th wildcard , voted for by the public after each judge picked one of their rejected to return . The live shows started on 6 October . The final was held at Manchester Central . The trailer for the series , entitled `` Whose Time Is Now ? '' , premiered on 30 July , featuring former contestants Lewis , Alexandra Burke , JLS , Murs , One Direction and Little Mix talking about their time on The X Factor and how it had changed their lives . It was criticised by former winner Shayne Ward because he was not included . The series was beset by several controversial issues throughout its run . In the auditions , these included Zoe Alexander , who swore at judges and assaulted a member of staff ; Alison Brunton , whose audition was believed to have `` caused unnecessary distress or anxiety '' to her children ; and Lorna Bliss , who gave Walsh a lap dance . The live shows were controversial for the eliminations of Carolynne Poole ( after which Gary Barlow walked off the stage ) and Ella Henderson , the fact that the voting lines opened before the contestants had performed , and also comments made by the judges -- Tulisa using the term `` MILF '' , Barlow insulting Tulisa 's breath , and Scherzinger saying `` effing '' . This series ' launch was the lowest rated since 2006 , and the show was often beaten in the ratings by other programmes such as Strictly Come Dancing , Downton Abbey and I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! . The final received the lowest ratings of an X Factor final since 2005 , until the following year 's series final attracted worse ratings . Within four-and-a-half months of the final , six of the series ' finalists -- Arthur , Douglas , Henderson , Christopher Maloney , Union J and Lucy Spraggan -- had been signed to record labels ."
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On the 20th of April 1889, Adolf Hitler was born.
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" Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler ( -LSB- ˈadɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ -RSB- ; 20 April 1889 -- 30 April 1945 ) was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party ( Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei ; NSDAP ) , Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 , and Führer ( `` Leader '' ) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945 . As dictator of the German Reich , he initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939 , and was central to the Holocaust . Hitler was born in Austria , then part of Austria-Hungary , and raised near Linz . He moved to Germany in 1913 and was decorated during his service in the German Army in World War I . He joined the German Workers ' Party ( DAP ) , the precursor of the NSDAP , in 1919 and became leader of the NSDAP in 1921 . In 1923 he attempted a coup in Munich to seize power . The failed coup resulted in Hitler 's imprisonment , during which he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf ( `` My Struggle '' ) . After his release in 1924 , Hitler gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles and promoting Pan-Germanism , anti-semitism , and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda . Hitler frequently denounced international capitalism and communism as being part of a Jewish conspiracy . By 1933 , the Nazi Party was the largest elected party in the German Reichstag , which led to Hitler 's appointment as Chancellor on 30 January 1933 . Following fresh elections won by his coalition , the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act , which began the process of transforming the Weimar Republic into Nazi Germany , a one-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of National Socialism . Hitler aimed to eliminate Jews from Germany and establish a New Order to counter what he saw as the injustice of the post-World War I international order dominated by Britain and France . His first six years in power resulted in rapid economic recovery from the Great Depression , the effective abandonment of restrictions imposed on Germany after World War I , and the annexation of territories that were home to millions of ethnic Germans -- actions which gave him significant popular support . Hitler sought Lebensraum ( `` living space '' ) for the German people in Eastern Europe . His aggressive foreign policy is considered to be the primary cause of the outbreak of World War II in Europe . He directed large-scale rearmament and on 1 September 1939 invaded Poland , resulting in British and French declarations of war on Germany . In June 1941 , Hitler ordered an invasion of the Soviet Union . By the end of 1941 German forces and the European Axis powers occupied most of Europe and North Africa . Failure to defeat the Soviets and the entry of the United States into the war forced Germany onto the defensive and it suffered a series of escalating defeats . In the final days of the war , during the Battle of Berlin in 1945 , Hitler married his long-time lover , Eva Braun . On 30 April 1945 , less than two days later , the two killed themselves to avoid capture by the Red Army , and their corpses were burned . Under Hitler 's leadership and racially motivated ideology , the Nazi regime was responsible for the genocide of at least 5.5 million Jews and millions of other victims whom he and his followers deemed Untermenschen ( `` sub-humans '' ) and socially undesirable . Hitler and the Nazi regime were also responsible for the killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war . In addition , 29 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European Theatre of World War II . The number of civilians killed during the Second World War was unprecedented in warfare , and constitutes the deadliest conflict in human history ."
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" The Holocaust The Holocaust ( from the Greek ὁλόκαυστος holókaustos : hólos , `` whole '' and kaustós , `` burnt '' ) , also referred to as the Shoah ( Hebrew : השואה , HaShoah , `` the catastrophe '' ) , was a genocide in which some six million European Jews were killed by Adolf Hitler 's Nazi Germany , and the World War II collaborators with the Nazis . The victims included 1.5 million children , and constituted about two-thirds of the nine million Jews who had resided in Continental Europe . A broader definition of the Holocaust includes non-Jewish victims of the Nazi campaign of mass murder , . The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust limits the definition of the Holocaust to Jews , Romani , and the Aktion T4 patients who were mentally and physically disabled . Its authors write `` all three groups , but only these groups , were equal victims of Nazi racism and genocide . '' From 1941 to 1945 , Jews were systematically murdered in the deadliest genocide in history , which was part of a broader aggregate of acts of oppression and killings of various ethnic and political groups in Europe . Under the coordination of the SS , with directions from the highest leadership of the Nazi Party , every arm of Germany 's bureaucracy was involved in both the logistics and the carrying out of the mass murder . Killings took place throughout German-occupied Europe , as well as within Nazi Germany , and across all territories controlled by its allies . Other victims of Nazi crimes included ethnic Poles , Ukrainians , and other Slavs ; Soviet citizens and Soviet POWs ; communists ; homosexuals ; Freemasons ; Jehovah 's Witnesses ; and others . Some 42,500 detention facilities were utilized in the concentration of victims for the purpose of committing gross violations of human rights . Over 200,000 people are estimated to have been Holocaust perpetrators . The persecution was carried out in stages , culminating in the policy of extermination which was termed the `` Final Solution to the Jewish Question '' ( die Endlösung der Judenfrage ) . Following Hitler 's rise to power , the German government passed laws to exclude Jews from civil society , most prominently the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 . Starting in 1933 the Nazis began to establish a network of concentration camps . After the outbreak of war in 1939 both German and foreign Jews were herded into wartime ghettos . In 1941 , as Germany began to conquer new territory in the East , all anti-Jewish measures radicalized . Specialized paramilitary units called Einsatzgruppen murdered around two million Jews in mass shootings in less than a year . By mid-1942 , victims were regularly being transported by freight trains to extermination camps . Most who survived the journey were systematically killed in gas chambers . This continued until the end of World War II in Europe in April -- May 1945 . Jewish armed resistance was limited . The most notable exception was the Warsaw Ghetto uprising of 1943 , when thousands of poorly-armed Jewish fighters held the Waffen-SS at bay for four weeks . An estimated 20,000 -- 30,000 Jewish partisans actively fought against the Nazis and their collaborators in Eastern Europe . French Jews took part in the French Resistance , which conducted a guerilla campaign against both the Nazis and the Vichy French authorities . Over a hundred armed Jewish uprisings took place .",
" Reichsbank The was the central bank of Germany from 1876 until 1945 . It was founded on 1 January 1876 ( shortly after the establishment of the German Empire in 1871 ) . The Reichsbank was a privately owned central bank of Prussia , under close control by the Reich government . Its first president was Hermann von Dechend . Before unification in 1871 , Germany had 31 central banks -- the Notenbanken ( note banks ) . Each of the independent states issued their own money . In 1870 , a law was passed that forbade the formation of further central banks . In 1874 , a draft banking law was introduced in the Reichstag ( the German parliament ) . After several changes and compromises , the law was passed in 1875 . Despite the creation of the Reichsbank , however , four of the Notenbanken -- Baden , Bavaria , Saxony and Württemberg -- continued to exist until 1914 . The history of the Reichsbank was volatile . Until World War I it produced a very stable currency called the Goldmark . The expenses of the war caused inflationary pressure and the mark started to decrease in value . The defeat of imperial Germany in 1918 , the economic burden caused by the payment of war reparations to the Allies , and the social unrest in the early years culminated in the German hyperinflation of 1922 -- 23 . The mark , formerly backed by gold , evolved into the Papiermark ( paper mark ) , backed by nothing . Economic reforms , such as the issue of a new provisional currency -- the Rentenmark -- and the 1924 Dawes Plan , stabilised German monetary development and thus the economic outlook of the Weimar Republic . One of the key reforms caused by the Dawes Plan was the establishment of the Reichsbank as an institution independent of the Reich government . On 30 August 1924 , the Reichsbank began issuing the Reichsmark , which served as the German currency until 1948 ."
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Neil deGrasse Tyson wrote for the "Universe" column of Natural History.
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" Neil deGrasse Tyson Neil deGrasse Tyson ( -LSB- ˈniːl_dəˈɡræs_ˈtaɪsən -RSB- born October 5 , 1958 ) is an American astrophysicist , author , and science communicator . Since 1996 , he has been the Frederick P. Rose Director of the Hayden Planetarium at the Rose Center for Earth and Space in New York City . The center is part of the American Museum of Natural History , where Tyson founded the Department of Astrophysics in 1997 and has been a research associate in the department since 2003 . Born and raised in New York City , Tyson became interested in astronomy at the age of nine after a visit to the Hayden Planetarium . After graduating from the Bronx High School of Science , where he was editor-in-chief of the Physical Science Journal , he completed a bachelor 's degree in physics at Harvard University in 1980 . After receiving a master 's degree in astronomy at the University of Texas at Austin in 1983 , he earned his master 's ( 1989 ) and doctorate ( 1991 ) in astrophysics at Columbia University . For the next three years , he was a postdoctoral research associate at Princeton University . In 1994 , he joined the Hayden Planetarium as a staff scientist and the Princeton faculty as a visiting research scientist and lecturer . In 1996 , he became director of the planetarium and oversaw its $ 210-million reconstruction project , which was completed in 2000 . From 1995 to 2005 , Tyson wrote monthly essays in the `` Universe '' column for Natural History magazine , some of which were published in his books Death by Black Hole ( 2007 ) and Astrophysics for People in a Hurry ( 2017 ) . During the same period , he wrote a monthly column in Star Date magazine , answering questions about the universe under the pen name `` Merlin '' . Material from the column appeared in his books Merlin 's Tour of the Universe ( 1998 ) and Just Visiting This Planet ( 1998 ) . Tyson served on a 2001 government commission on the future of the U.S. aerospace industry , and on the 2004 Moon , Mars and Beyond commission . He was awarded the NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal in the same year . From 2006 to 2011 , he hosted the television show NOVA ScienceNow on PBS . Since 2009 , Tyson hosted the weekly podcast StarTalk . A spin-off , also called StarTalk , began airing on National Geographic in 2015 . In 2014 , he hosted the television series Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey , a successor to Carl Sagan 's 1980 series Cosmos : A Personal Voyage . The U.S. National Academy of Sciences awarded Tyson the Public Welfare Medal in 2015 for his `` extraordinary role in exciting the public about the wonders of science '' ."
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" Cosmological argument In natural theology , a cosmological argument is an argument in which the existence of a unique being , generally seen as some kind of god or demiurge is deduced or inferred from facts or alleged facts concerning causation , change , motion , contingency , or finitude in respect of the universe as a whole or processes within it . It is traditionally known as an argument from universal causation , an argument from first cause , or the causal argument . Whichever term is employed , there are three basic variants of the argument , each with subtle yet important distinctions : the arguments from in causa ( causality ) , in esse ( essentiality ) , and in fieri ( becoming ) . The basic premises of all of these are the concept of causality and the Universe ( or Multiverse ) having a beginning . The conclusion of these arguments is first cause , subsequently deemed to be God . The history of this argument goes back to Aristotle or earlier , was developed in Neoplatonism and early Christianity and later in medieval Islamic theology during the 9th to 12th centuries , and re-introduced to medieval Christian theology in the 13th century by Thomas Aquinas . The cosmological argument is closely related to the principle of sufficient reason as addressed by Gottfried Leibniz and Samuel Clarke , itself a modern exposition of the claim that `` nothing comes from nothing '' attributed to Parmenides . Contemporary defenders of cosmological arguments include William Lane Craig , Robert Koons , Alexander Pruss , and William L. Rowe .",
" Natural law Natural law ( ius naturale , lex naturalis ) is a philosophy that certain rights are inherent by virtue of human nature endowed by nature , God , or a transcendent source , and can be understood universally through human reason . Historically , natural law refers to the use of reason to analyze human nature to deduce binding rules of moral behavior from nature 's or God 's creation of reality and mankind . The law of nature , as determined by nature , is universal . Natural law first appeared in ancient Greek philosophy , and was referred to by Roman philosopher Cicero . It was subsequently alluded to in the Bible , and was then developed in the Middle Ages by Catholic philosophers such as Albert the Great , and Thomas Aquinas . During the Age of Enlightenment , modern natural law theories were further developed , combining inspiration from the Roman law , and alongside philosophies like social contract theory . It featured greatly in the works of Alberico Gentili , Francisco Suárez , Richard Hooker , Thomas Hobbes , Hugo Grotius , Samuel von Pufendorf , Matthew Hale , John Locke , Francis Hutcheson , Jean Jacques Burlamaqui , Jean Jacques Rousseau , Emmerich de Vattel , Cesare Beccaria and Francesco Mario Pagano . It was used to challenge the divine right of kings , and became an alternative justification for the establishment of a social contract , positive law , and government -- and thus legal rights -- in the form of classical republicanism . Conversely , the concept of natural rights is used by others to challenge the legitimacy of all such establishments . Contemporarily , the concept of natural law is closely related to the concept of natural rights . Indeed , many philosophers , jurists and scholars use natural law synonymously with natural rights ( ius naturale ) , or natural justice . while others distinguish between natural law and natural right . Declarationism , a legal philosophy that is considered to violate the Supremacy Clause and the Anti-Establishment Clause of the United States Constitution , argues that the founding of the United States is based on natural law . Because of the intersection between natural law and natural rights , natural law has been cited as a component in the United States Declaration of Independence , and claimed by natural law proponents thus to be incorporated into its constitution , as well as in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) . ( See : `` Laws of Nature '' First Paragraph Declaration of Independence ) Although natural law is often confused with common law , the two are distinct . Even though natural law theories have exercised a profound influence on the development of English common law , the latter is not based on inherent rights , but is the legal tradition whereby certain rights or values are legally recognized by virtue of already having judicial recognition or articulation . Natural law is often contrasted with the human-made laws ( positive law ) of a given state , political entity or society . In legal theory , the interpretation of a human-made law requires some reference to natural law . On this understanding of natural law , natural law can be invoked to criticize judicial decisions about what the law says , but not to criticize the best interpretation of the law itself ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Home Alone was not directed by Chris Columbus.
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" Home Alone Home Alone is a 1990 American Christmas comedy film written and produced by John Hughes and directed by Chris Columbus . The film stars Macaulay Culkin as Kevin McCallister , a boy who is mistakenly left behind when his family flies to Paris for their Christmas vacation . Kevin initially relishes being home alone , but soon has to contend with two would-be burglars played by Joe Pesci and Daniel Stern . The film also features Catherine O'Hara and John Heard as Kevin 's parents . Culkin was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Musical or Comedy . After its release , Home Alone became the highest-grossing live action comedy film of all time in the United States , and also held the record worldwide until it was overtaken by The Hangover Part II in 2011 . It is the highest grossing Christmas movie of all time at the North American box office ( when adjusted for inflation ) . Home Alone has spawned a successful film franchise with four sequels , including the 1992 film Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York , the only Home Alone sequel to have the original cast reprising their roles ."
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" Christmas with the Kranks Christmas with the Kranks is a 2004 American Christmas comedy film based on the 2001 novel Skipping Christmas by John Grisham . It was directed by Joe Roth and written and produced by Chris Columbus . It stars Tim Allen and Jamie Lee Curtis as a couple who decide to skip Christmas one year since their daughter is away , much to the chagrin of their neighbors . This was Tom Poston 's final film before his death in 2007 .",
" Columbus Circle (film) Columbus Circle is an independent thriller film directed by George Gallo and co-written by Gallo and Kevin Pollak . The film stars Selma Blair , Giovanni Ribisi , Beau Bridges , Amy Smart , Jason Lee , and Kevin Pollak . The film was released directly to video in the United States on March 6 , 2012 . Producer Christopher Mallick is accused of stealing millions of dollars from customers of his now defunct billing company `` ePassporte '' to fund the production of his films ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Kid Rock's name is Shawn Carter.
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" Kid Rock Robert James Ritchie ( born January 17 , 1971 ) , known professionally as Kid Rock , is an American singer , rapper , songwriter , musician , record producer , and actor . His 1998 album Devil Without a Cause sold 14 million copies worldwide . He is a five-time Grammy Award nominee and has sold 25 million albums in the U.S. according to Nielsen SoundScan . The RIAA certified him selling 23.5 million albums . He has sold over 35 million records worldwide and he was Soundscan 's number-one selling male solo musician of the 2000s , selling 17.6 million albums ; he was 17th overall for the decade . Rock performed rap and hip hop with five releases between 1990 and 1997 , including a reissue and an EP . After signing a recording contract with Atlantic Records in 1998 , he gained commercial success in the rap rock genre behind the singles `` Bawitdaba '' , `` Cowboy '' and `` Only God Knows Why '' ( the latter foreshadowing his move into country rock ) . After the success of Devil Without a Cause in 2000 , he released The History of Rock , a compilation of remixed and remastered versions of songs from previous albums as well as the hit rock single , `` American Bad Ass '' . Rock 's follow-up records became more rock - , country - , and blues-oriented , starting with 2001 's Cocky . His collaboration with Sheryl Crow on the song `` Picture '' was his first country hit and biggest pop hit in the US to date charting at No. 4 on the Hot 100 . After 2003 's Kid Rock and 2006 's Live Trucker sales declined from the previous releases , he then released Rock n Roll Jesus in 2007 . The album featured the song `` All Summer Long '' , which charted at No. 1 in eight countries across Europe and Australia . In 2010 , he released Born Free , which featured an eponymous song that became the political campaign theme of Mitt Romney , the Republican nominee for President of the United States in the 2012 election . Rock released Rebel Soul on November 19 , 2012 behind the rock hit `` Let 's Ride '' . The album was certified gold in April 2013 . Kid Rock released First Kiss on February 24 , 2015 behind the hit title track ."
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" Cowboy (Kid Rock song) `` Cowboy '' is a single by Kid Rock from his album Devil Without a Cause . The song 's rapping style has been adapted by country artists like Toby Keith , Trace Adkins and Blake Shelton . Many musicians have been influenced and inspired by this song , who include Jason Aldean , Big & Rich , Eric Church , Colt Ford , Florida Georgia Line , Brantley Gilbert and Luke Bryan . Originally referred to as the genre `` Hick Hop '' , it has gone on to be labeled as `` Bro Country '' . His 2008 single `` All Summer Long '' helped push along the bro country genre more so then `` Cowboy '' . Both have themes of partying , drinking , boats , cars , and girls . The song also helped influence a more prominent hip hop from the south , drawling on country music in Bubba Sparks , Rehab , The Lacs and Moonshine Bandits . Kid Rock actually did this first on the song `` Desperate-Rado '' on his independent release The Polyfuze Method in 1993 , but `` Cowboy '' broke into the mainstream . Kid Rock describes the song as `` Lynyrd Skynyrd meets Run-D.M.C . '' . The song uses dobro , slide , banjo and a ragtime piano , which was actually a sample of The Doors ' song `` L.A. Woman '' . The song `` Cowboy '' was originally rejected by Atlantic Records , after Kid Rock told them it was the best song he had written to that point . The song is about how Kid Rock had foreseen his move to Hollywood to become a star . `` Cowboy '' peaked at number 82 on the Billboard Hot 100 , 34 on The Top 40 , 5 on Mainstream Rock Chart , and 10 on the Modern Rock charts . The song is used as the walk-in music for UFC fighter Donald Cerrone . This song was used in the first promotional commercial for WrestleMania XXV . An instrumental remake of this song was used by Jeff Jarrett in WCW . `` Cowboy '' appeared in the movies Shanghai Noon , Ready To Rumble , Serving Sara , Matchstick Men and Coyote Ugly . In 2000 , Kid Rock and The Neptunes made a rap single version of the song . There was also a live version released on the `` American Bad Ass '' single in 2000 . The song was performed during the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show in 2004 . A live version was released on 2006 's Live Trucker with a bluesy into given to it . Porn star Ron Jeremy and actor Gary Coleman made cameos in the music video , which was a spoof on Smokey and the Bandit . Joe C and Gary Coleman dueled while Ron Jeremy pretended to do the piano solo .",
" 2016 Kids' Choice Awards The 29th Annual Kids ' Choice Awards was held live on March 12 , 2016 , at the The Forum in Inglewood , California live on Nickelodeon and either live or on tape delay across all of Nickelodeon 's international networks and also served as a full-length TV movie . Country singer Blake Shelton hosted the ceremony . A simulcast was also carried in the United States on sister channels Nicktoons , TeenNick , TV Land , and CMT , as well as on Nick Radio , to maximize ratings numbers , the show drew 3,321,000 on Nickelodeon and 4.426 million on all the channels put together . There was one award that was n't announced during the ceremony , the award for Favorite TV Actor -- Kids Show . However , Ross Lynch won the award after the ceremony ended . A new series , School of Rock , which is based on the 2003 film of the same name , premiered after the ceremony ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Gerard Lee was born in Spain.
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" Gerard Lee Gerard Lee ( born 1951 in Melbourne ) is an Australian novelist , screenwriter and director .",
" Melbourne Melbourne ( -LSB- ˈmɛlbərn -RSB- ) is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania . The name `` Melbourne '' refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9900 km2 , which comprises the broader metropolitan area , as well as being the common name for its city centre . The metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . Melbourne consists of 31 municipalities . It has a population of 4,641,636 , and its inhabitants are called Melburnians . Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemen 's Land on 30 August 1835 , in what was then the colony of New South Wales , it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 . It was named `` Melbourne '' by the Governor of New South Wales , Sir Richard Bourke , in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria , to whom Lord Melbourne was close , in 1847 , after which it became the capital of the newly founded colony of Victoria in 1851 . During the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s , it was transformed into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest cities . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as the nation 's interim seat of government until 1927 . Melbourne rates highly in education , entertainment , health care , research and development , tourism and sport , making it the world 's most liveable city -- for the sixth year in a row in 2016 , according to the Economist Intelligence Unit . It is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region , and ranks among the top 30 cities in the world in the Global Financial Centres Index . Referred to as Australia 's `` cultural capital '' , it is the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , the Australian film and television industries , and Australian contemporary dance . It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a major centre for street art , music and theatre . It is home to many of Australia 's largest and oldest cultural institutions such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria , the State Library of Victoria and the UNESCO World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games . The main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport ( also called Tullamarine Airport ) , the second busiest in Australia . The Port of Melbourne is Australia 's busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo . Melbourne has an extensive transport network . The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station , and the main regional train and coach terminus is Southern Cross Station . Melbourne is also home to Australia 's most extensive freeway network and has the world 's largest urban tram network ."
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" Antwerp Antwerp ( -LSB- ˈæntwɜrp -RSB- , Antwerpen -LSB- ˈɑntʋɛrpə ( n ) -RSB- , Anvers -LSB- ɑ̃vɛʁ ( s ) -RSB- ) is a city in Belgium , the capital of Antwerp province in the region of Flanders . With a population of 510,610 , it is the most populous city proper in Belgium . Its metropolitan area houses around 1,200,000 people , which is second behind Brussels . Antwerp is on the River Scheldt , linked to the North Sea by the Westerschelde estuary . The Port of Antwerp is one of the biggest in the world , ranking second in Europe and within the top 20 globally . Antwerp has long been an important city in the Low Countries , both economically and culturally , especially before the Spanish Fury ( 1576 ) in the Dutch Revolt . The inhabitants of Antwerp are nicknamed Sinjoren , after the Spanish honorific señor or French seigneur , `` lord '' , referring to the Spanish noblemen who ruled the city in the 17th century . The city hosted the 1920 Summer Olympics .",
" Gérard Corbiau Gérard Corbiau ( -LSB- kɔʁbjo -RSB- ; born 19 September 1941 ) is a Belgian film director . Corbiau was born in Brussels , Belgium . He is best known for his costume dramas about music , Le maître de musique ( 1987 ) , Farinelli ( 1994 ) and Le roi danse ( 2000 ) . Two of them ( Le maître de musique and Farinelli ) were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . He currently lives in Belgium and is working on several projects ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Elvis Presley had a concert.
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" Elvis Presley Elvis Aaron Presley ( January 8 , 1935 -- August 16 , 1977 ) was an American singer-songwriter and actor . Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century , he is often referred to as the `` King of Rock and Roll '' , or simply `` the King '' . Presley was born in Tupelo , Mississippi , and relocated to Memphis , Tennessee , with his family when he was 13 years old . His music career began there in 1954 , when he recorded a song with producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records . Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black , Presley was an early popularizer of rockabilly , an uptempo , backbeat-driven fusion of country music and rhythm and blues . RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker , who managed the singer for more than two decades . Presley 's first RCA single , `` Heartbreak Hotel '' , was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States . He was regarded as the leading figure of rock and roll after a series of successful network television appearances and chart-topping records . His energized interpretations of songs and sexually provocative performance style , combined with a singularly potent mix of influences across color lines that coincided with the dawn of the Civil Rights Movement , made him enormously popular -- and controversial . In November 1956 , Presley made his film debut in Love Me Tender . In 1958 , he was drafted into military service . He resumed his recording career two years later , producing some of his most commercially successful work before devoting much of the 1960s to making Hollywood films and their accompanying soundtrack albums , most of which were critically derided . In 1968 , following a seven-year break from live performances , he returned to the stage in the acclaimed televised comeback special Elvis , which led to an extended Las Vegas concert residency and a string of highly profitable tours . In 1973 , Presley featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite , Aloha from Hawaii . On August 16 , 1977 , he sustained a heart attack in the bathroom of his Graceland estate , and died as a result . His death came in the wake of many years of prescription drug abuse which lead to his poor health and death . Presley is one of the most celebrated and influential musicians of the 20th century . Commercially successful in many genres , including pop , blues and gospel , he is one of the best-selling solo artists in the history of recorded music , with estimated record sales of around 600 million units worldwide . He won three Grammys , also receiving the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36 , and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame ."
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" Curtain raiser A curtain raiser is a performance , stage act , show , actor or performer that opens a show for the main attraction . The term is derived from the act of raising the stage curtain . The first person on stage has `` raised the curtain '' . The fashion in the late Victorian era and Edwardian era was to present long evenings in the theatre , and so full-length pieces were often presented together with companion pieces . Each full-length work was normally accompanied by one or two short companion pieces . If the piece began the performance , it was called a curtain raiser . One that followed the full-length piece was called an afterpiece . W. J. MacQueen-Pope commented , concerning the curtain raisers : This was a one-act play , seen only by the early comers . It would play to empty boxes , half-empty upper circle , to a gradually filling stalls and dress circle , but to an attentive , grateful and appreciative pit and gallery . Often these plays were little gems . They deserved much better treatment than they got , but those who saw them delighted in them ... they served to give young actors and actresses a chance to win their spurs ... the stalls and the boxes lost much by missing the curtain-raiser , but to them dinner was more important .",
" A-side and B-side The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78 , 45 , and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records , whether singles , extended plays ( EPs ) , or long-playing ( LP ) records . The A-side usually featured the recording that the artist , record producer , or the record company intended to receive the initial promotional effort and then receive radio airplay , hopefully , to become a `` hit '' record . The B-side ( or `` flip-side '' ) is a secondary recording that has a history of its own : some artists , notably Elvis Presley , Little Richard , the Beatles , Chuck Berry , and Fats Domino , released B-sides that were considered as strong as the A-side and became hits in their own right . Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits with both A-side and B-side releases . Others took the opposite approach : producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrumentals that no one would confuse with the A-side . With this practice , Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side . Music recordings have moved away from records onto other formats such as CDs and digital downloads , which do not have `` sides '' , but the terms are still used to describe the type of content , with B-side sometimes standing for `` bonus '' track ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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The Chainsmokers had a number-one pop single.
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" The Chainsmokers The Chainsmokers are an American DJ/producer duo consisting of Andrew Taggart and Alex Pall . The EDM-pop duo achieved a breakthrough with their 2014 song '' #Selfie '' , which was a top twenty single in several countries . Their debut EP , Bouquet was released in October 2015 and featured the single `` Roses '' , which reached the top 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . `` Do n't Let Me Down '' became their first top 5 single there and won the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording at the 59th awards ceremony , while `` Closer '' became their first number-one single on the chart . They have also won an American Music Award and five iHeartRadio Music Awards . The duo 's second EP Collage was released in November 2016 , consisting of several previously released singles . Their debut studio album Memories ... Do Not Open was released in April 2017 ."
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" Don't Let Me Down (The Chainsmokers song) `` Do n't Let Me Down '' is a song by American production duo The Chainsmokers . The song features the vocals of American singer Daya , and was released on February 5 , 2016 , through Disruptor Records and Columbia Records . The song was written by Andrew Taggart , Emily Warren and Scott Harris . It was released on March 22 , 2016 , as the radio single follow-up to `` Roses '' . `` Do n't Let Me Down '' became both The Chainsmokers ' and Daya 's first top five single on the US Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number three . It also became The Chainsmokers ' second consecutive top 10 entry after `` Roses '' , which peaked at number six . It reached the top 10 in several countries , including Australia , Austria , Canada , Germany , New Zealand , Sweden , and the United Kingdom . A set of remixes for the song , was released on April 15 , 2016 . A music video for the song was released on April 29 , 2016 , with appearances from The Chainsmokers and Daya . The song won a Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording .",
" The Stooges The Stooges , also known as Iggy and the Stooges , were an American rock band formed in Ann Arbor , Michigan in 1967 by singer Iggy Pop , guitarist Ron Asheton , drummer Scott Asheton , and bassist Dave Alexander . Playing a raw , primitive style of rock and roll , the band sold few records in their original incarnation and gained a reputation for their confrontational performances , which often involved acts of self-mutilation by frontman Iggy Pop . After releasing two albums -- The Stooges ( 1969 ) and Fun House ( 1970 ) -- the group disbanded briefly , and reformed with a different lineup to release Raw Power ( 1973 ) before breaking up again in 1974 . The band reunited in 2003 and was active until 2016 following the deaths of several original members . The Stooges are widely regarded as a seminal proto-punk act and as instrumental in the development of punk rock , alternative rock , heavy metal music and rock music at large . The Stooges were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010 . In 2004 , Rolling Stone ranked them 78th on their list of the 100 greatest artists of all time ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Eat Pray Love stars Julia Roberts as Jimmy Carter.
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" Eat Pray Love Eat Pray Love is a 2010 American biographical romantic comedy-drama film starring Julia Roberts as Elizabeth Gilbert , based on Gilbert 's best-selling memoir Eat , Pray , Love . Ryan Murphy co-wrote and directed the film , which opened in the United States on August 13 , 2010 ."
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" Doris Roberts Doris Roberts ( born Doris May Green ; November 4 , 1925 -- April 17 , 2016 ) was an American actress , author and philanthropist whose career spanned six decades of television . She appeared as a guest on many talk and variety shows , along with appearing as a panelist on several game shows . She was an advocate of animal rights and animal-rights activism , supporting groups such as the United Activists for Animal Rights . Roberts started in films in 1961 , and had prominent roles in movies , including playing opposite Shirley Stoler in The Honeymoon Killers ( 1969 ) , Elliott Gould in Little Murders ( 1971 ) , Steven Keats in Hester Street ( 1975 ) , Billy Crystal in Rabbit Test ( 1978 ) , Robert Carradine in Number One with a Bullet ( 1987 ) , and Cady McClain in Simple Justice ( 1989 ) , among many others . She received five Emmy Awards and a Screen Actors Guild award during her acting career , which began in 1951 . She achieved continuing success for her co-starring role as Raymond Barone 's mother , Marie Barone , on the long-running CBS sitcom , Everybody Loves Raymond ( 1996 -- 2005 ) . She played Mildred Krebs in Remington Steele from 1983 to 1987 . Towards the end of her acting career , she also had a prominent role opposite Tyler Perry in Madea 's Witness Protection ( 2012 ) .",
" Julia Roberts Julia Fiona Roberts ( born October 28 , 1967 ) is an American actress and producer . She became a Hollywood star after headlining the romantic comedy Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) , which grossed US $ 464 million worldwide . She has won three Golden Globe Awards ( out of eight nominations ) and has been nominated for four Academy Awards for her film acting , winning the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Erin Brockovich ( 2000 ) . Her films Mystic Pizza ( 1988 ) , Steel Magnolias ( 1989 ) Sleeping with the Enemy ( 1991 ) , Hook ( 1991 ) , The Pelican Brief ( 1993 ) , My Best Friend 's Wedding ( 1997 ) , Conspiracy Theory ( 1997 ) , Notting Hill ( 1999 ) , Runaway Bride ( 1999 ) , Ocean 's Eleven ( 2001 ) , Mona Lisa Smile ( 2003 ) , Ocean 's Twelve ( 2004 ) , Charlie Wilson 's War ( 2007 ) , Valentine 's Day ( 2010 ) , Eat Pray Love ( 2010 ) , Mirror Mirror ( 2012 ) , and Money Monster ( 2016 ) have collectively brought box office receipts of over US$ 2.7 billion , making her one of the most successful actresses in terms of box office receipts . She received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie nomination for her performance in the HBO television film The Normal Heart ( 2014 ) . Roberts was the highest-paid actress in the world throughout most of the 1990s and in the first half of the 2000s . Her fee for 1990 's Pretty Woman was US$ 300,000 ; in 2003 , she was paid an unprecedented US$ 25 million for her role in Mona Lisa Smile ( 2003 ) . As of 2007 Roberts 's net worth was estimated to be US$ 140 million . She has been named People magazine 's `` World 's Most Beautiful Woman '' a record five times ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Perth is outside of Australia.
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" Perth Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia . It is the fourth-most populous city in Australia , with an estimated population of 2.06 million living in Greater Perth . Perth is part of the South West Land Division of Western Australia , with the majority of the metropolitan area located on the Swan Coastal Plain , a narrow strip between the Indian Ocean and the Darling Scarp . The first areas settled were on the Swan River , with the city 's central business district and port ( Fremantle ) both located on its shores . Perth was founded by Captain James Stirling in 1829 as the administrative centre of the Swan River Colony . It gained city status ( currently vested in the smaller City of Perth ) in 1856 , and was promoted to the status of a Lord Mayorality in 1929 . The city is named after Perth , Scotland , due to the influence of Sir George Murray , Member of Parliament for Perthshire and Secretary of State for War and the Colonies . The city 's population increased substantially as a result of the Western Australian gold rushes in the late 19th century . During Australia 's involvement in World War II , Fremantle served as a base for submarines operating in the Pacific Theatre , and a US Navy Catalina flying boat fleet was based at Matilda Bay . An influx of immigrants after the war , predominantly from Britain , Greece , Italy and Yugoslavia , led to rapid population growth . This was followed by a surge in economic activity flowing from several mining booms in the late 20th and early 21st centuries that saw Perth become the regional headquarters for a number of large mining operations located around the state . As part of Perth 's role as the capital of Western Australia , the state 's Parliament and Supreme Court are located within the city , as is Government House , the residence of the Governor of Western Australia . Perth came seventh in the Economist Intelligence Unit 's August 2016 list of the world 's most liveable cities , and was classified by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network in 2010 as a world city . Perth is divided into 30 local government areas and 250 suburbs , stretching from Two Rocks in the north to Singleton in the south , and east inland to The Lake . Outside of the main CBD , important urban centres within Perth include Armadale , Fremantle , Joondalup , Midland , and Rockingham . Most of those were originally established as separate settlements , and retained a distinct identity after being subsumed into the wider metropolitan area . Mandurah , Western Australia 's second-largest city , has in recent years formed a conurbation with Perth along the coast , though for most purposes it is still considered a separate city ."
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" Shire A shire is a traditional term for a division of land , found in the United Kingdom and some other English speaking countries . It was first used in Wessex from the beginning of Anglo-Saxon settlement , and spread to most of the rest of England in the tenth century . In some rural parts of Australia , a shire is a local government area ; however , in Australia it is not synonymous with a `` county '' , which is a lands administrative division .",
" Melbourne Melbourne ( -LSB- ˈmɛlbərn -RSB- ) is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria , and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania . The name `` Melbourne '' refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9900 km2 , which comprises the broader metropolitan area , as well as being the common name for its city centre . The metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges , Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley . Melbourne consists of 31 municipalities . It has a population of 4,641,636 , and its inhabitants are called Melburnians . Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemen 's Land on 30 August 1835 , in what was then the colony of New South Wales , it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837 . It was named `` Melbourne '' by the Governor of New South Wales , Sir Richard Bourke , in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne . It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria , to whom Lord Melbourne was close , in 1847 , after which it became the capital of the newly founded colony of Victoria in 1851 . During the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s , it was transformed into one of the world 's largest and wealthiest cities . After the federation of Australia in 1901 , it served as the nation 's interim seat of government until 1927 . Melbourne rates highly in education , entertainment , health care , research and development , tourism and sport , making it the world 's most liveable city -- for the sixth year in a row in 2016 , according to the Economist Intelligence Unit . It is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region , and ranks among the top 30 cities in the world in the Global Financial Centres Index . Referred to as Australia 's `` cultural capital '' , it is the birthplace of Australian impressionism , Australian rules football , the Australian film and television industries , and Australian contemporary dance . It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a major centre for street art , music and theatre . It is home to many of Australia 's largest and oldest cultural institutions such as the Melbourne Cricket Ground , the National Gallery of Victoria , the State Library of Victoria and the UNESCO World Heritage-listed Royal Exhibition Building . It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games . The main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport ( also called Tullamarine Airport ) , the second busiest in Australia . The Port of Melbourne is Australia 's busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo . Melbourne has an extensive transport network . The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station , and the main regional train and coach terminus is Southern Cross Station . Melbourne is also home to Australia 's most extensive freeway network and has the world 's largest urban tram network ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen made $836.3 million worldwide.
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" Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen is a 2009 American science fiction action film directed by Michael Bay and executive produced by Steven Spielberg , based on the toy line of the same name created by Hasbro . It is the sequel to 2007 's Transformers , as well as the second installment in the live-action Transformers film series . Taking place two years after its predecessor , the plot revolves around Sam Witwicky , who is caught in the war between two factions of alien robots , the Autobots , led by Optimus Prime and the Decepticons , led by Megatron . Sam is having strange visions of Cybertronian symbols , and being hunted by the Decepticons under the orders of an ancient Decepticon named The Fallen , who seeks to get revenge on Earth by finding and activating a machine that would provide the Decepticons with an energon source , destroying the sun and all life on Earth in the process . Returning Transformers include Optimus Prime , Bumblebee , Ironhide , Ratchet , Megatron , Starscream , and Scorponok . With deadlines jeopardized by possible strikes by the Directors Guild of America and the Screen Actors Guild , Bay managed to finish the production on time with the help of previsualization and a scriptment by his writers Roberto Orci , Alex Kurtzman , and series newcomer Ehren Kruger . Shooting took place from May to November 2008 , with locations in Egypt , Jordan , Pennsylvania , New Jersey , and California , as well as air bases in New Mexico and Arizona . This was the last film in the series to star Megan Fox , and was also the last film in the series to be co-produced by DreamWorks Pictures , leaving Paramount Pictures to become the distributor of its future films . Revenge of the Fallen premiered on June 8 , 2009 in Tokyo and was released on June 24 , 2009 in the United States . Metacritic said the film received `` generally unfavorable reviews '' ; criticism was directed at its bland story , melodramatic acting , romantic scenes , crude humor , overall length , repetitive action sequences , abrupt ending , and Optimus Prime 's drastically decreased screen time compared to the previous film . However , critics praised the visual effects , music , and the voice performances of Hugo Weaving , Charlie Adler and Tony Todd . The film won three Golden Raspberry Awards at the 30th Golden Raspberry Awards ceremony , and became the highest-grossing film to win the Worst Picture award . The film grossed a total of $ 402.1 million in the US and Canada and $ 434.2 million in other territories , for a total of $ 836.3 million worldwide . It was the second highest-grossing film of 2009 in the US and Canada , 23rd domestically , the 44th highest-grossing film of all time and fourth highest of the year worldwide . With over 11 million home media sales in 2009 , it was also the top-selling film of the year in the United States . It was followed by Dark of the Moon in 2011 , and by Age of Extinction in 2014 . A fifth film , titled The Last Knight , is scheduled for a 2017 release ."
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" Poseidon (film) Poseidon is a 2006 disaster film directed and co-produced by Wolfgang Petersen . It is the third film adaptation of Paul Gallico 's novel The Poseidon Adventure , and a loose remake of the 1972 film of the same name . It stars Kurt Russell and Josh Lucas . It was produced and distributed by Warner Bros. in association with Virtual Studios . The film had a simultaneous release in the IMAX format . It was released on May 12 , 2006 , and nominated at the 79th Academy Awards for Best Visual Effects . Poseidon grossed $ 181,674,817 at the worldwide box office on a budget of $ 160 million .",
" Transformers: Age of Extinction Transformers : Age of Extinction is a 2014 American science fiction action film based on the Transformers franchise . It is the fourth installment of the live-action Transformers film series and a stand-alone sequel to 2011 's Transformers : Dark of the Moon , taking place five years after its events . Like its predecessors , it was directed by Michael Bay and written by Ehren Kruger , with Steven Spielberg and Bay as executive producers . It stars Mark Wahlberg , with Peter Cullen reprising his role as the voice of Optimus Prime , as the lead roles . It is the first film in the series to not feature the original human characters from the first three films , but features a new cast of human characters and many new Transformers including : the Dinobots , Lockdown , Stinger , Junkheap , Hound , Crosshairs and Drift . Returning Transformers include : Optimus Prime , Bumblebee , Ratchet , Leadfoot , Brains and Megatron ( now known as Galvatron ) . The film was released on June 27 , 2014 , in IMAX and 3D . Transformers : Age of Extinction was panned by critics , many of whom considered it poorly directed , badly acted , and terribly written . According to Rotten Tomatoes , it is the worst reviewed film in the series , holding an 18 % approval rating . It also received seven nominations at the 35th Golden Raspberry Awards , including Worst Picture and Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip-off or Sequel , with Bay and Kelsey Grammer winning the awards for Worst Director and Worst Supporting Actor respectively . The film grossed over $ 1.104 billion worldwide , making it the highest-grossing film of 2014 , the second highest-grossing film in the Transformers series , the 19th film to gross over $ 1 billion , and the 16th highest-grossing film of all time . It was the only film to gross over $ 1 billion in 2014 . A sequel , Transformers : The Last Knight , is set to be released on June 21 , 2017 , with Cullen , Tucci , and Wahlberg returning , and Bay directing ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Lady Gaga has won 12 Guinness World Records.
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" Lady Gaga Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta ( -LSB- ˈstɛfəniː_dʒɜrməˈnɒtə -RSB- ; born March 28 , 1986 ) , known professionally as Lady Gaga , is an American singer , songwriter , and actress . At the beginning of her career , Gaga became known for her unconventionality and provocative work . A popular contemporary recording artist , she is noted for constantly experimenting with new musical ideas and images . Gaga initially played roles in high school plays , and studied at CAP21 through NYU 's Tisch School of the Arts before dropping out to pursue a musical career . After leaving a rock band , participating in a performance art circuit , and being dropped from a contract with Def Jam Recordings , Gaga worked as a songwriter for Sony/ATV Music Publishing . From there , Akon noticed her vocal abilities and helped her sign a joint deal with Interscope Records and his own KonLive Distribution in 2007 . Gaga rose to prominence with the release of her successful debut album The Fame ( 2008 ) and its international chart-topping singles `` Just Dance '' and `` Poker Face '' . A follow-up EP , The Fame Monster ( 2009 ) , was met with a similar reception and the singles `` Bad Romance '' , `` Telephone '' , and `` Alejandro '' were also successful . Gaga 's second full-length album Born This Way ( 2011 ) topped the charts in more than 20 countries , including the US , where it sold over one million copies in its first week . The album produced the number-one single `` Born This Way '' . Gaga 's third album Artpop , released in 2013 , topped the US charts and included the successful single `` Applause '' . In 2014 , Gaga released a collaborative jazz album with Tony Bennett titled Cheek to Cheek , her third consecutive number one in the US . For her work in the television series American Horror Story : Hotel , Gaga won a Golden Globe Award in 2016 . With her fifth studio album Joanne ( 2016 ) , she became the first woman to have four US number one albums in the 2010s . In February 2017 , Gaga headlined the Super Bowl LI halftime show , which had over 150 million audience across various platforms worldwide , making it the most viewed musical event in history . With global album and single sales of 27 million and 146 million respectively , as of January 2016 , she is one of the best-selling musicians of all time . Her achievements include twelve Guinness World Records , three Brit Awards , and six Grammy Awards . She has also received awards from the Songwriters Hall of Fame and the Council of Fashion Designers of America . Gaga regularly appears on Billboards Artists of the Year lists and Forbess power and earnings rankings . She was ranked at number four on VH1 's Greatest Women in Music , finished second on Times 2011 readers ' poll of the most influential people of the past ten years , and was named Billboards Woman of the Year ( 2015 ) . She is known for her philanthropic work and social activism , including LGBT rights and her own non-profit organization , the Born This Way Foundation , which focuses on promoting youth empowerment and combating bullying ."
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" Judas (Lady Gaga song) `` Judas '' is a song by American singer Lady Gaga , from her second studio album , Born This Way ( 2011 ) . It was released four days ahead of schedule by Interscope Records on April 15 , 2011 . Written and produced by Lady Gaga and RedOne , `` Judas '' is a dance and electro house song about a woman in love with a man who betrayed her . It embodies the incidents that have haunted Gaga in the past , and its core meaning refers to the negative parts of her life that she can not escape . Gaga has further explained that the song was also about honoring one 's inner darkness in order to bring oneself into the light . The artwork for the single was designed by Gaga in Microsoft Word . In spite of a polarizing impact on several religious groups , the song was generally well received by critics , who likened the song to `` Bad Romance '' with some noting it should have been the album 's lead single . `` Judas '' received generally positive reviews from most music critics . The song has a similar sound to Gaga 's previous RedOne-produced tracks , including `` Poker Face '' , `` LoveGame '' , `` Bad Romance '' , and `` Alejandro '' . It contains three distinct hooks and a house-influenced break down . Gaga explained that the lines spoken during the breakdown talk about her as beyond redemption , regarding the traditional views of what a woman should be . `` Judas '' initially had a strong sales opening , but was less successful commercially in comparison to Gaga 's previous singles . The song reached the top ten of the charts in most major music markets , and also reached the top of the charts in South Korea . A music video for the song was filmed in April 2011 , co-directed by Gaga and Laurieann Gibson and co-starring Norman Reedus . It has a Biblical storyline where Reedus played Judas Iscariot and Gaga played Mary Magdalene . The video portrays them as modern day missionaries going to Jerusalem . It included the Biblical story of Judas betraying Jesus , and ended with Gaga as Magdalene getting stoned to death . Before its release , the Catholic League condemned Gaga for the use of religious imagery and her role in the video . However , the video was generally praised by critics and nominated for two awards at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards . Gaga has performed `` Judas '' on a number of television shows , including The Graham Norton Show , Saturday Night Live , Good Morning Americas `` Summer Concert Series '' , the French X Factor as well as on The Ellen DeGeneres Show .",
" Dope (Lady Gaga song) `` Dope '' is a song recorded by American singer Lady Gaga for her third studio album , Artpop ( 2013 ) . It was released on November 4 , 2013 , by Interscope Records as the second promotional single from the record , following `` Venus '' . It was written by Gaga , Paul `` DJ White Shadow '' Blair , Dino Zisis , and Nick Monson and produced by Gaga and Rick Rubin . Following her hip surgery and cancellation of the Born This Way Ball tour , Gaga became addicted to drugs , which helped her get relief from the pain of surgery and also to cope with her sabbatical . `` Dope '' was written about this addiction and evolved from a song she had previously composed for her fans , about her confessions . It was added to Artpop because Gaga felt the album needed something more autobiographical . The song received positive reviews , with critics complimenting its simple production , the songwriting and Gaga 's vocals . An electronic rock lament , in the vein of Irish folk ballad rue , `` Dope '' is a bittersweet song centered on a dark theme . It has a minimal production and is only composed off Gaga 's vocals sung in an intoxicated slur . Lyrically it talks about substance abuse and the yearning for a long lost love . Previous to the release Gaga uploaded an image of herself on Instagram , wearing a snapback featuring the word DOPE . She also posted the song 's lyrics there , triggering the social media website 's concern . The artwork featured Gaga with a big blazer , her face covered with a hat and a grill that made her teeth appear larger . Media outlets found the picture to be `` odd '' and compared it to different horror films . Gaga performed the song at the 2013 YouTube Music Awards , wearing a red shirt and playing the piano while crying . The performance in its musical aspect was praised for its emotional quotient . After its release , `` Dope '' reached the top of the music charts in Hungary and Spain , while attaining top-ten positions in Belgium , France , Greece , Italy and Luxembourg . The streams from the YouTube Music Awards performance helped the song become Gaga 's 13th top-ten on the Billboard Hot 100 reaching number eight , as well as her highest charting promotional single to date ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Vince Vaughn appeared in a biographical sports film.
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" Vince Vaughn Vincent Anthony Vaughn ( born March 28 , 1970 ) is an American actor , producer , screenwriter , activist , and comedian . Vaughn began acting in the late 1980s , appearing in minor television roles before attaining wider recognition with the 1996 comedy-drama film Swingers . He has appeared in a number of films in the 1990s , including the sports film Rudy ( 1993 ) , the sci-fi adventure dinosaur film The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) , and the drama-thriller Return to Paradise ( 1998 ) . In the 2000s , he acted in several comedies , including Old School ( 2003 ) , Dodgeball : A True Underdog Story ( 2004 ) , Wedding Crashers ( 2005 ) , The Break-Up ( 2006 ) , and Fred Claus ( 2007 ) . He continued his comedic roles in the 2010s with The Dilemma ( 2011 ) , The Watch ( 2012 ) , and The Internship ( 2013 ) . In 2015 , he starred as Frank Semyon in the second season of the HBO anthology crime drama television series True Detective alongside Colin Farrell , Taylor Kitsch and Rachel McAdams ."
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" The Internship The Internship is a 2013 American comedy film directed by Shawn Levy , written by Vince Vaughn and Jared Stern , and produced by Vaughn and Levy . The film stars Vince Vaughn and Owen Wilson as recently-laid-off salesmen who attempt to compete with much younger and more technically-skilled applicants for a job at Google . The Internship is the second film with Vaughn and Wilson in the lead roles , after the 2005 film Wedding Crashers ; the two had also both appeared in the 2004 film Starsky & Hutch . This is also the second collaboration of Levy , Vaughn , and Stern after the 2012 film The Watch , and the third of Levy and Wilson after the first two Night at the Museum films .",
" The Greatest Game Ever Played The Greatest Game Ever Played is a 2005 biographical sports film based on the early life of golf champion Francis Ouimet . The film was directed by Bill Paxton ; Shia LaBeouf plays the role of Ouimet . The film 's screenplay was adapted by Mark Frost from his book , The Greatest Game Ever Played : Harry Vardon , Francis Ouimet , and the Birth of Modern Golf . It was shot in Montreal , Canada , with the Kanawaki Golf Club , in Kahnawake , Quebec , the site of the golf sequences ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Lincoln Motor Company has been a subsidiary of Ford since 1922.
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" Lincoln Motor Company The Lincoln Motor Company ( also known simply as Lincoln ) is a division of the U.S.-based Ford Motor Company that sells luxury vehicles under the Lincoln brand . Founded in 1917 by Henry M. Leland , Lincoln has been a subsidiary of Ford since 1922 . While currently sold primarily in North America , Ford introduced the Lincoln brand to China in 2014 . Lincoln vehicles are also officially sold in the Middle East and South Korea . The current Lincoln model range in North America consists of two sedans ( Continental and MKZ ) , three crossover utility vehicles ( MKC , MKT , and MKX ) , and a sport utility vehicle ( Navigator/Navigator L ) . Lincoln also sells two vehicles specifically for limousine/livery use , both based on the MKT ."
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" Ford Motor Company The Ford Motor Company ( commonly referred to simply as `` Ford '' ) is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn , Michigan , a suburb of Detroit . It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16 , 1903 . The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand . Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer , Troller , and Australian performance car manufacturer FPV . In the past , it has also produced tractors and automotive components . Ford owns an 8 % stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom , and a 49 % stake in Jiangling of China . It also has a number of joint-ventures , one in China ( Changan Ford ) , one in Taiwan ( Ford Lio Ho ) , one in Thailand ( AutoAlliance Thailand ) , one in Turkey ( Ford Otosan ) , and one in Russia ( Ford Sollers ) . It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family , although they have minority ownership ( but majority of the voting power ) . Ford introduced methods for large-scale manufacturing of cars and large-scale management of an industrial workforce using elaborately engineered manufacturing sequences typified by moving assembly lines ; by 1914 , these methods were known around the world as Fordism . Ford 's former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover , acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively , were sold to Tata Motors in March 2008 . Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010 . In 2011 , Ford discontinued the Mercury brand , under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States , Canada , Mexico , and the Middle East since 1938 . During the financial crisis at the beginning of the 21st century , it was close to bankruptcy , but it has since returned to profitability . Ford is the second-largest U.S.-based automaker ( preceded by General Motors ) and the fifth-largest in the world ( behind Toyota , VW , Hyundai-Kia and General Motors ) based on 2015 vehicle production . At the end of 2010 , Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe . Ford is the eighth-ranked overall American-based company in the 2010 Fortune 500 list , based on global revenues in 2009 of $ 118.3 billion . In 2008 , Ford produced 5.532 million automobiles and employed about 213,000 employees at around 90 plants and facilities worldwide . The company went public in 1956 but the Ford family , through special Class B shares , still retain 40 percent voting rights .",
" Lincoln Continental The Lincoln Continental is a series of luxury cars produced by Lincoln , a division of the American automaker Ford Motor Company . First introduced in 1939 as a coachbuilt convertible , which would spawn the personal luxury car segment , the nameplate has been in use by Lincoln at various times for 51 years . In the Lincoln model line , the Continental has served various roles , ranging from the top-trim sedan to the base-trim sedan . Through its production , the Lincoln Continental has been produced in several bodystyles , including two-door and four-door convertibles , two-door and four-door hardtops and sedans , and two-door coupes . The Lincoln Continental is the final American car factory-produced as a four-door convertible or with a V12 engine . In 1956 , Ford created a successor to the first-generation Continental with the introduction of the Continental Mark II and the separate Continental Division created to market and produce the car . As the most expensive car ever produced by Ford at the time , the Mark II lasted only through 1957 and the Continental Division was integrated into Lincoln , with the Lincoln Continental Mark series as its top-trim model . From 1961 to 1976 , the Lincoln Continental was the sole model sold by the division . For 1969 , Ford revived the Continental Mark series . Following the 2002 model year , the Lincoln Continental was discontinued as the division consolidated its sedan lines to the Lincoln Town Car and the recently introduced Lincoln LS . After a 15-year production hiatus , the Lincoln Continental returned to production for 2017 , serving as the successor for the Lincoln MKS . The new Continental made its debut as a concept car at the 2015 New York Auto Show . The 2017 Lincoln Continental is a four-door sedan based on an extended-wheelbase version of the Ford CD4 platform shared with the seventh-generation Ford Taurus and Lincoln MKZ ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Adam Sandler founded Happy Madison Productions in 1999.
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" Adam Sandler Adam Richard Sandler ( born September 9 , 1966 ) is an American actor , comedian , screenwriter , film producer , and musician . After becoming a Saturday Night Live cast member , Sandler went on to star in many Hollywood feature films that combined have grossed over $ 2 billion at the box office . He is best known for his comedic roles , such as in the films Billy Madison ( 1995 ) , the sports comedies Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) and The Waterboy ( 1998 ) , the romantic comedy The Wedding Singer ( 1998 ) , Big Daddy ( 1999 ) , and Mr. Deeds ( 2002 ) , and voicing Dracula in Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) and Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) . Several of his movies , most notably the widely panned Jack and Jill , have gained harsh criticism , culminating in a shared second place in the number of Raspberry Awards ( 3 ) and Raspberry Award Nominations ( 11 ) , in both cases second only to Sylvester Stallone . He has ventured into more dramatic territory with his roles in Punch-Drunk Love ( 2002 ) , Spanglish ( 2004 ) , Reign Over Me ( 2007 ) , Funny People ( 2009 ) and The Meyerowitz Stories ( 2017 ) . Sandler has released five comedy albums in his career . They 're All Gon na Laugh at You ! ( 1993 ) and What the Hell Happened to Me ? ( 1996 ) are both certified double-platinum . In 1999 , Sandler founded Happy Madison Productions ."
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" Allen Covert Allen Stephen Covert ( born October 13 , 1964 ) is an American comedian , actor , writer , and producer . Best known for his starring role in the 2006 comedy film Grandma 's Boy , he is also a frequent collaborator with actor and friend Adam Sandler with prominent roles in such films as Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) , The Wedding Singer ( 1997 ) , Big Daddy ( 1999 ) , Little Nicky ( 2000 ) , Mr. Deeds ( 2002 ) , Anger Management ( 2003 ) , 50 First Dates ( 2004 ) , and the Happy Madison Productions film Strange Wilderness ( 2008 ) .",
" Hotel Transylvania Hotel Transylvania is a 2012 American 3D computer-animated fantasy comedy film produced by Sony Pictures Animation for Columbia Pictures . It was directed by Genndy Tartakovsky and produced by Michelle Murdocca , and stars the voices of Adam Sandler , Andy Samberg , Selena Gomez , Kevin James , Fran Drescher , Steve Buscemi , Molly Shannon , David Spade , and CeeLo Green . The film tells a story of Count Dracula , the owner of a hotel called Hotel Transylvania where the world 's monsters can take a rest from human civilization . Dracula invites some of the most famous monsters to celebrate the 118th birthday of his daughter Mavis . When the `` human-free hotel '' is unexpectedly visited by an ordinary 21-year-old traveler named Jonathan , Dracula must protect Mavis from falling in love with him before the hotel 's guests learn that there is a human in the castle , which may jeopardize the hotel 's future and his career . The film was released on September 28 , 2012 and was met with mixed critical reception , while the general public received it favorably . Despite this , Hotel Transylvania earned a total of $ 358 million against a budget of $ 85 million at the box office . The film was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film . It launched a franchise with a sequel titled Hotel Transylvania 2 , which takes place seven years after the film , released in 2015 , and a third film scheduled for 2018 . A television series based on the film is planned to premiere on Disney Channel in June 2017 , and it will focus on the teenage years of Mavis and her friends at the Hotel Transylvania ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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A member of Got a Girl is a famous music producer.
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" Got a Girl Got a Girl is an American musical duo consisting of actress Mary Elizabeth Winstead and music producer Dan the Automator that formed in 2012 . The band 's first studio album , I Love You but I Must Drive Off This Cliff Now was released in 2014 ."
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" Naughty Boy Shahid Khan ( شاهد خان born 1 January 1985 ) , known by his stage name Naughty Boy , is an English DJ , record producer , songwriter , musician and rapper . In 2012 , Khan signed a three -- year publishing deal with Sony ATV , as well as a recording contract to release one album under Virgin EMI Records . Khan launched himself as a record producer under the moniker `` Naughty Boy '' and runs his own production company called Naughty Boy Recordings . Naughty Boy has produced two top-ten records for UK rappers Chipmunk and Wiley , both featuring Emeli Sandé . Naughty Boy and Sandé later formed a writing and production partnership , leading to Sandé landing her own record deal with Virgin and EMI . Sandé went on to be named the Critics Choice for the 2012 BRIT Awards , and release her debut album Our Version of Events ( 2012 ) , a record co-written and produced with Naughty Boy . Khan spent the 2011 and 2012 working on records for Leona Lewis , JLS , Cheryl Cole , Jennifer Hudson , Alesha Dixon and Tinie Tempah , among others . In 2013 , Naughty Boy released his debut album Hotel Cabana . The set features prominent collaborator Sandé , as well as Ed Sheeran , Gabrielle and others . It was preceded by the release of the top-ten single `` Wonder '' ( featuring Sandé ) , the number one hit `` La La La '' , featuring Sam Smith and `` Lifted '' , another collaboration with Sandé . His debut album peaked at number two in the UK . On 19 October 2013 , Naughty Boy 's `` La La La '' was awarded ` Best Song ' and ` Best Video ' at the MOBO Award 's 18th Anniversary .",
" Zelo Choi Jun-hong ( Hangul : 최준홍 ; born October 15 , 1996 ) better known by his stage name Zelo , is a South Korean rapper , dancer , singer and beatboxer . He is best known as a member of the South Korean boy group B.A.P. . He made his recording debut with the single `` Never Give Up '' under B.A.P 's sub-unit Bang & Zelo in November 2011 . He is currently signed under TS Entertainment ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Kiefer Sutherland appeared in The Bay Boy (1984).
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" Kiefer Sutherland Kiefer William Frederick Dempsey George Rufus Sutherland ( born 21 December 1966 ) is a British born Canadian actor , producer , director , and singer-songwriter . One of his better-known roles was Jack Bauer on the Fox drama series 24 ( 2001 -- 2010 ) , for which he earned an Emmy Award , a Golden Globe Award , two Screen Actors Guild Awards and two Satellite Awards . He has also starred as Martin Bohm in the Fox drama Touch , and provided the facial motion capture and English voices for Big Boss and Venom Snake in the video games Metal Gear Solid V : Ground Zeroes and Metal Gear Solid V : The Phantom Pain . He currently stars as President Tom Kirkman in the ABC political drama series Designated Survivor . Sutherland got his first leading film role in the Canadian drama The Bay Boy ( 1984 ) , which earned him a Genie Award nomination . Since that time he has had a successful movie career , starring in films like Stand by Me ( 1986 ) , The Lost Boys ( 1987 ) , Young Guns ( 1988 ) , Flatliners ( 1990 ) , A Few Good Men ( 1992 ) , The Three Musketeers ( 1993 ) , A Time to Kill ( 1996 ) , Dark City ( 1998 ) , Phone Booth ( 2002 ) , Melancholia ( 2011 ) , Pompeii ( 2014 ) and Forsaken ( 2016 ) . Sutherland has been inducted to Hollywood Walk of Fame and Canada 's Walk of Fame , and further has been bestowed with a Lifetime Achievement Award from Zurich Film Festival ."
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" Paradise Found (film) Paradise Found is a 2003 biographical film based on the life of Post-Impressionist painter Paul Gauguin . Starring Kiefer Sutherland as the title character , alongside Nastassja Kinski and Alun Armstrong . Kiefer 's father , Donald Sutherland , also plays Paul Gauguin in the 1986 film The Wolf at the Door .",
" Joe the King Joe the King is a 1999 drama film , written and directed by Frank Whaley , based largely on his own childhood and the childhood of his brother . It stars Noah Fleiss , Val Kilmer , Karen Young , Ethan Hawke , John Leguizamo , Austin Pendleton , Camryn Manheim , Max Ligosh and James Costa . The film premiered at the 1999 Sundance Film Festival , where it won the Waldo Salt Screenwriting Award ( shared with Guinevere ) ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Pink Floyd was inducted into the Rock Music Hall of Fame.
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" Pink Floyd Pink Floyd were an English rock band formed in London . They achieved international acclaim with their progressive and psychedelic music . Distinguished by their use of philosophical lyrics , sonic experimentation , extended compositions and elaborate live shows , they are one of the most commercially successful and influential groups in the history of popular music . Pink Floyd were founded in 1965 by students Syd Barrett on guitar and lead vocals , Nick Mason on drums , Roger Waters on bass and vocals , and Richard Wright on keyboards and vocals . They gained popularity performing in London 's underground music scene during the late 1960s , and under Barrett 's leadership released two charting singles and a successful debut album , The Piper at the Gates of Dawn ( 1967 ) . Guitarist and vocalist David Gilmour joined in December 1967 ; Barrett left in April 1968 due to deteriorating mental health . Waters became the band 's primary lyricist and conceptual leader , devising the concepts behind their albums The Dark Side of the Moon ( 1973 ) , Wish You Were Here ( 1975 ) , Animals ( 1977 ) , The Wall ( 1979 ) and The Final Cut ( 1983 ) . The Dark Side of the Moon and The Wall became two of the best-selling albums of all time . Following creative tensions , Wright left Pink Floyd in 1979 , followed by Waters in 1985 . Gilmour and Mason continued as Pink Floyd ; Wright rejoined them as a session musician and , later , a band member . The three produced two more albums -- A Momentary Lapse of Reason ( 1987 ) and The Division Bell ( 1994 ) -- and toured through 1994 . After nearly two decades of acrimony , Gilmour , Wright , and Mason reunited with Waters in 2005 to perform as Pink Floyd in London as part of the global awareness event Live 8 ; Gilmour and Waters later stated they have no plans to reunite as a band again . Barrett died in 2006 , and Wright in 2008 . The final Pink Floyd studio album , The Endless River ( 2014 ) , was recorded without Waters and based largely on unreleased material . Pink Floyd were inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005 . By 2013 , the band had sold more than 250 million records worldwide , including 75 million certified units in the United States ."
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" Rock music Rock music is a genre of popular music that originated as `` rock and roll '' in the United States in the early 1950s , and developed into a range of different styles in the 1960s and later , particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States . It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll , a style which drew heavily on the African-American genres of blues and rhythm and blues , and from country music . Rock music also drew strongly on a number of other genres such as electric blues and folk , and incorporated influences from jazz , classical and other musical styles . Musically , rock has centered on the electric guitar , usually as part of a rock group with electric bass and drums and one or more singers . Typically , rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form , but the genre has become extremely diverse . Like pop music , lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political . By the late 1960s `` classic rock '' period , a number of distinct rock music subgenres had emerged , including hybrids like blues rock , folk rock , country rock , raga rock , and jazz-rock , many of which contributed to the development of psychedelic rock , which was influenced by the countercultural psychedelic and hippie scene . New genres that emerged included progressive rock , which extended the artistic elements ; glam rock , which highlighted showmanship and visual style ; and the diverse and enduring subgenre of heavy metal , which emphasized volume , power , and speed . In the second half of the 1970s , punk rock reacted by producing stripped-down , energetic social and political critiques . Punk was an influence in the 1980s on new wave , post-punk and eventually alternative rock . From the 1990s alternative rock began to dominate rock music and break into the mainstream in the form of grunge , Britpop , and indie rock . Further fusion subgenres have since emerged , including pop punk , rap rock , and rap metal , as well as conscious attempts to revisit rock 's history , including the garage rock/post-punk and synth-pop revivals at the beginning of the 2000s ( decade ) . Rock music has also embodied and served as the vehicle for cultural and social movements , leading to major subcultures including mods and rockers in the UK and the hippie counterculture that spread out from San Francisco in the US in the 1960s . Similarly , 1970s punk culture spawned the goth and emo subcultures . Inheriting the folk tradition of the protest song , rock music has been associated with political activism as well as changes in social attitudes to race , sex and drug use , and is often seen as an expression of youth revolt against adult consumerism and conformity .",
" Pink Floyd bootleg recordings Pink Floyd bootleg recordings are the collections of audio and video recordings of musical performances by the British rock band Pink Floyd , which were never officially released by the band . The recordings consist of both live performances and outtakes from studio sessions unavailable in official releases . In some cases , certain bootleg recordings may be highly prized among collectors , as at least 40 songs composed by Pink Floyd have never been officially released . During the 1970s , bands such as Pink Floyd created a lucrative market for the mass production of unofficial recordings with large followings of fans willing to purchase them . In addition , the huge crowds that turned up to these concerts made the effective policing of the audience for the presence of recording equipment virtually impossible . Vast numbers of recordings were issued for profit by bootleg labels . Some Pink Floyd bootlegs exist in several variations with differing sound quality and length because sometimes listeners have recorded different versions of the same performance at the same time . Pink Floyd was a group that protected its sonic performance , making recording with amateur recording devices difficult . In their career , Pink Floyd played over 1,300 concerts , of which more than 350 were released as bootlegged recordings ( sometimes in various versions ) . Few concerts have ever been broadcast ( or repeated once they were broadcast on television ) , especially during ` the golden age ' of the group from 1966 to 1981 . Pink Floyd was one of the mainstays of the bootleg industry in the 1970s . In 1999 , the group was mentioned on BPI 's list of most bootlegged British artists of all time . One of the best known ROIO 's by Pink Floyd is Best of Tour ' 72 : Live at the Rainbow Theatre with a concert performed on 20 February 1972 . This bootleg includes one of the first performances of The Dark Side of the Moon . One year and one month before the official release of that same album , the bootleg had already sold over 120,000 copies . In 2008 , the Pink Floyd bootleg Madison Square Garden , New York , NY -- 2 July 1977 was mentioned on the Yahoo 's Top 10 of Best Bootlegs of All Time ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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William Shakespeare was an English poet and playwright.
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" Stratford-upon-Avon Stratford-upon-Avon ( -LSB- ˌstrætfərd_əˌpɒn_ˈeɪvən -RSB- ) is a market town and civil parish in Warwickshire , England , on the River Avon , 101 mi north west of London , 22 mi south east of Birmingham , and 8 mi south west of Warwick . The estimated population in 2007 was 25,505 , increasing to 27,445 at the 2011 Census . Stratford was originally inhabited by Anglo-Saxons and remained a village before lord of the manor , John of Coutances , set out plans to develop it into a town in 1196 . In that same year , Stratford was granted a charter from King Richard I to hold a weekly market in the town , giving it its status as a market town . As a result , Stratford experienced an increase in trade and commerce as well as urban expansion . The town is a popular tourist destination owing to its status as birthplace of English playwright and poet William Shakespeare , and receives approximately 2.5 million visitors a year . The Royal Shakespeare Company resides in Stratford 's Royal Shakespeare Theatre .",
" William Shakespeare William Shakespeare ( -LSB- ˈʃeɪkspɪə -RSB- 26 April 1564 ( baptised ) -- 23 April 1616 ) was an English : poet , : playwright , and actor , widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world 's pre-eminent dramatist . He is often called England 's national poet , and the `` Bard of Avon '' . His extant works , including collaborations , consist of approximately 38 plays , 154 sonnets , two long narrative poems , and a few other verses , some of uncertain authorship . His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright . Shakespeare was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon , Warwickshire . At the age of 18 , he married Anne Hathaway , with whom he had three children : Susanna , and twins Hamnet and Judith . Sometime between 1585 and 1592 , he began a successful career in London as an actor , writer , and part-owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain 's Men , later known as the King 's Men . He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613 , at age 49 , where he died three years later . Few records of Shakespeare 's private life survive , which has stimulated considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance , sexuality , and religious beliefs and whether the works attributed to him were written by others . Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613 . His early plays were primarily comedies and histories , which are regarded as some of the best work ever produced in these genres . He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608 , including Hamlet , Othello , King Lear , and Macbeth , considered some of the finest works in the English language . In his last phase , he wrote tragicomedies , also known as romances , and collaborated with other playwrights . Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy during his lifetime . In 1623 , however , John Heminges and Henry Condell , two friends and fellow actors of Shakespeare , published a more definitive text known as the First Folio , a posthumous collected edition of his dramatic works that included all but two of the plays now recognised as Shakespeare 's . It was prefaced with a poem by Ben Jonson , in which Shakespeare is hailed , presciently , as `` not of an age , but for all time '' . In the 20th and 21st centuries , his works have been repeatedly adapted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship and performance . His plays remain highly popular and are constantly studied , performed , and reinterpreted in diverse cultural and political contexts throughout the world ."
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" English Renaissance The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the late 15th to the early 17th century . It is associated with the pan-European Renaissance that is usually regarded as beginning in Italy in the late 14th century . As in most of the rest of northern Europe , England saw little of these developments until more than a century later . The beginning of the English Renaissance is often taken , as a convenience , to be 1485 , when the Battle of Bosworth ended the Wars of the Roses and inaugurated the Tudor Dynasty . Renaissance style and ideas , however , were slow to penetrate England , and the Elizabethan era in the second half of the 16th century is usually regarded as the height of the English Renaissance . The English Renaissance is different from the Italian Renaissance in several ways . The dominant art forms of the English Renaissance were literature and music . Visual arts in the English Renaissance were much less significant than in the Italian Renaissance . The English period began far later than the Italian , which was moving into Mannerism and the Baroque by the 1550s or earlier . In contrast , the English Renaissance can only truly be said to begin , shakily , in the 1520s , and it continued until perhaps 1620 .",
" Canto The canto ( -LSB- ˈkanto -RSB- ) is a principal form of division in a long poem . The word canto is derived from Italian word for `` song '' or singing ; which is derived from the Latin cantus , for `` a song '' , from the infinitive verb canere -- to sing . The use of the canto was described in the 1911 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica as '' a convenient division when poetry was more usually sung by the minstrel to his own accompaniment than read '' . There is no specific format , construction , or style for a canto and it is not limited to any one type of poetry . Famous poems that employ the canto division are Luís de Camões ' Os Lusíadas ( 10 cantos ) , Lord Byron 's Don Juan ( 17 cantos , the last of which unfinished ) , Valmiki 's Ramayana ( 500 cantos ) , Dante 's The Divine Comedy ( 100 cantos ) , and Ezra Pound 's The Cantos ( 120 cantos ) ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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The Eagles's lead guitarist and vocalist was Don Felder for 27 years.
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" Eagles (band) The Eagles are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1971 by Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Bernie Leadon , and Randy Meisner . With five number-one singles , six Grammy Awards , five American Music Awards , and six number one albums , the Eagles were one of the most successful musical acts of the 1970s . At the end of the 20th century , two of their albums , Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) and Hotel California , were ranked among the 20 best-selling albums in the United States according to the Recording Industry Association of America . Hotel California is ranked 37th in Rolling Stones list of `` The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' and the band was ranked number 75 on the magazine 's 2004 list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time . The Eagles are one of the world 's best-selling bands of all time , having sold more than 150 million records -- 100 million in the U.S. alone -- including 42 million copies of Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) and 32 million copies of Hotel California . Their Greatest Hits ( 1971 -- 1975 ) was the best selling album of the 20th century in the U.S. . They are the fifth-highest-selling music act and the highest-selling American band in U.S. history . The band released their debut album , Eagles , in 1972 , which spawned three top 40 singles : `` Take It Easy , '' `` Witchy Woman , '' and `` Peaceful Easy Feeling . '' Their next album , Desperado ( 1973 ) , was less successful than the first , only reaching number 41 on the charts ; neither of its singles reached the top 40 . However , the album does contain what would go on to be two of the band 's most popular tracks : `` Desperado '' and `` Tequila Sunrise . '' The band released On the Border in 1974 , adding guitarist Don Felder as the fifth member midway through the recording of the album . The album generated two top 40 singles : `` Already Gone '' and their first number one , `` Best of My Love . '' Their 1975 album One of These Nights included three top 10 singles : `` One of These Nights , '' `` Lyin ' Eyes , '' and `` Take It to the Limit , '' the first hitting the top of the charts . Guitarist and vocalist , Joe Walsh , also joined the band in 1975 . The Eagles continued that success and hit their commercial peak in late 1976 with the release of Hotel California , which would go on to sell more than 16 million copies in the U.S. alone and more than 32 million copies worldwide . The album yielded two number-one singles , `` New Kid in Town '' and `` Hotel California . '' They released their last studio album for nearly 28 years in 1979 with The Long Run , which spawned three top 10 singles : `` Heartache Tonight , '' `` The Long Run , '' and `` I Ca n't Tell You Why , '' the lead single being another chart-topping hit . The Eagles disbanded in July 1980 but reunited in 1994 for the album Hell Freezes Over , a mix of live and new studio tracks . They toured consistently and were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998 . In 2007 , the Eagles released Long Road Out of Eden , their first full studio album in 28 years and their sixth number one album . The next year they launched the Long Road Out of Eden Tour in support of the album . In 2013 , they began the extended History of the Eagles Tour in conjunction with the band 's documentary release , History of the Eagles . Following the death of Frey in January 2016 , Henley stated in several interviews that he did n't think the band would perform again . However , in March 2017 it was announced that the Eagles would be headlining two concerts in July 2017 ."
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" Hole in the World `` Hole in the World '' is a song by the Eagles , written by Don Henley and Glenn Frey , in response to the September 11 , 2001 attacks , released in 2003 . This is the first Eagles recording without guitarist Don Felder since 1974 , and it was released as a DVD single with some bonus tracks : the `` Hole in the World '' Stereo Mix & 5.1 Multichannel track , the video , outtakes from the video and a trailer for the DVD Farewell 1 Tour-Live from Melbourne . `` Hole in the World '' appears on the 2003 compilation album The Very Best Of , as well the DVD ( only in the first edition ) . It was also included as a bonus track on the Deluxe Edition of the 2007 album Long Road Out of Eden .",
" Eddie Vedder Eddie Vedder ( born Edward Louis Severson ; December 23 , 1964 ) is an American musician , singer and songwriter best known as a member of the rock band Pearl Jam , with whom he performs lead vocals and is one of three guitarists . He is known for his powerful baritone vocals . He is also involved in making music and contributes to albums by other artists . In 2007 , Vedder released his first solo album as a soundtrack for the film Into the Wild ( 2007 ) . His second album Ukulele Songs and a live DVD titled Water on the Road were released in 2011 . Vedder was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Pearl Jam on April 7 , 2017 ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Ted Kaczynski tried to dismiss someone.
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" Ted Kaczynski Theodore John Kaczynski ( -LSB- kəˈzɪnski -RSB- born May 22 , 1942 ) , also known as the `` Unabomber '' , is an American serial killer , domestic terrorist , and self-professed anarchist . A mathematical prodigy , he abandoned a promising academic career in 1969 , then between 1978 and 1995 killed three people , and injured 23 others , in a nationwide bombing campaign targeting people involved with modern technology . In conjunction with this campaign he issued a wide-ranging social critique opposing industrialization and modern technology , and advancing a nature-centered form of anarchism . Kaczynski was born and raised in Evergreen Park , Illinois . While growing up in Evergreen Park he was a child prodigy , excelling academically from an early age . Kaczynski was accepted into Harvard University at the age of 16 , where he earned an undergraduate degree . He subsequently earned a PhD in mathematics from the University of Michigan . He became an assistant professor at the University of California , Berkeley in 1967 at age 25 . He resigned two years later . As a Harvard undergraduate , Kaczynski was among twenty-two students who were research subjects in ethically questionable experiments conducted by psychology professor Henry Murray from late 1959 to early 1962 . In 1971 , he moved to a remote cabin without electricity or running water in Lincoln , Montana , where he lived as a recluse while learning survival skills in an attempt to become self-sufficient . Seventeen years after beginning his mail bomb campaign , Kaczynski sent a letter to The New York Times on April 24 , 1995 and promised `` to desist from terrorism '' if the Times or The Washington Post published his manifesto , Industrial Society and Its Future ( the `` Unabomber Manifesto '' ) , in which he argued that his bombings were extreme but necessary to attract attention to the erosion of human freedom necessitated by modern technologies requiring large-scale organization . The Unabomber was the target of one of the Federal Bureau of Investigation 's costliest investigations . Before Kaczynski 's identity was known , the FBI used the title `` UNABOM '' ( UNiversity & Airline BOMber ) to refer to his case , which resulted in the media calling him the Unabomber . The FBI ( as well as Attorney General Janet Reno ) pushed for the publication of Kaczynski 's `` Manifesto '' , which led to his sister-in-law , and then his brother , recognizing Kaczynski 's style of writing and beliefs from the manifesto , and tipping off the FBI . Kaczynski tried unsuccessfully to dismiss his court-appointed lawyers because they wanted to plead insanity in order to avoid the death penalty , as Kaczynski did not believe he was insane . When it became clear that his pending trial would entail national television exposure for Kaczynski , the court entered a plea agreement , under which he pleaded guilty and was sentenced to life in prison with no possibility of parole . He has been designated a `` domestic terrorist '' by the FBI . Some anarcho-primitivist authors , such as John Zerzan and John Moore , have come to his defense , while also holding some reservations about his actions and ideas ."
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" Hypocrisy Hypocrisy is the contrivance of a false appearance of virtue or goodness , while concealing real character or inclinations , especially with respect to religious and moral beliefs ; hence in a general sense , hypocrisy may involve dissimulation , pretense , or a sham . Hypocrisy is the practice of engaging in the same behavior or activity for which one criticizes another . In moral psychology , it is the failure to follow one 's own expressed moral rules and principles . According to British political philosopher David Runciman , `` Other kinds of hypocritical deception include claims to knowledge that one lacks , claims to a consistency that one can not sustain , claims to a loyalty that one does not possess , claims to an identity that one does not hold . '' American political journalist Michael Gerson says that political hypocrisy is `` the conscious use of a mask to fool the public and gain political benefit . '' Hypocrisy has been a subject of folk wisdom and wisdom literature from the beginnings of human history . Increasingly , since the 1980s , it has also become central to studies in behavioral economics , cognitive science , cultural psychology , decision making , ethics , evolutionary psychology , moral psychology , political sociology , positive psychology , social psychology , and sociological social psychology .",
" Paper candidate In a representative democracy , the term paper candidate is often given to a candidate who stands for a political party in an electoral division where the party in question enjoys only low levels of support . Although the candidate has little chance of winning , a major party will normally make an effort to ensure it has its name on the ballot paper in every constituency . In two-party systems , a paper candidate may also be known as token opposition . Paper candidates may be local party members or members from neighbouring areas ( in jurisdictions where this is allowed ) , or sometimes members from central office . The main purpose of fielding paper candidates is to maintain or improve the profile of a political party and , in two-party systems , to provide at least nominal opposition to a seemingly unassailable incumbent . Another potential use for paper candidacy is to allow a candidate who wants off the ballot of another race to do so by running for something else , a race they can not possibly win ( such as Rick Lazio , who lost a Republican primary for New York Governor in 2010 but still had a third-party ballot line ; Lazio was nominated for a judicial seat in the Bronx that was so heavily Democratic that he could not have possibly won if he wanted to , and he did not ) . The paper candidates themselves typically do little or no campaigning and neither incur nor claim any expenses . There are circumstances where a paper candidate can win election , often when the opposing candidate is unexpectedly embroiled in scandal ; for example , then-27-year-old American Chris Smith , who ran as a token opponent to New Jersey congressman Frank Thompson in 1978 and 1980 , won the latter contest after Thompson was embroiled in the Abscam scandal . In Britain , paper candidates are commonly fielded in different locations by all the major parties in both local and national elections . A dummy candidate is similar to a paper candidate in that both types do not intend to win their race ; however , they differ in that a dummy candidate typically has an ulterior motive for being in the race , such as to dishonestly divert votes away from more legitimate candidates or to take advantage of benefits afforded to political candidates . Another related concept is the stalking horse candidate , a junior or little-known politician who challenges an incumbent to test the support for a more serious challenge from someone else ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Lady Gaga's album, The Fame, contains songs.
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" Lady Gaga Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta ( -LSB- ˈstɛfəniː_dʒɜrməˈnɒtə -RSB- ; born March 28 , 1986 ) , known professionally as Lady Gaga , is an American singer , songwriter , and actress . At the beginning of her career , Gaga became known for her unconventionality and provocative work . A popular contemporary recording artist , she is noted for constantly experimenting with new musical ideas and images . Gaga initially played roles in high school plays , and studied at CAP21 through NYU 's Tisch School of the Arts before dropping out to pursue a musical career . After leaving a rock band , participating in a performance art circuit , and being dropped from a contract with Def Jam Recordings , Gaga worked as a songwriter for Sony/ATV Music Publishing . From there , Akon noticed her vocal abilities and helped her sign a joint deal with Interscope Records and his own KonLive Distribution in 2007 . Gaga rose to prominence with the release of her successful debut album The Fame ( 2008 ) and its international chart-topping singles `` Just Dance '' and `` Poker Face '' . A follow-up EP , The Fame Monster ( 2009 ) , was met with a similar reception and the singles `` Bad Romance '' , `` Telephone '' , and `` Alejandro '' were also successful . Gaga 's second full-length album Born This Way ( 2011 ) topped the charts in more than 20 countries , including the US , where it sold over one million copies in its first week . The album produced the number-one single `` Born This Way '' . Gaga 's third album Artpop , released in 2013 , topped the US charts and included the successful single `` Applause '' . In 2014 , Gaga released a collaborative jazz album with Tony Bennett titled Cheek to Cheek , her third consecutive number one in the US . For her work in the television series American Horror Story : Hotel , Gaga won a Golden Globe Award in 2016 . With her fifth studio album Joanne ( 2016 ) , she became the first woman to have four US number one albums in the 2010s . In February 2017 , Gaga headlined the Super Bowl LI halftime show , which had over 150 million audience across various platforms worldwide , making it the most viewed musical event in history . With global album and single sales of 27 million and 146 million respectively , as of January 2016 , she is one of the best-selling musicians of all time . Her achievements include twelve Guinness World Records , three Brit Awards , and six Grammy Awards . She has also received awards from the Songwriters Hall of Fame and the Council of Fashion Designers of America . Gaga regularly appears on Billboards Artists of the Year lists and Forbess power and earnings rankings . She was ranked at number four on VH1 's Greatest Women in Music , finished second on Times 2011 readers ' poll of the most influential people of the past ten years , and was named Billboards Woman of the Year ( 2015 ) . She is known for her philanthropic work and social activism , including LGBT rights and her own non-profit organization , the Born This Way Foundation , which focuses on promoting youth empowerment and combating bullying ."
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" Teeth (song) `` Teeth '' is a song recorded by American singer Lady Gaga . The track appears on The Fame Monster ( 2009 ) , her second major release and her third extended play . The song was written by Gaga , Taja Riley , Pete Wyoming Bender , and Teddy Riley , and produced by Gaga and Teddy Riley . It has an oral theme and has been called a `` perverse '' march and an ode to sadomasochism . `` Teeth '' peaked at number 107 on the UK Singles Chart and received a mixed reception from critics . Gaga performed the song during The Monster Ball Tour . In 2013 , Riley sued Gaga for and punitive damages over the songwriting credits , saying he was not given 25 percent of royalties as he had been promised .",
" Born This Way (album) Born This Way is the second studio album by American singer Lady Gaga , released by Interscope Records on May 23 , 2011 . It is a follow-up to her internationally successful album The Fame ( 2008 ) and EP The Fame Monster ( 2009 ) . As co-producer of every track on the album , Gaga collaborated with several producers , including RedOne and Fernando Garibay , with whom she had previously worked . She also worked with artists such as E Street Band saxophonist Clarence Clemons and Queen guitarist Brian May . The music of Born This Way stems from the synthpop and dance-pop styles of her previous material while incorporating different forms of instrumentation from that on her previous releases , such as electronic rock and techno . It features a broader range of genres such as opera , heavy metal , disco , house and rock and roll while its lyrical topics include sexuality , religion , freedom , feminism , and individualism . Despite divided opinions among religious and conservative commentators , the album was well received by music critics , who praised the varying musical styles and Gaga 's vocals ; others felt Gaga was trying too hard to please everyone through the album 's self-empowerment message . Several publications included the album in their year-end best-of lists . Born This Way received three Grammy Award nominations , including Gaga 's third consecutive nomination for Album of the Year . Born This Way debuted in the top five spots of every major chart , including the Billboard 200 . In the United States , the record sold more than one million copies in its first week -- the highest first-week album sales in five years ; an estimated 440,000 copies were sold on Amazon in two days of its first week at a price of 99 cents . It sold six million copies worldwide . Four of the album 's singles -- `` Born This Way '' , `` Judas '' , `` The Edge of Glory '' , and `` You and I '' -- charted in the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100 and `` Born This Way '' became the 1000th song to reach the number one spot since the inauguration of the chart in 1958 . The title track was also once the fastest-selling single in iTunes history , while the promotional track `` Hair '' charted in sixteen countries . Gaga has performed songs from the album on different occasions , including the 53rd Grammy Awards and the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards , as well as in other events and on television . In November 2011 , Born This Way , and the remix album , Born This Way : The Remix , were packaged with the compilation album , Born This Way : The Collection ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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San Jose, California has a smaller population than San Diego.
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" San Diego San Diego ( -LSB- ˌsæn_diːˈeɪɡoʊ -RSB- , Spanish for `` Saint Didacus '' ; Spanish : -LSB- san ˈdje.ɣo -RSB- ) is a major city in California , United States . It is in San Diego County , on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California , approximately 120 mi south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico . With an estimated population of 1,394,928 as of July 1 , 2015 , San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California . It is part of the San Diego -- Tijuana conurbation , the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit -- Windsor , with a population of 4,922,723 people . San Diego has been called `` the birthplace of California '' . It is known for its mild year-round climate , natural deep-water harbor , extensive beaches , long association with the United States Navy , and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center . Historically home to the Kumeyaay people , San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States . Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542 , Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain , forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later . The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá , founded in 1769 , formed the first European settlement in what is now California . In 1821 , San Diego became part of the newly independent Mexico , which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later . In 1850 , California became part of the United States following the Mexican -- American War and the admission of California to the union . The city is the seat of San Diego County and is the economic center of the region as well as the San Diego -- Tijuana metropolitan area . San Diego 's main economic engines are military and defense-related activities , tourism , international trade , and manufacturing . The presence of the University of California , San Diego ( UCSD ) , with the affiliated UCSD Medical Center , has helped make the area a center of research in biotechnology .",
" San Jose, California San Jose ( -LSB- ˌsæn_hoʊˈzeɪ -RSB- , Spanish for `` Saint Joseph '' ; -LSB- saŋ xoˈse -RSB- ) , officially the City of San José , is the economic , cultural , and political center of Silicon Valley and the largest city in Northern California . With an estimated 2015 population of 1,026,908 , it is the third most populous city in California ( after Los Angeles and San Diego ) and the tenth most populous in United States . Located in the center of the Santa Clara Valley , on the southern shore of San Francisco Bay , San Jose covers an area of 179.97 square miles ( 466.109 km2 ) . San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara County , the most affluent county in California and one of the most affluent counties in the United States . San Jose is the largest city in both the San Francisco Bay Area and the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area , which contain 7.7 million and 8.7 million people respectively . Before the arrival of the Spanish , the area around San Jose was inhabited by the Ohlone people . San Jose was founded on November 29 , 1777 , as the Pueblo of San José de Guadalupe , the first civilian town founded in Spanish Alta California . When California gained statehood in 1850 , San Jose became the state 's first capital . Following World War II , San Jose experienced an economic boom , with a rapid population growth and aggressive annexation of nearby cities and communities carried out in the 1950s and 60s . The rapid growth of the high-technology and electronics industries further accelerated the transition from an agricultural center to an urbanized metropolitan area . Results of the 1990 U.S. Census indicated that San Jose had officially surpassed San Francisco as the most populous city in Northern California . By the 1990s , San Jose and the rest of Silicon Valley had become the global center for the high tech and internet industries . San Jose is considered to be a global city , notable for its affluence and high cost of living . San Jose 's location within the booming high tech industry , as a cultural , political , and economic center has earned the city the nickname `` Capital of Silicon Valley '' . San Jose is one of the wealthiest major cities in the United States and the world , and has the third highest GDP per capita in the world ( after Zurich , Switzerland and Oslo , Norway ) , according to the Brookings Institution . With a median home price of $ 1,085,000 , San Jose has the most expensive housing market in the country and the fifth most expensive housing market in the world , according to the 2017 Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey . Major global tech companies including Cisco Systems , eBay , Adobe Systems , PayPal , Brocade , Samsung , Acer , and Western Digital maintain their headquarters in San Jose , in the center of Silicon Valley ."
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" San José, Costa Rica San José ( literally meaning `` Saint Joseph '' , -LSB- saŋ xoˈse -RSB- ) is the capital and largest city of Costa Rica . Located in the Central Valley , in the western province of the country , San José is the seat of national government , the focal point of political and economic activity , and the major transportation hub of this Central American nation . The population of San José Canton is 288,054 , though the metropolitan area stretches beyond the canton limits and comprises a third of the country 's population . It is named in honor of Joseph of Nazareth . Though few people live in the city center , it is the most important working area of the country , which brings in more than a million people daily . Despite its problems , according to studies in Latin America , San José is still one of the safest and least violent cities in the region . In 2006 , the city was appointed Ibero-American Capital of Culture . San José is the sixth-most important destination in Latin America , according to The MasterCard Global Destinations Cities Index 2012 . San José ranked 15th in the world 's fastest-growing destination cities by visitor cross-border spending .",
" Tijuana Tijuana ( -LSB- tiːˈwɑːnə -RSB- ; -LSB- tiˈxwana -RSB- ) is the largest city in Baja California and on the Baja California Peninsula and center of the Tijuana metropolitan area , part of the international San Diego -- Tijuana metropolitan area . As an industrial and financial center of Mexico , Tijuana exerts a strong influence on economics , education , culture , art , and politics . As the city has become a leading center in the country , so has the surrounding metropolitan area , a major industrial and paramount metropolis in northwestern Mexico . Currently one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in Mexico , Tijuana maintains global city status . , the city of Tijuana had a population of 1,696,923 . Tijuana is located on the Gold Coast of Baja California , and is the municipal seat and cultural and commercial center of Tijuana Municipality . Tijuana covers 70 % of the municipality but contains over 80 % of its population . A dominant manufacturing center of the North American continent , the city maintains facilities of many multinational conglomerate companies . In the early 21st century , Tijuana became the medical-device manufacturing capital of North America . Tijuana is also a growing cultural center and has been recognized as an important new cultural mecca . The city is the most visited border city in the globe ; sharing a border of about 24 km with its sister city San Diego . More than fifty million people cross the border between these two cities every year . This metropolitan crossing makes the San Ysidro Port of Entry the busiest land-border crossing in the world . It is estimated that the two border crossing stations between the cities proper of San Diego and Tijuana account for 300,000 daily border crossings alone . Tijuana is the 45th largest city in the Americas and is the westernmost city in Mexico . According to the 2010 census , the Tijuana metropolitan area was the fifth-largest in Mexico , with a population of 1,784,034 , but rankings vary , the city ( locality ) itself was 6th largest and the municipality ( administrative ) 3rd largest nationally . The international metropolitan region was estimated to be just over five million in 2009 and about 5,105,769 in 2010 , making it the third largest metropolitan area in the former Californias region , 19th largest metropolitan area in the Americas , and the largest bi-national conurbation that is shared between US and Mexico . Tijuana is becoming more suburbanized like San Diego ; during the 2000s the drug violence had residents moving out of the congested urban core into isolated communities within the municipality and beyond , as evidenced by 2010 Census figures and growth patterns . Tijuana traces its modern history to the arrival of Spanish explorers in the 16th century who were mapping the coast of the Californias . As the American conquest of northern Mexico ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , Tijuana 's new international position on the border gave rise to a new economic and political structure . The city was founded in July 11 , 1889 as urban development began . Often known by its initials , T.J. , and nicknamed Gateway to Mexico , the city has historically served as a tourist center dating back to the 1880s ."
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Dwight D. Eisenhower married someone who was born in November.
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" Mamie Eisenhower Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower ( November 14 , 1896 -- November 1 , 1979 ) was the wife of United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower , and First Lady of the United States from 1953 to 1961 . Mamie married Dwight Eisenhower at age 19 in 1916 . The young couple moved frequently between military quarters in many postings , from Panama to the Philippines . As First Lady , she entertained a wide range of foreign dignitaries , who reacted well to her confident style and splendid costumes . Mamie Eisenhower spent her retirement and widowhood at the family farm in Gettysburg , Pennsylvania .",
" Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight David `` Ike '' Eisenhower ( -LSB- ˈaɪzənˌhaʊ.ər -RSB- ; October 14 , 1890 -- March 28 , 1969 ) was an American politician and Army general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 . He was a five-star general in the United States Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Europe . He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942 -- 43 and the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944 -- 45 from the Western Front . Eisenhower was born in Denison , Texas , and raised in Kansas in a large family of mostly Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry by parents with a strong religious background . His mother was born a Lutheran , married as a River Brethren and later converted to Jehovah 's Witnesses . Eisenhower did not belong to any denomination until he was President . He graduated from West Point in 1915 and later married Mamie Doud , with whom he had two sons . During World War I , he was denied a request to serve in Europe , instead commanding a unit training tank crews . Following the war , he served under several notable generals , and was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in 1941 . After the U.S. entered World War II , Eisenhower oversaw the successful invasions of North Africa and Sicily before supervising the invasions of France and Germany . After the war , Eisenhower served as Army Chief of Staff and then in an uncomfortable role as president of Columbia University . In 1951 -- 52 , he served as the first Supreme Commander of NATO . Eisenhower entered the 1952 presidential race as a Republican , in order to block the foreign policies of Senator Robert A. Taft . He won two landslide elections , becoming the first Republican winner to do so since 1928 . Eisenhower 's main goals in office were to contain the expansion of the Soviet Union and reduce federal deficits . In 1953 , he threatened the use of nuclear weapons until China agreed to terms regarding POWs in the Korean War . An armistice ended the stalemated conflict . His New Look policy of nuclear deterrence prioritized inexpensive nuclear weapons while reducing funding for expensive Army divisions . He continued Truman 's policy of recognizing the Republic of China as the legitimate government of China , and he won congressional approval of the Formosa Resolution . His administration provided major aid to help the French fight off Vietnamese Communists in the First Indochina War . After the French left he gave strong financial support to the new state of South Vietnam . He supported local military coups against hostile governments in Iran and Guatemala . During the Suez Crisis of 1956 , Eisenhower condemned the Israeli , British and French invasion of Egypt , and forced them to withdraw . He also condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action . After the Soviet Union launched Sputnik in 1957 , Eisenhower authorized the establishment of NASA , which led to the space race . During the Syrian Crisis of 1957 he approved a CIA-MI6 plan to stage fake border incidents as an excuse for an invasion by Syria 's pro-western neighbours . He deployed 15,000 soldiers during the 1958 Lebanon crisis . Near the end of his term , his efforts to set up a summit meeting with the Soviets collapsed when an American spy plane was shot down over Russia . On the domestic front , Eisenhower was a moderate conservative who continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security . He covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking executive privilege . Eisenhower was reluctant to support civil rights but signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and sent Army troops to enforce federal court orders that integrated schools in Little Rock , Arkansas . His largest program was the Interstate Highway System . He promoted the establishment of strong science education via the National Defense Education Act . Eisenhower 's two terms saw widespread economic prosperity except for a minor recession in 1958 . In his farewell address to the nation , Eisenhower expressed his concerns about the dangers of massive military spending , particularly deficit spending and government contracts to private military manufacturers . Voted Gallup 's most admired man twelve times , he achieved widespread popular esteem both in and out of office . Since the late 20th century , consensus among Western scholars has consistently held Eisenhower as one of the greatest U.S. Presidents ."
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" Ethel du Pont Ethel du Pont Roosevelt-Warren ( January 30 , 1916 -- May 25 , 1965 ) was an American heiress and socialite and a member of the prominent du Pont family . She is known for her widely publicized marriage to Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. , son of the 32nd President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt and her eventual suicide in 1965 .",
" 1952 Republican National Convention The 1952 Republican National Convention was held at the International Amphitheatre in Chicago , Cook County , Illinois from July 7 to July 11 , 1952 , and nominated the popular general and war hero Dwight D. Eisenhower of Kansas , nicknamed `` Ike , '' for president and the anti-communist crusading Senator from California , Richard M. Nixon , for vice president . The Republican platform pledged to end the unpopular war in Korea , supported the development of nuclear weapons as a deterrence strategy , to fire all `` the loafers , incompetents and unnecessary employees '' at the State Department , condemned the Roosevelt and Truman administrations ' economic policies , supported retention of the Taft-Hartley Act , opposed `` discrimination against race , religion or national origin '' , supported `` Federal action toward the elimination of lynching '' , and pledged to bring an end to communist subversion in the United States ."
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Room had a limited release in the United States and China.
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" Room (2015 film) Room is a 2015 independent drama film directed by Lenny Abrahamson and written by Emma Donoghue , based on her novel of the same name . It stars Brie Larson as a woman who has been held captive for seven years , and whose 5-year-old son ( Jacob Tremblay ) was born in captivity . Their escape allows the boy to experience the outside world for the first time . The film also stars Joan Allen , Sean Bridgers , and William H. Macy . A co-production of Canada and Ireland , Room was shot in Toronto , with the eponymous Room set built at Pinewood Toronto Studios . The crew designed each part of the Room set to be removable to fit the crew . Larson researched trauma and nutrition for her part , while numerous children were considered for the role of Jack . Room premiered at the Telluride Film Festival on 4 September 2015 and had a limited release in the United States on 16 October 2015 , to acclaim from critics . Larson won multiple awards for her performance , including the Academy Award for Best Actress , the BAFTA Award , Golden Globe Award , and the Screen Actors Guild Award . Room also received three other Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture and Best Director ."
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" Room (Chinese constellation) The Room mansion ( 房宿 , pinyin : Fáng Xiù ) is one of the Twenty-eight mansions of the Chinese constellations . It is one of the eastern mansions of the Azure Dragon .",
" Wii The Wii ( -LSB- ˈwiː -RSB- ) is a home video game console released by Nintendo on November 19 , 2006 . As a seventh-generation console , the Wii competed with Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Sony 's PlayStation 3 . Nintendo states that its console targets a broader demographic than that of the two others . , the Wii leads its generation over PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in worldwide sales , with more than 101 million units sold ; in December 2009 , the console broke the sales record for a single month in the United States . The Wii introduced the Wii Remote controller , which can be used as a handheld pointing device and which detects movement in three dimensions . Another notable feature of the console is the now defunct WiiConnect24 , which enabled it to receive messages and updates over the Internet while in standby mode . Like other seventh-generation consoles , it features a game download service , called `` Virtual Console '' , which features emulated games from past systems . It succeeded the GameCube , and early models are fully backward-compatible with all GameCube games and most accessories . Nintendo first spoke of the console at the E3 2004 press conference and later unveiled it at E3 2005 . Nintendo CEO Satoru Iwata revealed a prototype of the controller at the September 2005 Tokyo Game Show . At E3 2006 , the console won the first of several awards . By December 8 , 2006 , it had completed its launch in the four key markets . In late 2011 , Nintendo released a reconfigured model , the `` Wii Family Edition '' , which lacks Nintendo GameCube compatibility ; this model was not released in Japan . The Wii Mini , Nintendo 's first major console redesign since the compact SNES , succeeded the standard Wii model and was released first in Canada on December 7 , 2012 . The Wii Mini can only play Wii optical discs , as it omits GameCube compatibility and all networking capabilities ; this model was not released in Japan , Australia , or New Zealand . The Wii 's successor , the Wii U , was released on November 18 , 2012 . On October 20 , 2013 , Nintendo confirmed it had discontinued production of the Wii in Japan and Europe , although the Wii Mini is still in production and available in Europe ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Depression is incapable of negatively affecting Florence Ballard.
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" Florence Ballard Florence Glenda Chapman ( née Ballard ; June 30 , 1943 -- February 22 , 1976 ) was an American vocalist . She was one of the founding members of the popular Motown vocal female group the Supremes . Ballard sang on 16 top forty singles with the group , including ten number-one hits . After being removed from the Supremes in 1967 , Ballard tried an unsuccessful solo career with ABC Records before she was dropped from the label at the end of the decade . Ballard struggled with alcoholism , depression , and poverty for three years . She was making an attempt for a musical comeback when she died of a heart attack in February 1976 at the age of 32 . Ballard 's death was considered by one critic as `` one of rock 's greatest tragedies '' . Ballard was posthumously inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Supremes in 1988 ."
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" Central nervous system depression Central nervous system depression or CNS depression refers to physiological depression of the central nervous system that can result in decreased rate of breathing , decreased heart rate , and loss of consciousness possibly leading to coma or death . CNS depression is specifically the result of inhibited brain activity .",
" Self-criticism Self-criticism involves how an individual evaluates his or her self . Self-criticism is typically studied and discussed as a negative personality trait in which a person has a disrupted self identity . The opposite of self-criticism would be someone who has a coherent , comprehensive , and generally positive self-identity . Self-criticism is often associated with Major Depressive Disorder . Some theorists define self-criticism as a mark of a certain type of depression ( introjective depression ) , and in general people with depression tend to be more self critical than those without depression . People with depression are typically higher on self-criticism than people without depression , and even after depressive episodes they will continue to display self-critical personalities . Much of the scientific focus on self-criticism is because of its association with depression . Self-criticism is therefore not only an important facet of personality psychology , but is intimately tied to depression . Self-criticism is often a part of the experience of depression , and a focus on this personality trait could improve how we deal with and treat that disorder ."
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Richard Nixon defeated Vice President Hubert Humphrey in a presidential election.
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" Richard Nixon Richard Milhous Nixon ( January 9 , 1913 -- April 22 , 1994 ) was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974 , when he became the only U.S. president to resign from office . He had previously served as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 under the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower , and prior to that as a U.S. Representative and also Senator from California . Nixon was born in Yorba Linda , California . After completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College , he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law . He and his wife Pat moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government . He subsequently served on active duty in the U.S. Navy Reserve during World War II . Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950 . His pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist , and elevated him to national prominence . He was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower , the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election . Nixon served for eight years as vice president -- at 40 , the second-youngest vice president in history . He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960 , narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy , and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962 . In 1968 , he ran for the presidency again and was elected by defeating incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey . Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home , and ended the military draft . Nixon 's visit to the People 's Republic of China in 1972 eventually led to diplomatic relations between the two nations , and he initiated détente and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with the Soviet Union the same year . His administration generally transferred power from Washington D.C. to the states . He imposed wage and price controls for a period of ninety days , enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency . Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing , which signaled the end of the moon race . He was reelected in one of the largest electoral landslides in U.S. history in 1972 , when he defeated George McGovern . The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo , gasoline rationing , and a continuing series of revelations about the Watergate scandal . The scandal escalated , costing Nixon much of his political support , and on August 9 , 1974 , he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office . After his resignation , he was issued a pardon by his successor , Gerald Ford . In retirement , Nixon 's work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image . He suffered a debilitating stroke on April 18 , 1994 , and died four days later at the age of 81 ."
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" United States elections, 1960 The 1960 United States elections was held on November 8 , and elected the members of the 87th United States Congress . The Democratic Party retained control of Congress and won the presidency . In the presidential election , Democratic Senator John F. Kennedy from Massachusetts defeated sitting Republican Vice President Richard Nixon . Kennedy carried a mix of Southern , Midwestern , and Northeastern states , while Nixon dominated the West and won a majority of states . Fourteen unpledged electors from Alabama and Mississippi voted for Democratic Senator Harry F. Byrd from Virginia , as many Southern Democrats opposed the national party 's stance on civil rights . Kennedy 's popular vote margin of victory was the closest in any presidential election in the 20th century , with Kennedy garnering 0.17 % more of the popular vote than his opponent . Nixon , the first sitting vice president to win either party 's nomination since John C. Breckinridge in 1860 , easily won his party 's nomination . Sitting Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower was the first president in American history to be legally ineligible for re-election , due to the 1951 ratification of the 22nd Amendment . Kennedy won the Democratic nomination on the first ballot , defeating Texas Senator Lyndon B. Johnson . Kennedy 's general election victory made him the first Catholic president . The Republican Party cut into the Democratic majority in both the House and the Senate , but Democrats retained a commanding majority in both chambers .",
" United States presidential election in Tennessee, 1968 The 1968 United States presidential election in Tennessee took place on November 5 , 1968 . All 50 states and the District of Columbia were part of the 1968 United States presidential election . Tennessee voters chose eleven electors to the Electoral College , who voted for President and Vice President . Tennessee voted more or less equally for the candidates , resulting in Republican candidate Richard Nixon of New York and his running mate Governor Spiro Agnew of Maryland receiving a plurality of the votes as opposed to a majority . Nixon carried Tennessee with 37.85 % of the vote to American Independent Party candidate George Wallace 's 34.02 % and Democratic candidate Hubert Humphrey 's 28.13 % , a victory margin of 3.87 % ."
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Colm Feore has taken all kind of roles except for First Gentleman Henry Taylor.
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" Colm Feore Colm Feore ( born August 22 , 1958 ) is an American-Canadian stage , film and television actor best known for his roles as First Gentleman Henry Taylor on the television series , 24 and as Lord Marshal Zhylaw in The Chronicles of Riddick ."
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" The Bold and the Brave The Bold and the Brave is a 1956 Hollywood World War II movie written by Robert Lewin and directed by Lewis R. Foster , starring Wendell Corey , Mickey Rooney , and Don Taylor . The film traces the destinies of three American soldiers stationed in Italy during World War II . Fairchild ( Corey ) is an idealist who does n't believe in killing . Preacher is a religious zealot , who ca n't see anything in terms other than Good and Evil . The most intriguing ( and entertaining ) member of the trio is Dooley ( Rooney ) , an inveterate gambler who runs a floating crap game up and down the Italian front . The movie was produced by Filmmakers Production Organization and released by RKO . The title song for was cowritten by Mickey Rooney and Ross Bagdasarian , the creator of Alvin and the Chipmunks .",
" Courage Mountain Courage Mountain ( also known as Courage Mountain : Heidi 's New Adventure ) is a 1990 American adventure drama film and serves as a sequel to Johanna Spyri 's novel Heidi . It was directed by Christopher Leitch and stars Charlie Sheen , Leslie Caron , Juliette Caton and Jan Rubeš . The film is set during the outbreak of World War I with Heidi as a teenager , despite the fact that the original novel ( in which Heidi is 5 ) was first published in 1881 ."
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Thanos appears in Avengers: Age of Ultron.
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" Thanos Thanos ( -LSB- ˈθænɒs -RSB- , -LSB- ˈθænoʊs -RSB- ) is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character is usually depicted as a Titanian mutant -- Eternal superhuman . The character first appeared in Iron Man # 55 ( February 1973 ) and was created by writer Mike Friedrich and writer-artist Jim Starlin . Debuting in the Bronze Age of Comic Books , the character has been featured in more than four decades of Marvel continuity and a self-titled series . Thanos appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe 's various films , including The Avengers ( 2012 ) , portrayed by Damion Poitier , and Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) , Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) and its untitled sequel ( 2019 ) , portrayed by Josh Brolin . The character has appeared in other Marvel-endorsed products , including animated television series , arcade , and video games ."
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" Untitled Avengers film The untitled Avengers film is an upcoming American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is intended to be the direct sequel to 2018 's Avengers : Infinity War , as well as the sequel to 2012 's Marvel 's The Avengers and 2015 's Avengers : Age of Ultron and the twenty-second film installment in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is directed by Anthony and Joe Russo , with a screenplay by Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely , and features an ensemble cast that includes Robert Downey , Jr. , Josh Brolin , Mark Ruffalo , Tom Hiddleston , Chris Evans , Chris Hemsworth , Jeremy Renner , Chris Pratt , Elizabeth Olsen , Benedict Cumberbatch , Samuel L. Jackson , Evangeline Lilly , Karen Gillan , Anthony Mackie , Tom Holland , and Zoe Saldana . The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers : Infinity War -- Part 2 . The Russo brothers came on board to direct in April 2015 and by May , Markus and McFeely signed on to script the film . In July 2016 , Marvel removed the film 's title , referring to it simply as Untitled Avengers film . Filming is scheduled to begin in August 2017 , shooting back-to-back with Avengers : Infinity War after the completion of that film . The untitled Avengers film is scheduled to be released on May 3 , 2019 , in IMAX .",
" Iron Man 2 Iron Man 2 is a 2010 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Iron Man , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Paramount Pictures . It is the sequel to 2008 's Iron Man , and is the third film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Directed by Jon Favreau and written by Justin Theroux , the film stars Robert Downey Jr. , Gwyneth Paltrow , Don Cheadle , Scarlett Johansson , Sam Rockwell , Mickey Rourke , and Samuel L. Jackson . Six months after the events of Iron Man , Tony Stark is resisting calls by the United States government to hand over the Iron Man technology while also combating his declining health from the arc reactor in his chest . Meanwhile , rogue Russian scientist Ivan Vanko has developed the same technology and built weapons of his own in order to pursue a vendetta against the Stark family , in the process joining forces with Stark 's business rival , Justin Hammer . Following the successful release of Iron Man in May 2008 , Marvel Studios announced and immediately set to work on producing a sequel . In July of that same year Theroux was hired to write the script , and Favreau was signed to return and direct . Downey , Paltrow and Jackson were set to reprise their roles from Iron Man , while Cheadle was brought in to replace Terrence Howard in the role of James Rhodes . In the early months of 2009 , Rourke , Rockwell and Johansson filled out the supporting cast , and filming took place from April to July of that year . Like its predecessor the film was shot mostly in California , except for a key sequence in Monaco . Iron Man 2 premiered at the El Capitan Theatre on April 26 , 2010 , and was released internationally between April 28 and May 7 before releasing in the U.S. on May 7 , 2010 . The film received generally positive reviews and was commercially successful , grossing over $ 623.9 million at the worldwide box office . The DVD and Blu-ray were released on September 28 , 2010 . The third installment of the Iron Man series , Iron Man 3 , was released on May 3 , 2013 ."
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Boston University has colleges on two campuses in the urban area of Boston.
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" Boston University Boston University ( commonly referred to as BU ) is a private research university located in Boston , Massachusetts . The university is nonsectarian , and is historically affiliated with the United Methodist Church . The university has more than 3,900 faculty members and nearly 33,000 students , and is one of Boston 's largest employers . It offers bachelor 's degrees , master 's degrees , and doctorates , and medical , dental , business , and law degrees through 17 schools and colleges on two urban campuses . The main campus is situated along the Charles River in Boston 's Fenway-Kenmore and Allston neighborhoods , while the Boston University Medical Campus is in Boston 's South End neighborhood . BU is categorized as an R1 : Doctoral University ( very high research activity ) in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . BU is a member of the Boston Consortium for Higher Education and the Association of American Universities . The University was ranked 39th among undergraduate programs at national universities , and 32nd among global universities by U.S. News & World Report in its 2017 rankings . Among its alumni and current or past faculty , the university counts eight Nobel Laureates , 23 Pulitzer Prize winners , 10 Rhodes Scholars , six Marshall Scholars , 48 Sloan Fellows , nine Academy Award winners , and several Emmy and Tony Award winners . BU also has MacArthur , Fulbright , Truman and Guggenheim Fellowship holders as well as American Academy of Arts and Sciences and National Academy of Sciences members among its past and present graduates and faculty . In 1876 , BU professor Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in a BU lab . American Civil Rights Movement leader and 1964 Nobel Peace Prize winner Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. received his PhD in Theology from BU in 1955 . The Boston University Terriers compete in the NCAA 's Division I. BU athletic teams compete in the Patriot League , and Hockey East conferences , and their mascot is Rhett the Boston Terrier . Boston University is well known for men 's hockey , in which it has won five national championships , most recently in 2009 ."
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" University at Buffalo The State University of New York at Buffalo is a public research university with campuses in Buffalo and Amherst , New York , United States . It is commonly referred to as the University at Buffalo ( UB ) or SUNY Buffalo , and was formerly known as the University of Buffalo . The university was founded in 1846 as a private medical university , but in 1962 merged with the State University of New York ( SUNY ) system . By enrollment , UB is the largest in the SUNY system , and also the largest public university in the northeastern United States ( consisting of New York state and the New England region ) . UB also has the largest endowment and research funding , as a comprehensive university center in the SUNY system . , the university enrolls 29,806 students in 13 colleges . In addition to the College of Arts and Sciences , the university houses the largest state-operated medical school , dental school , education school , business school , engineering school , and also features the only state law school , architecture and urban planning school , and pharmacy school in the state of New York . The university offers over 100 bachelor 's , 205 master 's , 84 doctoral , and 10 professional areas of study . According to the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education , the University at Buffalo is a Doctoral University with the Highest research activity ( R1 ) . In 1989 , UB was elected to the Association of American Universities , which represents 62 prestigious , leading research universities in the United States and Canada . UB 's alumni and faculty have included a Prime Minister , astronauts , Nobel laureates , Pulitzer Prize winners , 3 billionaires , Academy Award winners , Emmy Award winners , Fulbright Scholars , and Rhodes Scholars . The university was founded by U.S. President and U.S. Vice President , Millard Fillmore , who served as the school 's first chancellor , making UB one of the only two universities founded by a U.S. President . In the Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education 2017 inaugural ranking , UB was ranked as the # 1 public university in New York and # 28 in the nation . Buffalo has consistently placed in the top cluster of U.S. public research universities and among the overall top 30 research universities according to the Center for Measuring University Performance and was ranked as the 38th best value for in-state students and the 27th best value for out-of-state students in the 2012 Kiplinger rankings of best value of national universities . U.S. News and World Reports 2017 edition of America 's Best Colleges ranked UB 99th on their list of best national universities and 43rd among public universities .",
" University of Vermont The University of Vermont ( UVM ) , officially The University of Vermont and State Agricultural College , is a public research university and , since 1862 , the U.S. state of Vermont 's sole land-grant university . Founded in 1791 , UVM is among the oldest universities in the United States and is the fifth institution of higher education established in the New England region of the U.S. northeast . It is also listed as one of the original eight Public Ivy institutions in the United States . The university is incorporated in the city of Burlington -- Vermont 's most populous municipality . The campus ' Dudley H. Davis Center was the first student center in the country to receive a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) Gold certification . The largest hospital complex in Vermont , the University of Vermont Medical Center , has its primary facility on the UVM campus and is affiliated with the Robert Larner College of Medicine ."
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Katharine Hepburn was born in 1904.
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" Katharine Hepburn Katharine Houghton Hepburn ( May 12 , 1907 -- June 29 , 2003 ) was an American actress . Known for her fierce independence and spirited personality , Hepburn was a leading lady in Hollywood for more than 60 years . She appeared in a range of genres , from screwball comedy to literary drama , and she received four Academy Awards for Best Actress -- a record for any performer . In 1999 , Hepburn was named by the American Film Institute as the greatest female star of Classic Hollywood Cinema . Raised in Connecticut by wealthy , progressive parents , Hepburn began to act while studying at Bryn Mawr College . After four years in the theatre , favorable reviews of her work on Broadway brought her to the attention of Hollywood . Her early years in the film industry were marked with success , including an Academy Award for her third picture , Morning Glory ( 1933 ) , but this was followed by a series of commercial failures that led her to be labeled `` box office poison '' in 1938 . Hepburn masterminded her own comeback , buying out her contract with RKO Radio Pictures and acquiring the film rights to The Philadelphia Story , which she sold on the condition that she be the star . In the 1940s , she was contracted to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , where her career focused on an alliance with Spencer Tracy . The screen-partnership spanned 25 years and produced nine movies . Hepburn challenged herself in the latter half of her life , as she regularly appeared in Shakespearean stage productions and tackled a range of literary roles . She found a niche playing middle-aged spinsters , such as in The African Queen ( 1951 ) , a persona the public embraced . Three more Oscars came for her work in Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner ( 1967 ) , The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) , and On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) . In the 1970s , she began appearing in television films , which became the focus of her career in later life . She remained active into old age , making her final screen appearance in 1994 at the age of 87 . After a period of inactivity and ill health , Hepburn died in 2003 at the age of 96 . Hepburn famously shunned the Hollywood publicity machine and refused to conform to society 's expectations of women . She was outspoken , assertive , athletic , and wore trousers before it was fashionable for women to do so . She married once , as a young woman , but thereafter lived independently . A 26-year affair with her co-star Spencer Tracy was hidden from the public . With her unconventional lifestyle and the independent characters she brought to the screen , Hepburn epitomized the `` modern woman '' in the 20th-century United States and is remembered as an important cultural figure ."
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" Bringing Up Baby Bringing Up Baby is a 1938 American screwball comedy film directed by Howard Hawks , starring Katharine Hepburn and Cary Grant , and released by RKO Radio Pictures . The film tells the story of a paleontologist in a number of predicaments involving a scatterbrained woman and a leopard named Baby . The screenplay was adapted by Dudley Nichols and Hagar Wilde from a short story by Wilde which originally appeared in Collier 's Weekly magazine on April 10 , 1937 . The script was written specifically for Hepburn , and was tailored to her personality . Filming began in September 1937 and wrapped in January 1938 ; it was over schedule and over budget . Production was frequently delayed due to uncontrollable laughing fits between Hepburn and Grant . Hepburn struggled with her comedic performance and was coached by her co-star , vaudeville veteran Walter Catlett . A tame leopard was used during the shooting ; its trainer was off-screen with a whip for all its scenes . Although it has a reputation as a flop upon its release , Bringing up Baby was moderately successful in many cities and eventually made a small profit after its re-release in the early 1940s . Shortly after the film 's premiere , Hepburn was infamously labeled box-office poison by the Independent Theatre Owners of America and would not regain her success until The Philadelphia Story two years later . The film 's reputation began to grow during the 1950s , when it was shown on television . Since then , the film has received acclaim from both critics and audience for its zany antics and pratfalls , absurd situations and misunderstandings , perfect sense of comic timing , completely screwball cast , series of lunatic and hare-brained misadventures , disasters , light-hearted surprises and romantic comedy . Nowadays , it is considered one of the greatest films ever made . In 1990 Bringing Up Baby was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress as `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' , and it has appeared on a number of greatest-films lists , ranking at 88th on the American Film Institute 's 100 greatest American films of all time list .",
" Desk Set Desk Set ( released as His Other Woman in the UK ) is a 1957 American romantic comedy film directed by Walter Lang and starring Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn . The screenplay was written by Phoebe Ephron and Henry Ephron from the 1955 play , The Desk Set , by William Marchant ."
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Nelson Mandela was Capetonian.
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" Nelson Mandela Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela ( -LSB- mænˈdɛlə -RSB- 18 July 1918 -- 5 December 2013 ) was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary , politician , and philanthropist , who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999 . He was the country 's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election . His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by tackling institutionalised racism and fostering racial reconciliation . Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist , he served as President of the African National Congress ( ANC ) party from 1991 to 1997 . A Xhosa , Mandela was born in Mvezo to the Thembu royal family . He studied law at the University of Fort Hare and the University of the Witwatersrand before working as a lawyer in Johannesburg . There he became involved in anti-colonial and African nationalist politics , joining the ANC in 1943 and co-founding its Youth League in 1944 . After the National Party 's white-only government established apartheid -- a system of racial segregation that privileged whites -- he and the ANC committed themselves to its overthrow . Mandela was appointed President of the ANC 's Transvaal branch , rising to prominence for his involvement in the 1952 Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People . He was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and was unsuccessfully prosecuted in the 1956 Treason Trial . Influenced by Marxism , he secretly joined the banned South African Communist Party ( SACP ) . Although initially committed to non-violent protest , in association with the SACP he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe in 1961 and led a sabotage campaign against the government . In 1962 , he was arrested for conspiring to overthrow the state and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial . Mandela served 27 years in prison , initially on Robben Island , and later in Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison . Amid growing domestic and international pressure , and with fears of a racial civil war , President F. W. de Klerk released him in 1990 . Mandela and de Klerk negotiated an end to apartheid and organised the 1994 multiracial general election in which Mandela led the ANC to victory and became President . Leading a broad coalition government which promulgated a new constitution , Mandela emphasised reconciliation between the country 's racial groups and created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses . Economically , Mandela 's administration retained its predecessor 's liberal framework despite his own socialist beliefs , also introducing measures to encourage land reform , combat poverty , and expand healthcare services . Internationally , he acted as mediator in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial and served as Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999 . He declined a second presidential term and in 1999 was succeeded by his deputy , Thabo Mbeki . Mandela became an elder statesman and focused on combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the charitable Nelson Mandela Foundation . Mandela was a controversial figure for much of his life . Although critics on the right denounced him as a communist terrorist and those on the radical left deemed him too eager to negotiate and reconcile with apartheid 's supporters , he gained international acclaim for his activism . Widely regarded as an icon of democracy and social justice , he received more than 250 honours -- including the Nobel Peace Prize -- and became the subject of a cult of personality . He is held in deep respect within South Africa , where he is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name , Madiba , and described as the `` Father of the Nation '' ."
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" Black Consciousness Movement The Black Consciousness Movement ( BCM ) was a grassroots anti-Apartheid activist movement that emerged in South Africa in the mid-1960s out of the political vacuum created by the jailing and banning of the African National Congress and Pan Africanist Congress leadership after the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960 . The BCM represented a social movement for political consciousness . -LSB- Black Consciousness ' -RSB- origins were deeply rooted in Christianity . In 1966 , the Anglican Church under the incumbent , Archbishop Robert Selby Taylor , convened a meeting which later on led to the foundation of the University Christian Movement ( UCM ) . This was to become the vehicle for Black Consciousness . The BCM attacked what they saw as traditional white values , especially the `` condescending '' values of white people of liberal opinion . They refused to engage white liberal opinion on the pros and cons of black consciousness , and emphasised the rejection of white monopoly on truth as a central tenet of their movement . While this philosophy at first generated disagreement amongst black anti-Apartheid activists within South Africa , it was soon adopted by most as a positive development . As a result , there emerged a greater cohesiveness and solidarity amongst black groups in general , which in turn brought black consciousness to the forefront of the anti-Apartheid struggle within South Africa . The BCM 's policy of perpetually challenging the dialectic of Apartheid South Africa as a means of transforming Black thought into rejecting prevailing opinion or mythology to attain a larger comprehension brought it into direct conflict with the full force of the security apparatus of the Apartheid regime . `` Black man , you are on your own '' became the rallying cry as mushrooming activity committees implemented what was to become a relentless campaign of challenge to what was then referred to by the BCM as `` the System '' . It eventually sparked a confrontation on 16 June 1976 in the Soweto uprising , when 176 people were killed mainly by the South African Security Forces , as students marched to protest the use of the Afrikaans language in African schools . Unrest spread like wildfire throughout the country . However , although it successfully implemented a system of comprehensive local committees to facilitate organised resistance , the BCM itself was decimated by security action taken against its leaders and social programs . By 19 June 1976 , 123 key members had been banned and confined to remote rural districts . In 1977 all BCM related organisations were banned , many of its leaders arrested , and their social programs dismantled under provisions of the newly Implemented Internal Security Amendment Act . In September 1977 , its banned National Leader , Steve Biko , was murdered while in the custody of the South African Security Police .",
" Transkei The Transkei ( -LSB- trɑːnsˈkeɪ , _ - ˈkaɪ , _ trænz - -RSB- , meaning the area beyond -LSB- the river -RSB- Kei ) , officially the Republic of Transkei ( iRiphabliki yeTranskei ) , was a Bantustan -- an area set aside for members of a specific ethnicity -- and nominal parliamentary democracy in the southeastern region of South Africa . Its capital was Umtata , which was renamed Mthatha in 2004 . Transkei represented a significant precedent and historic turning point in South Africa 's policy of apartheid and `` separate development '' ; it was the first of four territories to be declared independent of South Africa . Throughout its existence , it remained an internationally unrecognised , diplomatically isolated , politically unstable de facto one-party state , which at one point broke relations with South Africa , the only country that acknowledged it as a legal entity . In 1994 , it was reintegrated into its larger neighbour and became part of the Eastern Cape province ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Charles Dickens wrote the Harry Potter series.
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" Charles Dickens Charles John Huffam Dickens ( -LSB- ˈdɪkᵻnz -RSB- 7 February 1812 -- 9 June 1870 ) was an English writer and social critic . He created some of the world 's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era . His works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime , and by the twentieth century critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius . His novels and short stories enjoy lasting popularity . Born in Portsmouth , Dickens left school to work in a factory when his father was incarcerated in a debtors ' prison . Despite his lack of formal education , he edited a weekly journal for 20 years , wrote 15 novels , five novellas , hundreds of short stories and non-fiction articles , lectured and performed extensively , was an indefatigable letter writer , and campaigned vigorously for children 's rights , education , and other social reforms . Dickens 's literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers . Within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity , famous for his humour , satire , and keen observation of character and society . His novels , most published in monthly or weekly instalments , pioneered the serial publication of narrative fiction , which became the dominant Victorian mode for novel publication . The instalment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audience 's reaction , and he often modified his plot and character development based on such feedback . For example , when his wife 's chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her disabilities , Dickens improved the character with positive features . His plots were carefully constructed , and he often wove elements from topical events into his narratives . Masses of the illiterate poor chipped in ha ` pennies to have each new monthly episode read to them , opening up and inspiring a new class of readers . Dickens was regarded as the literary colossus of his age . His 1843 novella , A Christmas Carol , remains popular and continues to inspire adaptations in every artistic genre . Oliver Twist and Great Expectations are also frequently adapted , and , like many of his novels , evoke images of early Victorian London . His 1859 novel , A Tale of Two Cities , set in London and Paris , is his best-known work of historical fiction . Dickens has been praised by fellow writers -- from Leo Tolstoy to George Orwell and G. K. Chesterton -- for his realism , comedy , prose style , unique characterisations , and social criticism . On the other hand , Oscar Wilde , Henry James , and Virginia Woolf complained of a lack of psychological depth , loose writing , and a vein of saccharine sentimentalism . The term Dickensian is used to describe something that is reminiscent of Dickens and his writings , such as poor social conditions or comically repulsive characters .",
" Harry Potter Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels written by British author J. K. Rowling . The novels chronicle the life of a young wizard , Harry Potter , and his friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley , all of whom are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . The main story arc concerns Harry 's struggle against Lord Voldemort , a dark wizard who intends to become immortal , overthrow the wizard governing body known as the Ministry of Magic , and subjugate all wizards and Muggles , a reference term that means non-magical people . Since the release of the first novel , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , on 26 June 1997 , the books have found immense popularity , critical acclaim and commercial success worldwide . The series has now been translated into multiple languages including French , Irish , Spanish , German and Swedish to name a few . They have attracted a wide adult audience as well as younger readers , and are often considered cornerstones of modern young adult literature . The series has also had its share of criticism , including concern about the increasingly dark tone as the series progressed , as well as the often gruesome and graphic violence it depicts . , the books have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide , making them the best-selling book series in history , and have been translated into seventy-three languages . The last four books consecutively set records as the fastest-selling books in history , with the final instalment selling roughly eleven million copies in the United States within twenty-four hours of its release . The series was originally published in English by two major publishers , Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom and Scholastic Press in the United States . A play , Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , based on a story co-written by Rowling , premiered in London on 30 July 2016 at the Palace Theatre , and its script was published by Little , Brown as the eighth book in the series . The original seven books were adapted into an eight-part film series by Warner Bros. . Pictures , which has become the second highest-grossing film series of all time . In 2016 , the total value of the Harry Potter franchise was estimated at $ 25 billion , making Harry Potter one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time . A series of many genres , including fantasy , drama , coming of age , friendship , and the British school story ( which includes elements of mystery , thriller , adventure , horror and romance ) , the world of Harry Potter explores numerous themes and includes many cultural meanings and references . According to Rowling , the main theme is death . Other major themes in the series include prejudice , corruption , and madness . The success of the books and films has ensured that the Harry Potter franchise continues to expand , with numerous derivative works , a travelling exhibition that premiered in Chicago in 2009 , a studio tour in London that opened in 2012 , a digital platform on which J.K. Rowling updates the series with new information and insight , and a pentalogy of spin-off films premiering in November 2016 , among many other developments . Most recently , themed attractions , collectively known as The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , have been built at several Universal Parks & Resorts amusement parks around the world ."
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" Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is a 2005 British-American fantasy film directed by Mike Newell and distributed by Warner Bros. . Pictures . It is based on the novel of the same name by J. K. Rowling . The film , which is the fourth instalment in the Harry Potter film series , was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman . The story follows Harry Potter 's fourth year at Hogwarts as he is chosen by the Goblet of Fire to compete in the Triwizard Tournament . The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harry 's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban and is followed by Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Filming began in early 2004 . The Hogwarts scenes were shot at the Leavesden Film Studios . Five days after its release , the film had grossed over US$ 102 million at the North American box office , which is the third-highest first-weekend tally for a Harry Potter film behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Part 2 . Goblet of Fire enjoyed an immensely successful run at the box office , earning $ 896 million worldwide , which made it the highest-grossing film of 2005 and the eighth-highest-grossing film of all-time at that time . , it is the 44th highest-grossing film worldwide and the sixth-highest-grossing film in the Harry Potter series . The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction , and won the BAFTA Award for Best Production Design . Goblet of Fire was the second film in the series to be released in IMAX . The film is one of the best reviewed instalments within the series , being praised for the higher level of maturity and sophistication of its characters , plotline , writing , and performances of the lead actors .",
" Film series A film series ( also referred to as a film franchise ) is a collection of related films in succession that share the same fictional universe , or are marketed as a series . Sometimes the work is conceived from the beginning as a multiple-film work , for example the Three Colours series , but in most cases the success of the original film inspires further films to be made . Individual sequels are relatively common , but are not always successful enough to spawn further installments . The Marvel Cinematic Universe is the highest grossing film series in unadjusted US Dollar figures surpassing the Harry Potter , Star Wars , James Bond , and Peter Jackson 's The Lord of the Rings series . However , `` Star Wars '' has the highest when adjusted for inflation ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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The gray wolf originated in the bottom tip of Africa.
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" Gray wolf The gray wolf or grey wolf ( Canis lupus ) , also known as the timber wolf or western wolf , is a canine native to the wilderness and remote areas of Eurasia and North America . It is the largest extant member of its family , with males averaging 43 - and females 36 - . Like the red wolf , it is distinguished from other Canis species by its larger size and less pointed features , particularly on the ears and muzzle . Its winter fur is long and bushy and predominantly a mottled gray in color , although nearly pure white , red , and brown to black also occur . , 37 subspecies of C. lupus are recognised by MSW3 . The gray wolf is the second most specialised member of the genus Canis , after the Ethiopian wolf , as demonstrated by its morphological adaptations to hunting large prey , its more gregarious nature , and its highly advanced expressive behavior . It is nonetheless closely related enough to smaller Canis species , such as the eastern wolf , coyote , and golden jackal to produce fertile hybrids . It is the only species of Canis to have a range encompassing both the Old and New Worlds , and originated in Eurasia during the Pleistocene , colonizing North America on at least three separate occasions during the Rancholabrean . It is a social animal , travelling in nuclear families consisting of a mated pair , accompanied by the pair 's adult offspring . The gray wolf is typically an apex predator throughout its range , with only humans and tigers posing a serious threat to it . It feeds primarily on large ungulates , though it also eats smaller animals , livestock , carrion , and garbage . The gray wolf is one of the world 's best-known and most-researched animals , with probably more books written about it than any other wildlife species . It has a long history of association with humans , having been despised and hunted in most pastoral communities because of its attacks on livestock , while conversely being respected in some agrarian and hunter-gatherer societies . Although the fear of wolves is pervasive in many human societies , the majority of recorded attacks on people have been attributed to animals suffering from rabies . Non-rabid wolves have attacked and killed people , mainly children , but this is rare , as wolves are relatively few , live away from people , and have developed a fear of humans from hunters and shepherds ."
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" Democratic Republic of the Congo The Democratic Republic of the Congo ( -LSB- ˈkɒŋɡəʊ -RSB- -LSB- kɔ̃ɡo -RSB- ; République démocratique du Congo ) , also known as DR Congo , DRC , DROC , Congo-Kinshasa or simply the Congo , is a country located in Central Africa . The DRC borders the Central African Republic and South Sudan to the north ; Uganda , Rwanda , Burundi and Tanzania to the east ; Zambia and Angola to the south ; the Republic of the Congo to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest . It is the second-largest country in Africa by area and eleventh largest in the world . With a population of over 80 million , the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most populated officially Francophone country , the fourth most-populated nation in Africa and the eighteenth most populated country in the world . The territory of the DR Congo was first settled by humans around 90,000 years ago . Bantu peoples began migrating into the region in the 5th century and again in the 10th century . In the West of the region the Kingdom of Kongo ruled from the 14th to 19th centuries , while in the centre and East of the region the kingdoms of Luba and Lunda ruled from the 16th and 17th centuries to the 19th century . In the 1870s , before the onset of the Scramble for Africa , European exploration of the Congo was carried out , first led by Sir Henry Morton Stanley under the sponsorship of King Leopold II of Belgium . Leopold formally acquired rights to the Congo territory at the Conference of Berlin in 1885 and made the land his private property . He named it the Congo Free State . During the Free State the colonial military unit , the Force Publique , forced the local population into producing rubber , and from 1885 to 1908 millions of Congolese died as a consequence of disease and exploitation . In 1908 Belgium , despite initial reluctance , formally annexed the Free State from Leopold , which became the Belgian Congo . The Belgian Congo achieved independence on 30 June 1960 under the name Republic of the Congo ( Léopoldville ) . Congolese nationalist Patrice Lumumba was elected the first Prime Minister , while Joseph Kasa-Vubu became the first President . Conflict arose over the administration of the territory which became known as the Congo Crisis . The provinces of Katanga , under Moïse Tshombe , and South Kasai attempted to secede from the Congo . On 5 September 1960 , Kasa-Vubu dismissed Lumumba from office , encouraged by the United States and Belgium after Lumumba turned to the Soviet Union for assistance in the crisis . On 14 September , with U.S. and Belgian support , Lumumba was arrested by forces loyal to Army Chief of Staff Joseph-Désiré Mobutu , who had gained de facto control over the country through a coup d'état the same day , and on 17 January 1961 Lumumba was handed over to Katangan authorities and executed by Belgian-led Katangese troops . In 1965 Joseph-Désiré Mobutu , who later renamed himself Mobutu Sese Seko , officially came into power through a second coup . In 1971 he renamed the country Zaire . The country was run as a one-party state with his Popular Movement of the Revolution as the sole legal party . Mobutu 's government received considerable support from the United States for its anti-communist stance during the Cold War . By the early 1990s Mobutu 's government began to weaken . Disenfranchisement of the eastern Congolese Tutsi population led to a 1996 invasion led by Tutsi-ruled Rwanda , which began the First Congo War . On 17 May 1997 Laurent-Désiré Kabila , a leader of Tutsi forces from the province of South Kivu , became President , bringing about the end of Mobutu 's 32-year rule . Tensions between President Kabila and the Rwandan and Tutsi presence in the country led to the Second Congo War from 1998 to 2003 . Ultimately , nine African countries and around twenty armed groups became involved in the war , which resulted in the deaths of 5.4 million people . The two wars together devastated the country . President Laurent-Désiré Kabila was assassinated by one of his bodyguards on 16 January 2001 and was succeeded eight days later as President by his son Joseph Kabila . The Democratic Republic of Congo is extremely rich in natural resources but has had political instability , a lack of infrastructure , issues with corruption and centuries of both commercial and colonial extraction and exploitation with little holistic development . Besides the capital Kinshasa , the two next largest cities Lubumbashi and Mbuji-Mayi are both mining communities . DR Congo 's largest export is raw minerals , with China accepting over 50 % of DRC 's exports in 2012 . , according to the Human Development Index ( HDI ) , DR Congo 's level of human development ranks 176 out of 187 countries .",
" Kenya Kenya ( -LSB- ˈkɛnjə -RSB- -LSB- ˈkɛɲa -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Kenya , is a country in Africa and a founding member of the East African Community ( EAC ) . Its capital and largest city is Nairobi . Kenya 's territory lies on the equator and overlies the East African Rift covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from Lake Victoria to Lake Turkana ( formerly called Lake Rudolf ) and further south-east to the Indian Ocean . It is bordered by Tanzania to the south and southwest , Uganda to the west , South Sudan to the north-west , Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east . Kenya covers 581309 km2 , and had a population of approximately 48 million people in January 2017 . Kenya has a warm and humid tropical climate on its Indian Ocean coastline . The climate is cooler in the savannah grasslands around the capital city , Nairobi , and especially closer to Mount Kenya , which has snow permanently on its peaks . Further inland are highlands in Central and Rift Valley regions where tea and coffee are grown as cash crops which are major foreign revenue earners . In the West are Nyanza and Western regions , there is an equatorial , hot and dry climate which becomes humid around Lake Victoria , the largest tropical fresh-water lake in the world . This gives way to temperate and forested hilly areas in the neighbouring western region . The north-eastern regions along the border with Somalia and Ethiopia are arid and semi-arid areas with near-desert landscapes . Kenya is known for its world class athletes in track and field and rugby . Thanks to its diverse climate and geography , expansive wildlife reserves and national parks such as the East and West Tsavo National Park , Amboseli National Park , Maasai Mara , Lake Nakuru National Park , Aberdares National Park and white sand beaches at the Coastal region , Kenya is home to the modern safari and has several world heritage sites such as Lamu and numerous beaches , including in Diani , Bamburi and Kilifi , where international yachting competitions are held every year . The African Great Lakes region , which Kenya is a part of , has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Paleolithic period . By the first millennium AD , the Bantu expansion had reached the area from West-Central Africa . The borders of the modern state consequently comprise the crossroads of the Niger-Congo , Nilo-Saharan and Afroasiatic areas of the continent , representing most major ethnolinguistic groups found in Africa . Bantu and Nilotic populations together constitute around 97 % of the nation 's residents . European and Arab presence in coastal Mombasa dates to the Early Modern period ; European exploration of the interior began in the 19th century . The British Empire established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895 , which starting in 1920 gave way to the Kenya Colony . Kenya obtained independence in December 1963 . Following a referendum in August 2010 and adoption of a new constitution , Kenya is now divided into 47 semi-autonomous counties , governed by elected governors . The capital , Nairobi , is a regional commercial hub . The economy of Kenya is the largest by GDP in East and Central Africa . Agriculture is a major employer ; the country traditionally exports tea and coffee and has more recently begun to export fresh flowers to Europe . The service industry is also a major economic driver . Additionally , Kenya is a member of the East African Community trading bloc ."
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Algeria is a perfume brand.
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" Algeria Algeria ( الجزائر ; ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ , Dzayer ; Algérie ) , officially the People 's Democratic Republic of Algeria , is a sovereign state in North Africa on the Mediterranean coast . Its capital and most populous city is Algiers , located in the country 's far north . With an area of 2381741 km2 , Algeria is the tenth-largest country in the world , and the largest in Africa . Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia , to the east by Libya , to the west by Morocco , to the southwest by the Western Saharan territory , Mauritania , and Mali , to the southeast by Niger , and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea . The country is a semi-presidential republic consisting of 48 provinces and 1,541 communes ( counties ) . Abdelaziz Bouteflika has been President since 1999 . Ancient Algeria has known many empires and dynasties , including ancient Numidians , Phoenicians , Carthaginians , Romans , Vandals , Byzantines , Umayyads , Abbasids , Idrisid , Aghlabid , Rustamid , Fatimids , Zirid , Hammadids , Almoravids , Almohads , Spaniards , Ottomans and the French colonial empire . Berbers are the indigenous inhabitants of Algeria . Algeria is a regional and middle power . The North African country supplies large amounts of natural gas to Europe , and energy exports are the backbone of the economy . According to OPEC Algeria has the 16th largest oil reserves in the world and the second largest in Africa , while it has the 9th largest reserves of natural gas . Sonatrach , the national oil company , is the largest company in Africa . Algeria has one of the largest militaries in Africa and the largest defence budget on the continent ; most of Algeria 's weapons are imported from Russia , with whom they are a close ally . Algeria is a member of the African Union , the Arab League , OPEC , the United Nations and is the founding member of the Maghreb Union ."
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" Air Algérie Air Algérie SpA ( الخطوط الجوية الجزائرية , ; Aeriverdan idzayriyen ) is the national airline of Algeria , with its head office in the Immeuble El-Djazair in Algiers . With flights operating from Houari Boumedienne Airport , Air Algérie operates scheduled international services to 39 destinations in 28 countries in Europe , North America , Africa , Asia , and the Middle East , as well as domestic services to 32 airports . The airline is a member of the International Air Transport Association , the Arab Air Carriers Organization , and of the African Airlines Association ( AFRAA ) since 1968 . , Air Algérie was 100 % owned by the government of Algeria . Air Algérie is in the process of aligning its codeshare agreements , frequent flyer programs , and airport lounge agreements with each of the SkyTeam carriers in order to meet SkyTeam 's membership application requirements . The company reported that they applied to join Star Alliance or SkyTeam and also began working in partnership with Lufthansa .",
" Médéa Médéa ( Lemdiyyet , المدية ) , population 123,535 ( 1998 census ) is the capital city of Médéa Province , Algeria . It is located roughly 83 km south of Algiers . The present-day city is situated on the site of an ancient Roman military post and has a history dating back to the 10th century . The town is French in character , with a rectangular city plan , red tile-roofed buildings , and beautiful public gardens . The hills surrounding Médéa are covered with vineyards , orchards , and farms that yield abundant grain . Médéa 's chief products are wines , irrigation equipment , and various handicrafts ."
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The Smurfs began filming in 2015.
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" The Smurfs (film) The Smurfs is a 2011 American 3D live-action/computer-animated comedy film loosely based on the comic book series of the same name created by the Belgian comics artist Peyo . It was directed by Raja Gosnell and stars Hank Azaria , Neil Patrick Harris , Jayma Mays and Sofía Vergara , with Jonathan Winters and Katy Perry as the voices of Papa Smurf and Smurfette . It is the first CGI/live-action hybrid film produced by Sony Pictures Animation , and the first in The Smurfs duology . The film tells the story of the Smurfs as they get lost in New York , and try to find a way to get back home before Gargamel catches them . After five years of negotiations , Jordan Kerner bought the rights in 2002 , and the film entered development with Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon Movies , until Columbia Pictures and Sony Pictures Animation obtained the film rights in 2008 . Filming began in March 2010 in New York City . After having the release date changed three times , Columbia Pictures released The Smurfs on July 29 , 2011 . Box office analysts initially predicted the film would tie with Cowboys & Aliens , but The Smurfs ultimately came in second , grossing $ 35.6 million against Cowboys & Aliens $ 36.4 million gross . The Smurfs reached the $ 500 million milestone in the weekend of September 23 -- 25 , 2011 . A sequel , titled The Smurfs 2 , was released on July 31 , 2013 ."
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" Sony Pictures Animation Sony Pictures Animation is an American animation studio owned by Sony Pictures , founded in May 2002 . It works closely with Sony Pictures Imageworks , which handles digital production . All of its theatrical releases are distributed worldwide by Columbia Pictures , and direct-to-video releases are distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment . They are perhaps most known for the film franchises Open Season , Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs , The Smurfs and Hotel Transylvania , and the 2007 Oscar-nominated film Surf 's Up .",
" Freddy Monnickendam Freddy Monnickendam was a Belgian businessman and executive producer of the animated television series The Smurfs ( 1981 ) , Snorks ( 1984 ) , and Foofur ( 1986 ) ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Anaconda is by Biggie Smalls.
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" Anaconda (Nicki Minaj song) `` Anaconda '' is a song by Trinidadian-born American rapper Nicki Minaj , from her third studio album , The Pinkprint ( 2014 ) . It was released on August 4 , 2014 by Young Money Entertainment , Cash Money Records , and Republic Records as the second single from the album . The song was produced by Polow da Don , Anonymous , and Da Internz . The song heavily samples `` Baby Got Back '' by Sir Mix-a-Lot . The song peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 , consequently becoming Minaj 's highest charting single in the United States to date . It went on to spend eight weeks in the top ten of the Hot 100 chart . The song also peaked within the top ten in Australia , Canada , Ireland , New Zealand and the United Kingdom . An accompanying video for the song was directed by Colin Tilley and released on August 19 , 2014 . Following the video 's release , it broke the 24-hour streaming record on Vevo by accumulating 19.6 million views in its first day of release , being surpassed by Taylor Swift 's `` Bad Blood '' in 2015 . To further promote the song , Minaj performed it live at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards and also performed it at Fashion Rocks and the iHeartRadio Music Festival . `` Anaconda '' was nominated for Best Rap Song at the 2015 Grammy Awards . The song was also nominated for two categories at the 2015 MTV Video Music Awards , Best Female Video and Best Hip-Hop Video , winning the latter ."
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" Operation Anaconda Operation Anaconda took place in early March 2002 . CIA Paramilitary Officers , working with their allies , attempted to destroy al-Qaeda and Taliban forces . The operation took place in the Shahi-Kot Valley and Arma Mountains southeast of Zormat . This operation was the first large-scale battle in the United States War in Afghanistan since the Battle of Tora Bora in December 2001 . This was the first operation in the Afghanistan theater to involve a large number of U.S. conventional ( i.e. non-Special Operations Forces ) forces participating in direct combat activities . Between March 2 and March 16 , 2002 1,700 airlifted U.S. troops and 1,000 pro-government Afghan militia battled between 300 and 1,000 al-Qaeda and Taliban fighters to obtain control of the valley . The Taliban and al-Qaeda forces fired mortars and heavy machine guns from entrenched positions in the caves and ridges of the mountainous terrain at U.S. forces attempting to secure the area . Afghan Taliban commander Maulavi Saifur Rehman Mansoor later led Taliban reinforcements to join the battle . U.S. forces had estimated the strength of the rebels in the Shahi-Kot Valley at 150 to 200 , but later information suggested the actual strength was of 500 to 1,000 fighters . The U.S. forces estimated they had killed at least 500 fighters over the duration of the battle , however journalists later noted that only 23 bodies were found -- and critics suggested that after a couple days , the operation `` was more driven by media obsession , than military necessity '' .",
" Anaconda (installer) Anaconda is the installer for Red Hat Enterprise Linux , Oracle Linux , Scientific Linux , CentOS and Fedora ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Helen Gardner spoke in Chicago.
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" Helen Gardner (art historian) Helen Gardner ( 1878 -- 1946 ) was an American art historian and educator . Her Art Through the Ages remains a standard text for American art history classes . Gardner was born in Manchester , New Hampshire and attended school in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago . In 1901 she graduated with a degree in classics from the University of Chicago . After an interval as a teacher , she returned to the same university to study art history , and received a master 's degree in 1918 . In 1920 she began lecturing at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago , where she would spend the rest of her career , with the exception of short appointments at UCLA and the University of Chicago . In 1919 , she became the head of the photograph and lantern-slides department at the Ryerson Library of the Art Institute of Chicago . The next year she started to teach an art history course at the School of the Art Institute . In 1922 , she made the choice to resign her position at the library to spare more time for teaching . From the frustration of not being able to find a comprehensive textbook that had a broad enough coverage in art history , she resolved the problem by writing such book herself , which resulted in a popular art history textbook used for decades , Art Through the Ages . Her major work , Art Through the Ages ( 1926 ) , was the first single-volume textbook to cover the entire range of art history from a global perspective . Frequently revised , it remains a standard textbook at American schools and universities . In 1932 she also published Understanding the Arts , an art appreciation text directed toward educators . For both volumes , the analytical drawings were supplied by artist Kathleen Blackshear . In 1936 , she published a second edition of Art Through the Ages , with its content expanded . In 1946 , aged 68 , she died due to cancer . However , despite her illness before her death , she remained in advisory capacity at the Art Institute ."
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" Helen Gilbert Helen Gilbert ( 1922-2002 ) , who is also known as Helen Gilbert-Bushnell , Helen Odell Gilbert and Helen Odell , was an American artist and art-educator born in Mare Island , California . She earned a baccalaureate in art at Mills College , in California . After graduation , she moved to Honolulu , where she married Honolulu physician Fred Gilbert . In 1968 , she received an MFA degree from the University of Hawaii at Manoa , and then remained on the faculty for 30 years . Her second marriage was to fellow artist Kenneth Wayne Bushnell in 1995 . She had also been a visiting professor at Parsons The New School for Design and the Pratt Institute . She died at home of cancer on April 8 , 2002 . Although she painted the land and people of Hawaii with brush and palette knife , her fame rests upon her pioneering use of polarized light in kinetic sculpture . Licomos , a kinetic sculpture from 1970 , in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art is an example . The colors change as they move around in a circle behind stationary Plexiglass . The Bibliothèque nationale de France , the British Museum , the Honolulu Museum of Art , the Metropolitan Museum of Art , the Museum of Modern Art ( New York ) , the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum ( New York ) , Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam , the Tate Gallery ( London ) , Tokyo National Museum , the Walker Art Center ( Minneapolis ) , and the Whitney Museum of American Art ( New York ) are among the public collections holding works by Helen Gilbert .",
" Hamilton, Illinois Hamilton is a city in Hancock County , Illinois , United States . The population was 2,951 at the 2010 census , a decline from 3,029 in 2000 . The city is located directly across the Mississippi River from Keokuk , Iowa . Hamilton is the largest city in Hancock County ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Daddy Yankee's album became the top selling Latin music album of 2000-2009.
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" Daddy Yankee Ramón Luis Ayala Rodríguez ( born February 3 , 1977 ) , known by his stage name Daddy Yankee , is a Puerto Rican singer , songwriter , rapper , actor and record producer . Ayala was born in Río Piedras , San Juan , Puerto Rico , and was raised in the neighborhood of Villa Kennedy Housing Projects . He is known as the `` King of Reggaetón '' by music critics and fans alike . Ayala aspired to be a professional baseball player , and tried out for the Seattle Mariners of the Major League Baseball . Before he could be officially signed , he was hit by a stray round from an AK-47 rifle while taking a break from a studio recording session with reggaeton mix tape icon DJ Playero . Ayala spent roughly one and a half years recovering from the wound ; the bullet was never removed from his hip , and he credits the shooting incident with allowing him to focus entirely on a music career . In 2004 , Daddy Yankee released his internationally acclaimed single `` Gasolina '' , which is credited with introducing Reggaeton to audiences worldwide , and making the music genre a global phenomenon . Since then , he has sold over 18 million albums . Daddy Yankee 's album Barrio Fino made history when it became the top selling Latin music album of the decade between 2000-2009 ."
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" Top of the Line Top of the Line is the debut solo album by Tito `` El Bambino '' . It was released on April 4 , 2006 by EMI Televisa Music . Top of The Line featured 20 songs , with collaboration from artists such as Daddy Yankee , Don Omar and Beenie Man . It featured quite a number of hits , such as `` Caile '' , `` Mía '' ( with Daddy Yankee ) , `` Tu Cintura '' ( with Don Omar ) , `` Flow Natural '' ( with Beenie Man and Deevani ) `` Secreto '' , `` Máximo '' , `` Tuve Que Morir '' and `` Me Da Miedo '' among others . Caile was the first single and it peaked at # 2 in the Billboard Hot Latin charts . Top of the Line : El Internacional edition includes a bonus DVD featuring live concert footage and music videos . It was released February 6 , 2007 and was nominated for a Lo Nuestro Award for Urban Album of the Year .",
" El Cartel Records El Cartel Records ( previously known as Los Cangris Inc. . and/or El Cartel Productions ) is Daddy Yankee 's record company . The release of Barrio Fino , Daddy Yankee 's first commercially successful album , is notable for being the label 's first distributed album ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Beautiful People lasted for two seasons.
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" Beautiful People (UK TV series) Beautiful People was a British comedy drama television series based on the memoirs of Barneys creative director Simon Doonan . The series takes place in Reading , Berkshire , in 1997 , where thirteen-year-old Simon Doonan and his best friend Kylie dream of escaping their dreary suburban surroundings and moving to cosmopolitan London `` to live amongst the beautiful people '' . The first episode aired on BBC Two on 2 October 2008 and recorded overnight ratings of 1.5 million viewers and positive critical reaction . Episodes are self-contained , but do follow a loose story arc throughout the course of each series . The second and final series finished airing on 18 December 2009 ."
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" Californication (TV series) Californication is an American comedy-drama television series created by Tom Kapinos , which aired for seven seasons on Showtime from August 13 , 2007 , to June 29 , 2014 . The show follows New Yorker Hank Moody ( David Duchovny ) , a troubled novelist who moves to California and suffers from writer 's block . His drinking , womanizing , and drug abuse complicate his relationships with his longtime lover Karen ( Natascha McElhone ) and their daughter Becca ( Madeleine Martin ) . Hank struggles to find purpose in his life as he passes up multiple opportunities , but eventually makes the right decision for happiness . The show 's other main characters are Hank 's best friend and agent , Charlie Runkle ( Evan Handler ) , and Charlie 's wife , Marcy ( Pamela Adlon ) . Recurring themes are sex , drugs , and rock and roll , all of which are featured regularly , as well as the seedier side of Los Angeles . The show has been nominated for many awards and won several , including winning two Emmy Awards ( nominated for two others ) and one Golden Globe Award ( nominated for five others ) .",
" Animals Are Beautiful People Animals Are Beautiful People ( also called Beautiful People ) is a 1974 nature documentary about the wildlife in Southern Africa . It was filmed in the Namib Desert , the Kalahari Desert and the Okavango River and Okavango Delta . It was produced for cinema and has a length of slightly more than 90 minutes ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Frenemies is an ant.
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" Frenemies (film) Frenemies is a 2012 teen comedy-drama television film and anthology based on the novel of the same name by Alexa Young which premiered on Disney Channel . It features an ensemble cast starring Bella Thorne , Zendaya , Stefanie Scott , Nick Robinson , Mary Mouser and features Connor Price , Jascha Washington and Dylan Everett . The film follows three pairs of teenage friends that go from friends to enemies and back again . The film was directed by Daisy Mayer and written by Dava Savel , Wendy Weiner , and Jim Krieg . The Disney Channel Original Movie premiered on January 13 , 2012 in the United States and Canada ."
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" Frenemies (disambiguation) Frenemy is an oxymoron and a portmanteau of `` friend '' and `` enemy '' that refers to `` a person with whom one is friendly , despite a fundamental dislike or rivalry '' or `` a person who combines the characteristics of a friend and an enemy '' . Frenemies may also refer to : Frenemies ( film ) , a 2012 teen comedy-drama television film based on the novel of the same name `` Frenemies '' ( Glee ) , an episode of the TV series Glee `` Frenemies '' ( Sex and the City ) , an episode of the TV series Sex and the City",
" Free-radical theory of aging The free radical theory of aging ( FRTA ) states that organisms age because cells accumulate free radical damage over time . A free radical is any atom or molecule that has a single unpaired electron in an outer shell . While a few free radicals such as melanin are not chemically reactive , most biologically-relevant free radicals are highly reactive . For most biological structures , free radical damage is closely associated with oxidative damage . Antioxidants are reducing agents , and limit oxidative damage to biological structures by passivating them from free radicals . Strictly speaking , the free radical theory is only concerned with free radicals such as superoxide ( O2 − ) , but it has since been expanded to encompass oxidative damage from other reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2 ) , or peroxynitrite ( OONO − ) . Denham Harman first proposed the free radical theory of aging in the 1950s , and in the 1970s extended the idea to implicate mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species . In some model organisms , such as yeast and Drosophila , there is evidence that reducing oxidative damage can extend lifespan . However , in mice , only 1 of the 18 genetic alterations ( SOD-1 deletion ) that block antioxidant defences , shortened lifespan . Similarly , in roundworms ( Caenorhabditis elegans ) , blocking the production of the naturally occurring antioxidant superoxide dismutase has recently been shown to increase lifespan . Whether reducing oxidative damage below normal levels is sufficient to extend lifespan remains an open and controversial question ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Journey is an English band.
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" Journey (band) Journey is an American rock band that formed in San Francisco in 1973 , composed of former members of Santana and Frumious Bandersnatch . The band has gone through several phases ; its strongest commercial success occurred between 1978 and 1987 . During that period , the band released a series of hit songs , including `` Do n't Stop Believin ' ( 1981 ) , which in 2009 became the top-selling track in iTunes history among songs not released in the 21st century . Its parent studio album , Escape , the band 's eighth and most successful , reached No. 1 on the Billboard 200 and yielded another of their most popular singles , `` Open Arms '' . Its 1983 follow-up album , Frontiers , was almost as successful in the United States , reaching No. 2 and spawning several successful singles ; it broadened the band 's appeal in the United Kingdom , where it reached No. 6 on the UK Albums Chart . Journey enjoyed a successful reunion in the mid-1990s and later regrouped with a series of lead singers . Sales have resulted in two Gold albums , eight multi-platinum albums , and two diamond albums ( including seven consecutive multi-platinum albums between 1978 and 1987 ) . They have had eighteen Top 40 singles in the U.S. ( the second most without a Billboard Hot 100 number one single behind Electric Light Orchestra with 20 ) , six of which reached the Top 10 of the US chart and two of which reached No. 1 on other Billboard charts , and a No. 6 hit on the UK Singles Chart in `` Do n't Stop Believin . In 2005 , `` Do n't Stop Believin reached No. 3 on iTunes downloads . Originally a progressive rock band , Journey was described by AllMusic as having cemented a reputation as `` one of America 's most beloved ( and sometimes hated ) commercial rock/pop bands '' by 1978 , when they redefined their sound by embracing pop arrangements on their fourth album , Infinity . According to the Recording Industry Association of America , Journey has sold 48 million albums in the U.S. , making them the 25th best-selling band . Their worldwide sales have reached close to 90 million records , making them one of the world 's best-selling bands of all time . A 2005 USA Today opinion poll named Journey the fifth-best American rock band in history . Their songs have become arena rock staples and are still played on rock radio stations across the world . Journey ranks No. 96 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Artists of All Time . Journey was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with the class of 2017 . Inductees included lead singer Steve Perry , guitarist Neal Schon , keyboardists Jonathan Cain and Gregg Rolie , bassist Ross Valory , and drummers Aynsley Dunbar and Steve Smith ."
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" Any Way You Want It `` Any Way You Want It '' is a popular song performed by Journey , released on the album Departure as the opening track and as a single in 1980 . The song was written by lead singer Steve Perry and guitarist Neal Schon . It peaked at # 23 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . The band often plays it to close their concerts . It appears on all four of the band 's live albums ( Captured , Greatest Hits Live , Live in Houston 1981 : The Escape Tour , and Revelation on DVD ) . Since its release , the song has continued to infiltrate public consciousness through its use in numerous movies ( notably the 1980 comedy film Caddyshack ) , television series , and advertisements .",
" Journey South Journey South were an English singing duo , consisting of brothers Andy and Carl Pemberton . They are from Middlesbrough , Teesside . Initially the brothers lead a five piece rock band ` The Answer ' featuring musicians from the North East of England . After various lineup changes the band moved from Teesside to Essex in July 2000 changing their name to Journey South and becoming a four piece pop/rock band . The initial lineup of Journey South disbanded in 2001 leaving Carl and Andy as the only members . The duo achieved third place on the second UK series of television talent show The X Factor in 2005 . The duo have stated that Bon Jovi , U2 and Mary J. Blige have been influences for their work . In July 2015 , Andy announced that Journey South were over ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Marilyn Monroe appeared in a film directed by Joshua Logan.
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" Bus Stop (1956 film) Bus Stop is a 1956 American romantic comedy film directed by Joshua Logan for 20th Century Fox , starring Marilyn Monroe , Don Murray , Arthur O'Connell , Betty Field , Eileen Heckart , Robert Bray and Hope Lange . Unlike most of Monroe 's movies , Bus Stop is neither a full-fledged comedy nor a musical , but rather a dramatic piece ; it was the first film she appeared in after studying at the Actors Studio in New York . Monroe does however sing one song : `` That Old Black Magic '' by Harold Arlen and Johnny Mercer . Bus Stop was based on two plays by William Inge , People in the Wind and Bus Stop . The inspiration for the play Bus Stop came from people Inge met in Tonganoxie , Kansas . In the 1961 -- 62 season , ABC adapted the play and film into a television series of the same name , Bus Stop starring Marilyn Maxwell as the owner of the bus station and diner . In the segment `` Chérie '' which most closely follows the film , Tuesday Weld performed the role of Marilyn Monroe , and Gary Lockwood appeared as the Don Murray character . The film was shot in Idaho and Arizona .",
" Marilyn Monroe Marilyn Monroe ( born Norma Jeane Mortenson ; June 1 , 1926 -- August 5 , 1962 ) was an American actress and model . Famous for playing comic `` dumb blonde '' characters , she became one of the most popular sex symbols of the 1950s , emblematic of the era 's attitudes towards sexuality . Although she was a top-billed actress for only a decade , her films grossed $ 200 million by the time of her unexpected death in 1962 . She continues to be considered a major popular culture icon . Born and raised in Los Angeles , Monroe spent most of her childhood in foster homes and an orphanage and married at the age of sixteen . While working in a factory in 1944 as part of the war effort , she was introduced to a photographer from the First Motion Picture Unit and began a successful pin-up modeling career . The work led to short-lived film contracts with Twentieth Century-Fox ( 1946 -- 1947 ) and Columbia Pictures ( 1948 ) . After a series of minor film roles , she signed a new contract with Fox in 1951 . Over the next two years , she became a popular actress with roles in several comedies , including As Young as You Feel and Monkey Business , and in the dramas Clash by Night and Do n't Bother to Knock . Monroe faced a scandal when it was revealed that she had posed for nude photos before becoming a star , but rather than damaging her career , the story resulted in increased interest in her films . By 1953 , Monroe was one of the most marketable Hollywood stars , with leading roles in three films : the noir Niagara , which focused on her sex appeal , and the comedies Gentlemen Prefer Blondes and How to Marry a Millionaire , which established her star image as a `` dumb blonde '' . Although she played a significant role in the creation and management of her public image throughout her career , she was disappointed at being typecast and underpaid by the studio . She was briefly suspended in early 1954 for refusing a film project , but returned to star in one of the biggest box office successes of her career , The Seven Year Itch ( 1955 ) . When the studio was still reluctant to change her contract , Monroe founded a film production company in late 1954 ; she named it Marilyn Monroe Productions ( MMP ) . She dedicated 1955 to building her company and began studying method acting at the Actors Studio . In late 1955 , Fox awarded her a new contract , which gave her more control and a larger salary . After a critically acclaimed performance in Bus Stop ( 1956 ) and acting in the first independent production of MMP , The Prince and the Showgirl ( 1957 ) , she won a Golden Globe for Best Actress for Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) . Her last completed film was the drama The Misfits ( 1961 ) . Monroe 's troubled private life received much attention . She struggled with substance abuse , depression , and anxiety . She had two highly publicized marriages , to retired baseball star Joe DiMaggio and playwright Arthur Miller , both of which ended in divorce . On August 5 , 1962 , she died at age 36 from an overdose of barbiturates at her home in Los Angeles . Although Monroe 's death was ruled a probable suicide , several conspiracy theories have been proposed in the decades following her death ."
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" Something's Got to Give Something 's Got to Give is an unfinished 1962 American feature film , directed by George Cukor for Twentieth Century-Fox and starring Marilyn Monroe , Dean Martin and Cyd Charisse . A remake of My Favorite Wife ( 1940 ) , a screwball comedy starring Cary Grant and Irene Dunne , it was Monroe 's last work ; from the beginning its production was disrupted by her personal troubles , and after her death on August 5 , 1962 the film was abandoned . Most of its completed footage remained unseen for many years . Twentieth Century-Fox overhauled the entire production idea the following year with mostly new cast and crew and produced their My Favorite Wife remake , now entitled Move Over , Darling and starring Doris Day , James Garner , and Polly Bergen .",
" Hairspray (2007 film) Hairspray is a 2007 musical romantic comedy film based on the 2002 Broadway musical of the same name , which in turn was based on John Waters ' 1988 comedy film of the same name . Adapted from both Waters 's 1988 script and Thomas Meehan and Mark O'Donnell 's book for the stage musical by screenwriter Leslie Dixon , the 2007 film version of Hairspray was directed and choreographed by Adam Shankman and has an ensemble cast including John Travolta , Michelle Pfeiffer , Christopher Walken , Amanda Bynes , James Marsden , Queen Latifah , Brittany Snow , Zac Efron , Elijah Kelley , Allison Janney and Nikki Blonsky in her feature film debut . Set in 1962 Baltimore , Maryland , the film follows the `` pleasantly plump '' teenager Tracy Turnblad as she pursues stardom as a dancer on a local TV show and rallies against racial segregation . The film began development in 2004 , and Dixon reworked Meehan and O'Donnell 's first draft of the screenplay to tone down the musical 's campiness . In 2005 , Shankman agreed to direct the film . Composer/lyricist Marc Shaiman and lyricist Scott Wittman reworked their songs from the Broadway musical for the film 's soundtrack , and also wrote four new songs for the film . Principal photography commenced in September 2006 and ended in December of that year ; filming took place on locations in Toronto , Ontario and Hamilton , Ontario in Canada and on soundstages at Toronto 's Showline Studios . Recording sessions for the film 's songs and soundtrack took place in Los Angeles , California in the United States . Hairspray premiered on July 13 , 2007 at the Mann Village Theater and was released on July 20 , 2007 in the United States . The film was a critical and financial success , breaking the record for biggest sales at opening weekend for a movie musical , which the film held until July 2008 when it was surpassed by Mamma Mia ! and later High School Musical 3 : Senior Year in October . Hairspray went on to become the sixth highest grossing musical film in US cinema history , behind the film adaptations of Grease , Chicago , and Mamma Mia ! , and stands as one of the most critically and commercially successful musical films of the last decade . Available in a variety of formats , Hairsprays Region 1 home video release took place on November 20 , 2007 . USA Network purchased the broadcast rights to Hairspray and was scheduled to debut the film on cable television in February 2010 , but in the end it did not broadcast that month , instead the film was pushed back and premiered on USA on July 24 , 2010 , with sister channel Bravo also showing it multiple times , and in February 2011 aired on ABC for over-the-air broadcasts ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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The Wolfman (2010 film) had, as a director, Joe Johnston.
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" The Wolfman (2010 film) The Wolfman is a 2010 American horror drama film and a remake of the 1941 film of the same name . The film is directed by Joe Johnston , with a screenplay by Andrew Kevin Walker and David Self , and creature make-up effects by Rick Baker and stars Benicio del Toro , Anthony Hopkins , Emily Blunt , Hugo Weaving , and Geraldine Chaplin . Baker and make-up effects supervisor Dave Elsey won the Academy Award for Best Makeup at the 83rd Academy Awards . Acclaimed director Mark Romanek was originally attached to direct the film but later dropped out due to creative differences and Joe Johnston was hired shortly after . The film was released in the United States on February 12 , 2010 , grossing $ 61 million domestically and $ 139 million worldwide against a $ 150 million budget ."
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" Joe Carnahan Joseph Aaron `` Joe '' Carnahan ( born May 9 , 1969 ) is an American independent film director , screenwriter , producer and actor best known for his films Blood , Guts , Bullets and Octane , Narc , Smokin ' Aces , The A-Team , and The Grey . He also writes and directed some episodes for the NBC television series The Blacklist . He is the brother of screenwriter Matthew Michael Carnahan and producer Leah Carnahan .",
" Fisher Stevens Fisher Stevens ( born Steven Fisher ; November 27 , 1963 ) is an American actor , director , producer and writer . As an actor , he is best known for his portrayals of Ben Jabituya in Short Circuit ( renamed `` Ben Jahrvi '' in the sequel ) , Chuck Fishman on the 1990s television series Early Edition and villainous computer genius Eugene `` The Plague '' Belford in Hackers . His most recent successes include the 2010 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature for his film The Cove and the 2008 Independent Spirit Award for Best Documentary Feature for his film Crazy Love . In addition , he has directed the Leonardo DiCaprio-produced documentary Before the Flood , which is executive produced by Martin Scorsese , has screened at the Toronto International Film Festival , and will be screened by National Geographic ."
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Danny DeVito was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture.
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" Danny DeVito Daniel Michael DeVito , Jr. ( born November 17 , 1944 ) is an American actor , comedian , director and producer . He gained prominence for his portrayal of the taxi dispatcher Louie De Palma in the television series Taxi ( 1978 -- 1983 ) , which won him a Golden Globe and an Emmy . A major film star , he is known for his roles in Tin Men , Throw Momma from the Train , One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest , Ruthless People , Man on the Moon , Terms of Endearment , Romancing the Stone , Twins , Batman Returns , Look Who 's Talking Now , Big Fish , Other People 's Money , Get Shorty , Be Cool , and L.A. Confidential and for his voiceover in such films as Space Jam , Hercules and The Lorax . DeVito and Michael Shamberg founded Jersey Films . Soon afterwards , Stacey Sher became an equal partner . The production company is known for films such as Pulp Fiction , Garden State , and Freedom Writers . DeVito also owns Jersey Television , which produced the Comedy Central series Reno 911 ! . DeVito and wife Rhea Perlman starred together in his 1996 film Matilda , based on Roald Dahl 's children 's novel . DeVito was also one of the producers nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture for Erin Brockovich . He currently stars as Frank Reynolds on the FX and FXX sitcom It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia . He directs , produces and appears in graphic , short , horror films for his Internet venture The Blood Factory . DeVito 's short stature is the result of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia ( Fairbank 's disease ) , a rare genetic disorder that affects bone growth in those afflicted ."
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" Danny Collins (film) Danny Collins is a 2015 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Dan Fogelman in his feature directorial debut . Inspired by the true story of folk singer Steve Tilston , the film stars Al Pacino , Annette Bening , Jennifer Garner , Bobby Cannavale , and Christopher Plummer . The film was released in theaters on March 20 , 2015 . For his performance , Pacino was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards .",
" Paramount Vantage Paramount Vantage ( originally known as Paramount Classics ) was the specialty film division of Paramount Pictures ( which , in turn , has Viacom as its parent company ) , charged with producing , purchasing , distributing and marketing films , generally those with a more `` art house '' feel than films made and distributed by its parent company . Paramount Classics was launched in 1998 and released such art house fare as The Virgin Suicides , You Can Count on Me , Sunshine , Mostly Martha , Winter Solstice , and three Patrice Leconte films ( Girl on the Bridge , The Man on the Train , Intimate Strangers ) . Although film journalist David Poland felt `` Ruth Vitale and David Dinerstein have proven to have wonderful taste heading up Paramount Classics '' , the duo was fired in October 2005 . In 2006 , the Paramount Vantage brand branched off from Paramount Classics , which was relaunched in 2007 as a distributor of `` smaller , review-driven films including foreign-language acquisitions and documentaries . '' In 2007 , Paramount Vantage partnered with Disney subsidiary Miramax Films on two of the year 's most highly regarded movies , No Country for Old Men and There Will Be Blood . Both films garnered eight nominations at the Academy Awards , with There Will Be Blood winning the awards for Best Cinematography and Best Actor for Daniel Day-Lewis , while No Country for Old Men won for Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Director , Best Supporting Actor for Javier Bardem , and Best Picture . Despite its critical success , Paramount Vantage continually failed to deliver the financial returns Paramount Pictures expected . Only No Country for Old Men made a profit , while films that should have generated significant returns failed to deliver through either poor or excessive marketing . In June 2008 , Paramount Pictures consolidated Paramount Vantage 's marketing , distribution , and physical production departments into the parent studio , while retaining the Paramount Vantage brand to develop and acquire specialty product with dedicated creative staff ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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A quarry is where rock fragments of particular size have been excavated.
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" Gravel Gravel -LSB- ˈɡrævəl -RSB- is the study of rock fragments that have a general particle size range and include size classes from granule - to boulder-sized fragments . Gravel is categorized by the Udden-Wentworth scale into granular gravel ( 2 to ) and pebble gravel ( 4 to ) . One cubic metre of gravel typically weighs about 1,800 kg ( or a cubic yard weighs about 3,000 pounds ) . Gravel is an important commercial product , with a number of applications . Many roadways are surfaced with gravel , especially in rural areas where there is little traffic . Globally , far more roads are surfaced with gravel than with concrete or tarmac ; Russia alone has over 400000 km of gravel roads . Both sand and small gravel are also important for the manufacture of concrete .",
" Quarry A quarry is a place from which dimension stone , rock , construction aggregate , riprap , sand , gravel , or slate has been excavated from the ground . A quarry is the same thing as an open-pit mine from which minerals are extracted . The only non-trivial difference between the two is that open-pit mines that produce building materials and dimension stone are commonly referred to as quarries . The word quarry can also include the underground quarrying for stone , such as Bath stone ."
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" Lode In geology , a lode is a deposit of metalliferous ore that fills or is embedded in a fissure ( or crack ) in a rock formation or a vein of ore that is deposited or embedded between layers of rock . The current meaning ( ore vein ) dates from the 17th century , being an expansion of an earlier sense of a `` channel , watercourse '' in late Middle English , which in turn is from the 11th-century meaning of lode as a ` course , way ' . The generally accepted hydrothermal model of lode deposition posits that metals dissolved in hydrothermal solutions ( hot spring fluids ) deposit the gold or other metallic minerals inside the fissures in the pre-existing rocks . Lode deposits are distinguished primarily from placer deposits , where the ore has been eroded out from its original depositional environment and redeposited by sedimentary forces . A third process for ore deposition is as an evaporite . A stringer lode is one in which the rock is so permeated by small veinlets that rather than mining the veins , the entire mass of ore and the enveined country rock is mined . It is so named because of the irregular branching of the veins into many anastomosing stringers , so that the ore is not separable from the country rock . One of largest silver lodes was the Comstock Lode in Nevada , although it is overshadowed by the more recently discovered Cannington Lode in Queensland , Australia . The largest gold lode in the United States was the Homestake Lode . The Broken Hill Lode in South Australia is the largest lead-zinc lode ever discovered .",
" Crust (geology) In geology , the crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet or natural satellite , which is chemically distinct from the underlying mantle . The crusts of Earth , the Moon , Mercury , Venus , Mars , Io , and other planetary bodies have been generated largely by igneous processes , and these crusts are richer in incompatible elements than their respective mantles . The Earth 's crust is composed of distinctly different continental crust and oceanic crust , which have different chemical compositions and physical properties , and which were formed by different geological processes ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Matt Cardle lost the X Factor.
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" The X Factor (UK series 7) The X Factor is a British television music competition to find new singing talent . The seventh series started on ITV on 21 August 2010 and ended on 12 December 2010 . The winner was Matt Cardle and his debut single `` When We Collide '' was released after the final . Cardle was mentored throughout by Dannii Minogue , who won as mentor for the second time . A total of 15,448,019 votes were cast throughout the series . It was presented by Dermot O'Leary , with spin-off show The Xtra Factor presented by Konnie Huq on ITV2 , who took over from Holly Willoughby . The competition was split into several stages : auditions , bootcamp , judges ' houses and live shows . Auditions took place throughout June and July 2010 , with Simon Cowell , Louis Walsh and Cheryl Cole returning as judges . Minogue missed the auditions and bootcamp due to being on maternity leave , so Geri Halliwell , Natalie Imbruglia , Katy Perry , Pixie Lott and Nicole Scherzinger were brought in as guest judges . Cole missed the auditions in Manchester and bootcamp because she had malaria . Following bootcamp , successful acts were split into four categories : Boys ( male soloists aged 16 to 28 ) , Girls ( female soloists aged 16 to 28 ) , Over 28s ( soloists aged 29 and over ) and Groups . Minogue and Cole returned for the judges ' houses stage , and each judge mentored eight acts through judges ' houses . The live shows started on 9 October 2010 . Four acts eliminated at judges ' houses were brought back as wildcards , making this the first series to have 16 acts perform in the live shows . This was the first series of the show to be filmed in high definition , and was simulcast on ITV1 HD and STV HD . From October , The Xtra Factor was also shown in high definition , simulcast on the new channel ITV2 HD . It was sponsored by TalkTalk in the United Kingdom and Dominos Pizza in Ireland . This series proved to be highly controversial , with many people complaining about the use of pitch correction software on the broadcast of contestants ' auditions , the decision to form two groups out of rejected soloists , the rejection of popular contestant Gamu Nhengu at judges ' houses and Cole 's failure to vote to eliminate an act in week 5 of the live shows . Controversy also surrounded contestants Shirlena Johnson , who was axed over fears for her mental health , and Treyc Cohen , who was reported to already have a record deal when the live shows started . There were also accusations of fixing , which were denied by the show 's producers . It was the most watched series to date , with an average of 14.13 million viewers per episode . The final was watched by 17.71 million people , making it the highest rated television episode of 2010 in the UK ."
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" X Factor (Danish TV series) X Factor is the Danish version of The X Factor , a show originating in the United Kingdom and is created by talent show judge and record and TV producer Simon Cowell . There has been ten winners to date : Martin Hoberg Hedegaard , Linda Andrews , Thomas Ring Petersen , Sarah Skaalum Jørgensen , Ida Østergaard Madsen , Chresten Falck Damborg , Anthony Jasmin , Emilie Esther , Embrace , and Morten Nørgaard . The original judging panel consisted of Thomas Blachman , Lina Rafn and Remee . Soulshock and Pernille Rosendahl took the places of Blachman and Rafn in season 3 . Blachman returned to the panel in season 4 and Cutfather joined , replacing Soulshock and Remee . Ida Corr and Anne Linnet joined the panel in season 6 as replacements for Rosendahl and Cutfather . Rafn will not return for season 9 . The original host was Lise Rønne . Signe Muusmann took Rønne 's place in season 3 , though Muusmann did not return for season 4 and was replaced by Rønne . Signe Molde replaced Rønne in season 6 . From seasons 7 to 8 , the show has been hosted by Eva Harlou . Since Season 9 , the show was hosted by Sofie Linde Lauridsen who replaced Harlou .",
" JLS JLS ( an initialism of Jack the Lad Swing ) were an English pop/R & B boy band , which consisted of members Aston Merrygold , Oritsé Williams , Marvin Humes , and JB Gill , originally formed by Oritsé Williams . They initially signed to Tracklacers production company New Track City and then went on to become runners-up of the fifth series of the ITV reality talent show The X Factor in 2008 , coming second to Alexandra Burke . Following their appearance on The X Factor , JLS signed to Epic Records . Their first two singles `` Beat Again '' and `` Everybody in Love '' both went to number one on the UK Singles Chart . The band 's self-titled debut album was released on 9 November 2009 , and has since sold over 1 million copies in the UK . JLS won the awards for British Breakthrough and British Single ( `` Beat Again '' ) at the 2010 BRIT Awards . They also won several awards at the MOBO Awards for Best song for `` Beat Again '' in 2009 and also Best Newcomer in the same year . In 2010 they won the MOBO Awards for Best UK act and Best Album . They also went on to win their fifth MOBO in 2012 by winning Best Video for `` Do You Feel What I Feel ? '' . They won the title of the UK 's hardest-working band for two constitutive years , in 2011 and 2012 . In 2010 , JLS signed a record deal with the US record label Jive Records , and released `` Everybody in Love '' as their debut US single , but it failed to chart . `` The Club Is Alive '' , the lead single from their second studio album , was released in the UK on July 2010 , and earned the band their third number-one on the UK Singles Chart . Their single `` Love You More '' , was the official single for Children in Need in 2010 , and gave the group their fourth number one single in the UK . Their single `` She Makes Me Wan na '' featuring Dev was their fifth UK number one . As of 2012 , their debut album and single has been named one of The X Factors top ten biggest-selling debut singles and albums . As of 2013 , they are the 16th richest reality TV stars in the UK , with an estimated fortune of # 6 million per member , thus giving the band a financial worth of approximately # 24 million . JLS have sold over 6 million records in the UK alone and more than 10 million records worldwide . The group later split up in 2013 due to personal differences ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Josh Hartnett is a performer.
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" Josh Hartnett Joshua Daniel `` Josh '' Hartnett ( born July 21 , 1978 ) is an American actor and movie producer . He first came to attention in 1997 for his role as Michael Fitzgerald in the television crime drama series Cracker . He made his feature film debut in 1998 in the slasher film Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later , followed by teen roles in films such as the sci-fi horror film The Faculty ( 1998 ) and the drama The Virgin Suicides ( 1999 ) . Hartnett had starring roles in the war film Pearl Harbor , the drama O , the war film Black Hawk Down , the romantic comedy 40 Days and 40 Nights , and other films . He starred in the Brian De Palma -- directed neo-noir crime thriller The Black Dahlia ( 2006 ) . Next , he appeared in the drama Resurrecting the Champ ( 2007 ) , alongside Samuel L. Jackson , the graphic novel -- based vampire horror film 30 Days of Night ( 2007 ) and the neo-noir atmospheric thriller I Come with the Rain ( 2009 ) . From 2014 to 2016 , he starred as Ethan Chandler in the horror TV series Penny Dreadful , for which he was nominated for a Fangoria Chainsaw Award ."
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" The Black Dahlia (film) The Black Dahlia is a 2006 French-American neo-noir crime thriller film directed by Brian De Palma and written by Josh Friedman . It is drawn from the novel of the same name by James Ellroy and stars Josh Hartnett , Scarlett Johansson , Aaron Eckhart and Hilary Swank . The widely sensationalized murder of Elizabeth Short inspired both the novel and the film . The film was screen at the 63rd Venice International Film Festival on August 30 , 2006 , and was released in the United States on September 15 , 2006 . Despite its failure both critically and financially , it was nominated for Best Cinematography at the 79th Academy Awards , losing to Pan 's Labyrinth . Mia Kirshner 's performance as Short was also widely praised .",
" WrestleMania WrestleMania is a professional wrestling event produced annually between mid-March to early April by WWE , an American professional wrestling promotion based in Stamford , Connecticut . WWE first produced the event in 1985 and has since produced 33 editions , with the most recent having been held in Orlando , Florida on April 2 , 2017 and thirty-fourth to be held in New Orleans , Louisiana on April 8 , 2018 . WrestleMania , WWE 's flagship event , airs on pay-per-view ( PPV ) and WWE Network and is the most successful and longest-running professional wrestling event in history . It contributes to the worldwide commercial success of WWE through media , merchandise , and shows . WrestleMania was conceptualized by WWE owner Vince McMahon and long time WWE ring announcer and Hall of Famer Howard Finkel is credited with devising the name `` WrestleMania '' in 1984 . WrestleMania 's widespread success helped transform professional wrestling . The event has facilitated the rise to stardom of several top WWE wrestlers . Celebrities such as Aretha Franklin , Cyndi Lauper , Muhammad Ali , Mr. T , Alice Cooper , Lawrence Taylor , Pamela Anderson , Mike Tyson , Donald Trump , Floyd Mayweather , Pete Rose , Burt Reynolds , Mickey Rourke , Snoop Dogg , Sean `` Diddy '' Combs , Kid Rock , Fred Durst , Ozzy Osbourne , Ronda Rousey , and Shaquille O'Neal have participated or made special appearances within the events . The first WrestleMania was held in Madison Square Garden in New York City ; the 10th and 20th editions were also held there . WrestleMania III in the Detroit suburb of Pontiac , Michigan was the highest-attended indoor sports event in the world , with 93,173 fans in attendance . The record stood until February 14 , 2010 , when the 2010 NBA All-Star Game broke the indoor sporting event record with an attendance of 108,713 at Cowboys Stadium , since renamed AT&T Stadium , in Arlington , Texas . In 2016 , WrestleMania 32 surpassed WrestleMania III as the highest-attended professional wrestling event ever held in America , with 101,763 fans in attendance at AT&T Stadium . All editions of the event have been hosted in North American cities , with 31 in the United States and two in Canada ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Diego Costa fails to play for English club Chelsea.
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" Diego Costa Diego da Silva Costa ( -LSB- ˈdjeɣo ða ˈsilβa ˈkosta -RSB- , -LSB- ˈdʒjeɡu dɐ ˈsiwvɐ ˈkɔstɐ -RSB- ; born 7 October 1988 ) , is a professional footballer who plays as a striker for English club Chelsea and the Spain national team . He has been described by pundits as a talented striker whose main attributes are his physicality , goalscoring and ability to keep possession . Costa has been criticised and punished for several confrontations with opponents . He began his career with Braga and Penafiel in Portugal , and was signed by Atlético Madrid in 2007 . He was loaned back to Braga , and then to Celta de Vigo and Albacete before being sold to Real Valladolid in 2009 . He returned to Atlético the following season and went on to play a key role in their attack , scoring 27 goals as they won the league title in 2014 , and then joined Chelsea for # 32 million . He scored 21 goals in his first season in England , winning the Premier League and League Cup . Internationally , Costa played twice for his native Brazil in 2013 , but later declared his desire to represent Spain , having been granted Spanish citizenship in September 2013 . He made his debut for his adopted nation in March 2014 , and represented them at the 2014 FIFA World Cup ."
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" Premier League Player of the Season The Premier League Player of the Season is an annual association football award presented to players in England , which recognises the most outstanding player in the Premier League each season . The recipient is chosen by a panel assembled by the league 's sponsor -- currently Barclays -- consisting of members of `` football 's governing bodies , the media and fans '' , and is announced in the second or third week of May . For sponsorship purposes , from 1994 to 2001 it was called the Carling Player of the Year and from 2001 to 2004 , the Barclaycard Player of the Year ; as of 2015 , it is referred to as the Barclays Player of the Season . The Premier League was founded in 1992 , when the clubs of the First Division left The Football League and established a new commercially independent league that negotiated its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements . The newly formed league had no sponsor for its inaugural season until Carling agreed to a four-year # 12 million deal that started the following season . That same season , Carling introduced individual awards for players , such as the Golden Boot . However , the Player of the Month and Player of the Season awards were only first bestowed during the 1994 -- 95 season . The first Player of the Season award was given to Blackburn Rovers striker Alan Shearer , who won the Premier League title with his team and the Golden Boot that season . Thierry Henry , Cristiano Ronaldo and Nemanja Vidić have been Player of the Season on two occasions each and are the only players to have won the award more than once , with Ronaldo having achieved this in consecutive years ( 2007 and 2008 ) . Eight players were the Premier League 's leading goalscorer and won the Golden Boot alongside the Player of the Season award . Four of these players -- Kevin Phillips , Henry , Ronaldo and Luis Suárez -- went on to win the European Golden Shoe in the same season . 11 players have won the Premier League trophy with their respective clubs in the same year they received the award , with Ronaldo and Vidić each accomplishing the feat on two occasions with Manchester United . Ronaldo is the only player to be named Player of the Season and win the FIFA World Player of the Year ; when he accomplished this in 2008 , he became the first player from the Premier League to voted the world 's top footballer .",
" UEFA Cup Winners' Cup The UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup ( abbreviated as CWC ) was a football club competition contested annually by the most recent winners of all European domestic cup competitions . The cup is one of the many inter-European club competitions that have been organised by UEFA . The first competition was held in the 1960 -- 61 season -- but not recognised by the governing body of European football until two years later . The final tournament was held in 1998 -- 99 , after which it was absorbed into the UEFA Cup . In the 1985 -- 86 season , English clubs were banned from European competition . Consequently , Manchester United , Everton , Coventry City , Wimbledon and Liverpool were prevented from competing in the Cup Winners ' Cup until the beginning of the 1990 -- 91 season . From 1972 onwards , the winner of the tournament progressed to play the winner of the European Cup ( later the UEFA Champions League ) in the UEFA Super Cup . Since the abolition of the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , the UEFA Super Cup place previously reserved for the Cup Winners ' Cup winner has been taken by the winner of the UEFA Cup , now UEFA Europa League . The competition 's official name was originally the European Cup Winners ' Cup ; it was renamed the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup before the 1994 -- 95 season ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Ringo Starr released the bill Back Off Boogaloo.
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" Ringo Starr Richard Starkey , ( born 7 July 1940 ) , known professionally as Ringo Starr , is an English drummer , singer , songwriter and actor who gained worldwide fame as the drummer for the Beatles . He occasionally sang lead vocals , usually for one song on an album , including `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' , `` Yellow Submarine '' and their cover of `` Act Naturally '' . He also wrote the Beatles ' songs `` Do n't Pass Me By '' and `` Octopus 's Garden '' , and is credited as a co-writer of others , including `` What Goes On '' and `` Flying '' . Starr was twice afflicted by life-threatening illnesses during childhood , and as a result of prolonged hospitalisations fell behind in school . In 1955 , he entered the workforce and briefly held a position with British Rail before securing an apprenticeship at a Liverpool equipment manufacturer . Soon afterwards , he became interested in the UK skiffle craze , developing a fervent admiration for the genre . In 1957 , he cofounded his first band , the Eddie Clayton Skiffle Group , which earned several prestigious local bookings before the fad succumbed to American rock and roll by early 1958 . When the Beatles formed in 1960 , Starr was a member of another Liverpool group , Rory Storm and the Hurricanes . After achieving moderate success with that band in the UK and Hamburg , he quit the Hurricanes and joined the Beatles in August 1962 , replacing Pete Best . Starr played key roles in the Beatles ' films and appeared in numerous others . After the band 's break-up in 1970 , he released several successful singles including the US number four hit `` It Do n't Come Easy '' , and number ones `` Photograph '' and `` You 're Sixteen '' . In 1972 , he released his most successful UK single , `` Back Off Boogaloo '' , which peaked at number two . He achieved commercial and critical success with his 1973 album Ringo , which was a top ten release in both the UK and the US . He has been featured in a number of documentaries and hosted television shows . He also narrated the first two series of the children 's television programme Thomas & Friends and portrayed `` Mr Conductor '' during the first season of the PBS children 's television series Shining Time Station . Since 1989 , he has toured with twelve variations of Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band . Starr 's creative contribution to music has received praise from other drummers such as Phil Collins , who described him as `` a great musician '' , and Steve Smith , who commented : `` Before Ringo , drum stars were measured by their soloing ability and virtuosity . Ringo 's popularity brought forth a new paradigm ... we started to see the drummer as an equal participant in the compositional aspect ... His parts are so signature to the songs that you can listen to a Ringo drum part without the rest of the music and still identify the song . '' He was inducted into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 1998 . In 2011 , Rolling Stone readers named Starr the fifth-greatest drummer of all time . Starr , who was previously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a Beatle in 1988 , was inducted for his solo career in 2015 , making him one of 21 performers inducted more than once ."
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" Startling Music Startling Music is a music publishing company , founded by musician Ringo Starr , drummer of the Beatles . Starr had initially been signed to Northern Songs , the company set up by publisher Dick James and Beatles manager Brian Epstein on behalf of the band in 1963 . As the main songwriting Beatles , John Lennon and Paul McCartney drew a larger share of benefits ( and royalties ) from their contract , while Starr and George Harrison were sometimes given second-class treatment , and found their songs and interests under-promoted by the company . When Northern Songs was turned into a public company , Starr and Harrison were each given part-ownership ( their shares together totalling about 1.8 % of the venture ) , on top of the writer 's royalties from their published songs . This was n't incentive enough to re-sign with Northern Songs , though , as Lennon and McCartney ( who owned about 15 % each ) did in 1968 , when the band 's publishing deal expired . Instead , Harrison started his own publishing company , Harrisongs , and Starr followed suit , establishing Startling Music . Both were thus somewhat insulated when Northern Songs fell victim to a buyout from ATV in 1969 . ( Ironically , while Lennon and McCartney made the most of the situation by cashing in their shares in the company they no longer controlled , Starr and Harrison retained theirs , and continued to have a minority voice in Northern Songs . ) While Starr wrote the least number of songs of any Beatle ( his contribution was more in ideas for lyrics or themes , occasional one-liners , or titles such as `` A Hard Day 's Night '' and `` Tomorrow Never Knows '' ) , owning his own publishing gave Starr a sounder business footing , and a larger share of income than he 'd had as a `` paid writer '' . Startling Music published `` Do n't Pass Me By '' and `` Octopus 's Garden '' and handled royalties for his co-written material with the other Beatles , on their last albums . After the Beatles broke up in 1970 , Starr wrote or co-wrote much more of his own material for his solo records ( with Vini Poncia becoming a longtime collaborator , and Harrison teaming up with Starr on `` Photograph '' and other songs ) , and Startling Music continued to publish Starr 's new music . He also bought the publishing rights to the songs he recorded in 1970 for Beaucoups of Blues , his second solo album and a venture into the country and western genre . With a string of hit singles and two hit albums in the early 1970s , Starr and his company both prospered .",
" Band on the Run (song) `` Band on the Run '' is the title song of Paul McCartney and Wings ' 1973 album Band on the Run . The song was released as a single in 1974 , following the success of `` Jet '' , and became an international chart success . The song topped the charts in the United States , also reaching number 3 in the United Kingdom . The single sold over one million copies in 1974 in America . It has since become one of the band 's most famous songs . A medley of song fragments that vary in style from folk rock to funk , `` Band on the Run '' is one of McCartney 's longest singles at 5:09 . The song was partly inspired by a comment that George Harrison had made during a meeting of the Beatles ' Apple record label . The song-wide theme is one of freedom and escape , and its creation coincided with Harrison , John Lennon and Ringo Starr having parted with manager Allen Klein in March 1973 , leading to improved relations between McCartney and his fellow ex-Beatles . The original demos for this and other tracks on Band on the Run were stolen shortly after Wings arrived in Lagos , Nigeria , to begin recording the album . With the band reduced to a trio consisting of McCartney , his wife Linda , and Denny Laine , `` Band on the Run '' was recorded at EMI 's Lagos studio and completed at AIR Studios in London ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Unpredictable featured Twista.
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" Unpredictable (Jamie Foxx album) Unpredictable is the second studio album by American singer-songwriter and actor Jamie Foxx . It was released on December 27 , 2005 , by J Records . Recording sessions took place from 2004 to 2005 , with the production that was provided by Timbaland , Mike City , Sean Garrett and Jim Jonsin , among others . The album serves as a follow-up to the release of Peep This ( 1994 ) , which occurred to be his first studio release in eleven years . The album was supported by four singles : `` Extravaganza '' featuring Kanye West , the title track `` Unpredictable '' featuring Ludacris , `` DJ Play a Love Song '' featuring Twista , and `` Can I Take U Home '' . Upon its release , Unpredictable received generally mixed reviews from music critics , who were ambivalent towards its lyrical content and production . The album debuted at number 2 , beating behind Mary J. Blige 's The Breakthrough on the US Billboard 200 , with 597,000 copies in its first week . In the second week , the album rose to number one , overtaking Blige , making Foxx as the fourth artist to ever won a Academy Award for acting , while achieving a number-one album on the US Billboard charts ."
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" Tricky (musician) Adrian Nicholas Matthews Thaws ( born 27 January 1968 ) , better known by his stage name Tricky , is an English record producer , vocalist , director , actor , and musician . Born and raised in Bristol , he began his career as an early collaborator of Massive Attack before embarking on a solo career with his debut album , Maxinquaye , in 1995 . The release won Tricky popular acclaim and marked the beginning of a lengthy collaborative partnership with vocalist Martina Topley-Bird . He released four more studio albums before the end of the decade , including Pre-Millennium Tension and the pseudonymous Nearly God , both in 1996 . He has gone on to release six studio albums since 2000 , most recently the self-titled Adrian Thaws ( 2014 ) . Tricky is considered a pioneer of trip hop music , and his work is noted for its dark , layered musical style that blends disparate cultural influences and genres , including hip hop , alternative rock and ragga . He has collaborated with a wide range of artists over the course of his career , including Terry Hall , Björk , Gravediggaz , Grace Jones , and PJ Harvey .",
" Wetter (song) `` Wetter '' is a song by American rapper Twista off his seventh album Category F5 and released as the first single . The song features the singer Erika Shevon , and was produced by The Legendary Traxster . It is sometimes referred to as the second part to the song `` Get It Wet '' off of his Adrenaline Rush album . It was released as a Digital Download on February 24 , 2009 . The radio version is remixed . The song contains elements from Janet Jackson 's 1994 hit Any Time , Any Place . It is a straightforward slow jam , with Shevon 's vocal chorus punctuating Twista 's two verses . The ` calling you daddy ' section serves as both an intro and outro . There is a freestyle by Lil Wayne & Shanell called `` Wayne On Me '' from Wayne 's 2009 mixtape `` No Ceilings . '' This song is Twista 's highest-charting single since Girl Tonite ( 2005 ) ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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California Gurls is part of Katy Perry's second studio album only.
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" California Gurls `` California Gurls '' is a song recorded by American singer Katy Perry for her third studio album , Teenage Dream ( 2010 ) . The song features verses from rapper Snoop Dogg . Both artists co-wrote the song with Bonnie McKee and its co-producers Dr. Luke and Max Martin , with additional production from Benny Blanco . According to Perry , the song is an answer song to `` Empire State of Mind '' ( 2009 ) , by Jay-Z and Alicia Keys . `` California Gurls '' is a midtempo disco-pop , and funk-pop song , with influences of new wave , and electropop . Its lyrics are an ode to the state of California , in which both Perry and Snoop Dogg were born and raised . `` California Gurls '' garnered positive reviews from music critics , with the majority of them labeling it a `` summer anthem '' , as well as complimenting its production and chorus . Originally intended to be sent to mainstream and rhythmic airplay on May 25 , 2010 , the song debuted on May 7 , 2010 , after clips from the Teenage Dream album were leaked online . It was subsequently released to iTunes on May 11 , 2010 as the album 's lead single . The song was a worldwide success , peaking at number-one on the Billboard Hot 100 for six consecutive weeks , giving Perry her second US number-one single in and Snoop Dogg his third . The song reached number-one in ten other countries , including Australia , Canada , Ireland , New Zealand , and the United Kingdom . A music video for the song was released on June 15 , 2010 , and features Perry and her dancers as pieces of a board game , set in the fictional `` Candyfornia '' . Perry has said that the inspiration behind the video was artist Will Cotton , who was also the artistic director of the video . It has been noted that the video is influenced by several other works , including Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , and the board game Candyland . On December 2 , 2010 , the song received a Grammy nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals . In 2012 , Billboard ranked the song number one on a special The 30 Summer Songs of All Time listing ."
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" Katy Rose Kathryn Rosemary Bullard ( born January 27 , 1987 ) , known as Katy Rose , is an American singer , songwriter , producer , musician and actress . Her music styles vary from indie rock , Electropop , grunge , pop , lounge music and techno . Starting at age sixteen , Rose began work on her debut album , Because I Can for V2 Records , which was released on January 27 , 2004 , along with `` Overdrive '' , her first single from the album . `` Overdrive '' also appears on the Mean Girls soundtrack . `` Lemon '' is featured on the Thirteen soundtrack . Both songs are featured on Because I Can . After parting from V2 Records in 2005 , her band project , Candy Eyed ( a collection of song demos done with Beck 's musical director Greg Kurstin ) , was released by independent record label River Jones Music . In late 2007 , Rose parted ways with River Jones Music . She released a single titled `` Underground '' in October 2015 .",
" California Dreams Tour The California Dreams Tour was the second concert tour by American singer Katy Perry , in support of her third studio album Teenage Dream . The tour played 127 shows beginning 20 February 2011 in Lisbon , Portugal and concluding on 22 January 2012 in Pasay , Philippines . The tour visited Europe , Oceania , Asia and the Americas . The tour became an international success , with tickets selling out and ranking 16th in Pollstar 's `` 2011 Top 25 Worldwide Tours '' , earning over $ 59.5 million . At the end of 2011 , Billboard ranked it # 13 on its annual `` Top 25 Tours '' , earning nearly $ 48.9 million . It won an award for Favorite Tour Headliner at the 38th People 's Choice Awards ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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In October of 2009 The Invention of Lying was released.
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" The Invention of Lying The Invention of Lying is a 2009 American fantasy romantic comedy film written and directed by Ricky Gervais and Matthew Robinson ( in their directorial debuts ) . The film stars Gervais as the first human with the ability to lie in a world where people can only tell the truth . The supporting cast features Jennifer Garner , Jonah Hill , Louis C.K. , Rob Lowe and Tina Fey . The film was released in the United States on October 2 , 2009 ."
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" Ingenious (2009 American film) Ingenious ( originally titled Lightbulb ) is a 2009 American film . It is a rags-to-riches story of two friends , a small-time inventor and a sharky salesman , who hit rock bottom before coming up with a gizmo that becomes a worldwide phenomenon . It is based on the true story of some friends who are trying to come up with an invention , before hitting on an idea .",
" The Illusion of Progress The Illusion of Progress is the sixth studio album by American rock band Staind . It was released on August 19 , 2008 . The Illusion of Progress was produced by Johnny K and recorded in lead singer Aaron Lewis ' home studio . It debuted at No. 3 in the Billboard 200 with 91,800 units sold . The lead single was `` Believe '' , topping the Alternative Songs chart on September 13 , 2008 . It accumulated three weeks at number one . The second single was `` All I Want '' , came out on November 24 . The video continued the story of the first single video and was available on Staind 's Myspace on December 12 . In Europe the second single was `` The Way I Am '' , and its video was available on the Official Staind Website as of December 24 . `` This Is It '' has been released as the last single off the album . The album has sold over 500,000 units in the United States alone ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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In 2009, a film adaptation of Watchmen was released.
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" Watchmen Watchmen is an American comic-book limited series published by DC Comics in 1986 and 1987 , and collected in 1987 . The series was created by a British collaboration consisting of writer Alan Moore , artist Dave Gibbons , and colorist John Higgins . Watchmen originated from a story proposal Moore submitted to DC featuring superhero characters that the company had acquired from Charlton Comics . As Moore 's proposed story would have left many of the characters unusable for future stories , managing editor Dick Giordano convinced Moore to create original characters instead . Moore used the story as a means to reflect contemporary anxieties and to deconstruct and parody the superhero concept . Watchmen depicts an alternate history where superheroes emerged in the 1940s and 1960s and their presence changed history so that the United States won the Vietnam War and the Watergate scandal was never exposed . In 1985 , the country is edging toward World War III with the Soviet Union , freelance costumed vigilantes have been outlawed and most former superheroes are in retirement or working for the government . The story focuses on the personal development and moral struggles of the protagonists as an investigation into the murder of a government-sponsored superhero pulls them out of retirement . Creatively , the focus of Watchmen is on its structure . Gibbons used a nine-panel grid layout throughout the series and added recurring symbols such as a blood-stained smiley face . All but the last issue feature supplemental fictional documents that add to the series ' backstory , and the narrative is intertwined with that of another story , an in-story pirate comic titled Tales of the Black Freighter , which one of the characters reads . Structured , at times , as a nonlinear narrative , the story skips through space , time and plot . In the same manner , entire scenes and dialogue have parallels with others through synchronicity , coincidence and repeated imagery . A commercial success , Watchmen has received critical acclaim both in the comics and mainstream press , and is considered by several critics and reviewers to be one of the most significant works of 20th-century literature . Watchmen was recognized in Times List of the 100 Best Novels as one of the best English language novels published since 1923 , and placed # 91 on The Comics Journals list of the top 100 comics of the 20th century . The BBC described it as `` The moment comic books grew up . '' After a number of attempts to adapt the series into a feature film , director Zack Snyder 's Watchmen was released in 2009 . A video game series , Watchmen : The End Is Nigh , was released in the same year to coincide with the film 's release . In 2012 , DC Comics published Before Watchmen , a comic-book series acting as a prequel to the original Watchmen series , without Moore and Gibbons ' involvement ."
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" From Time to Time (film) From Time to Time is a 2009 British fantasy drama film directed by Julian Fellowes and starring Maggie Smith , Timothy Spall , Carice van Houten , Alex Etel , Eliza Bennett , Elisabeth Dermot-Walsh , Dominic West , Hugh Bonneville , Kwayedza Kureya , and Pauline Collins . It was adapted from Lucy M. Boston 's children 's novel The Chimneys of Green Knowe ( 1958 ) . The film was shot in Athelhampton Hall , Dorset .",
" Red Riding Red Riding ( 2009 ) is a three-part television adaptation of English author David Peace 's Red Riding Quartet ( 1999 -- 2002 ) . The quartet comprises the novels Nineteen Seventy-Four ( 1999 ) , Nineteen Seventy-Seven ( 2000 ) , Nineteen Eighty ( 2001 ) and Nineteen Eighty-Three ( 2002 ) and the first , third , and fourth of these books became three feature-length television episodes : Red Riding 1974 , Red Riding 1980 , and Red Riding 1983 . They aired in the UK on Channel 4 beginning on 5 March 2009 and were produced by Revolution Films . The three films were released theatrically in the US in February 2010 . Set against a backdrop of serial murders from 1974 to 1983 , including the Yorkshire Ripper killings , the books and films follow several recurring fictional characters through a bleak and violent world of multi-layered police corruption and organised crime . Although real-life crimes are referenced , the plot is fiction rather than a documentary or factual account of events . Both the books and films mix elements of fact , fiction , and conspiracy theory -- a confection dubbed `` Yorkshire Noir '' by some critics -- and are notable for a chronologically fractured narrative and for defying neat or trite endings and resolutions . Yorkshire , in the North of England , has traditionally -- i.e. , before the reforms of the Local Government Act 1972 -- been broken into three administrative areas known as the Ridings : North , East , and West . There is no `` Red '' Riding , except in the metaphorical sense ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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A pageant held in Mount Rose, Minnesota is featured in the film Drop Dead Gorgeous.
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" Drop Dead Gorgeous (film) Drop Dead Gorgeous is a 1999 American black comedy film directed by Michael Patrick Jann and starring Kirstie Alley , Ellen Barkin , Kirsten Dunst , Allison Janney , Denise Richards , Brittany Murphy , and Amy Adams in her film debut . Shot in a mockumentary format , it follows the contestants in a beauty pageant called the Sarah Rose Cosmetics Mount Rose American Teen Princess Pageant , held in the small fictional town of Mount Rose , Minnesota , in which various contestants die in suspicious ways ."
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" Miss Teen USA Miss Teen USA is a beauty pageant run by the Miss Universe Organization for girls aged 14 -- 19 . Unlike its sister pageants Miss Universe and Miss USA , which are broadcast on Fox , this pageant is webcast on the Miss Teen USA website and simulcast on Microsoft 's Xbox Live service . The pageant was first held in 1983 and has been broadcast live on CBS until 2002 and then on NBC from 2003 -- 2007 . In March 2007 , it was announced that the broadcast of the Miss Teen USA pageant on NBC had not been renewed , and that Miss Teen USA 2007 would be the final televised event . From 2008 -- 15 , the pageant was held at the Atlantis Paradise Island Resort , located in Nassau , Bahamas . Notable pageant winners include actresses Kelly Hu ( 1985 , Hawaii ) , Bridgette Wilson ( 1990 , Oregon ) , Charlotte Lopez-Ayanna ( 1993 , Vermont ) , Vanessa Minnillo ( 1998 , South Carolina ) , Shelley Hennig ( 2004 , Louisiana ) , and sportscaster Allie LaForce ( 2005 , Ohio ) . The current titleholder is Karlie Hay of Texas who was crowned on July 30 , 2016 in The Venetian Resort Hotel Casino , Las Vegas , Nevada .",
" Glamorama (Macy's) Glamorama was an annual fashion event taking place in Minneapolis , Chicago , Los Angeles and San Francisco , featuring top American and international fashion designers and celebrities . The fashion show originated by Dayton-Hudson Corporation later operated through sponsorship by Target Corporation , The May Department Stores Company and Macy 's , Inc. during its history , concluding in 2015 . Glamorama debuted under Dayton 's as A Cause for Applause in Minneapolis in 1992 and became known as Fash Bash in 1995 . The Dayton 's stores were renamed Marshall Field 's in 2001 and sold to the May Company in 2004 . The show was renamed Glamorama in 2003 . In 2005 , the May Company was acquired by Federated Department Stores which rebranded the Marshall Field 's stores as Macy 's in 2006 . Performers and presenters for the event over the years included Robin Thicke , Cyndi Lauper , MC Hammer , Queen Latifah , Ellen DeGeneres , Brooke Shields , Ryan Seacrest , Cee-lo Green , Big & Rich , Beyoncé Knowles , Kelly Rowland , B-52 's , Wayne Newton , Pussycat Dolls , Ne-Yo , Macy Gray , Bruno Mars , Sheryl Crow , and Jason Derulo . During its 23 years , Glamorama contributed nearly $ 5 million to the Minneapolis-based Children 's Cancer Research Fund . The show used 42 computers , 350 lighting fixtures , 12 projectors and 60,000 watts of sound . A total of 80 LED panels comprising more than 725,000 pixels and totaling nearly 500 square feet comprised the LED wall serving as the backdrop for the one-hour show , the result of more than a year 's worth of planning ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Ceres is outside the solar system.
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" Ceres (dwarf planet) Ceres ( -LSB- ˈsɪəriːz -RSB- minor-planet designation : 1 Ceres ) is the largest object in the asteroid belt that lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter . Its diameter is approximately 945 km , making it the largest of the minor planets within the orbit of Neptune . The 33rd-largest known body in the Solar System , it is the only dwarf planet within the orbit of Neptune.Due to its eccentric orbit , the dwarf planet Pluto was also within the orbit of Neptune from 1979 to 1999 , and will be again from approximately 2227 to 2247 . Composed of rock and ice , Ceres is estimated to compose approximately one third of the mass of the entire asteroid belt . Ceres is the only object in the asteroid belt known to be rounded by its own gravity ( though detailed analysis was required to exclude 4 Vesta ) . From Earth , the apparent magnitude of Ceres ranges from 6.7 to 9.3 , and hence even at its brightest it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye except under extremely dark skies . Ceres was the first asteroid to be discovered ( by Giuseppe Piazzi at Palermo on 1 January 1801 ) . It was originally considered a planet , but was reclassified as an asteroid in the 1850s after many other objects in similar orbits were discovered . Ceres appears to be differentiated into a rocky core and an icy mantle , and may have a remnant internal ocean of liquid water under the layer of ice . The surface is probably a mixture of water ice and various hydrated minerals such as carbonates and clay . In January 2014 , emissions of water vapor were detected from several regions of Ceres . This was unexpected because large bodies in the asteroid belt typically do not emit vapor , a hallmark of comets . The robotic NASA spacecraft Dawn entered orbit around Ceres on 6 March 2015 . Pictures with a resolution previously unattained were taken during imaging sessions starting in January 2015 as Dawn approached Ceres , showing a cratered surface . Two distinct bright spots ( or high-albedo features ) inside a crater ( different from the bright spots observed in earlier Hubble images ) were seen in a 19 February 2015 image , leading to speculation about a possible cryovolcanic origin or outgassing . On 3 March 2015 , a NASA spokesperson said the spots are consistent with highly reflective materials containing ice or salts , but that cryovolcanism is unlikely . However , on 2 September 2016 , NASA scientists released a paper in Science that claimed that a massive ice volcano called Ahuna Mons is the strongest evidence yet for the existence of these mysterious ice volcanoes . On 11 May 2015 , NASA released a higher-resolution image showing that , instead of one or two spots , there are actually several . On 9 December 2015 , NASA scientists reported that the bright spots on Ceres may be related to a type of salt , particularly a form of brine containing magnesium sulfate hexahydrite ( MgSO4 · 6H2O ) ; the spots were also found to be associated with ammonia-rich clays . In June 2016 , near-infrared spectra of these bright areas were found to be consistent with a large amount of sodium carbonate , implying that recent geologic activity was probably involved in the creation of the bright spots . In October 2015 , NASA released a true color portrait of Ceres made by Dawn . In February 2017 , organics were reported to have been detected on Ceres in Ernutet crater ( see image ) .",
" Asteroid belt The asteroid belt is the circumstellar disc in the Solar System located roughly between the orbits of the planets Mars and Jupiter . It is occupied by numerous irregularly shaped bodies called asteroids or minor planets . The asteroid belt is also termed the main asteroid belt or main belt to distinguish it from other asteroid populations in the Solar System such as near-Earth asteroids and trojan asteroids . About half the mass of the belt is contained in the four largest asteroids : Ceres , Vesta , Pallas , and Hygiea . The total mass of the asteroid belt is approximately 4 % that of the Moon , or 22 % that of Pluto , and roughly twice that of Pluto 's moon Charon ( whose diameter is 1200 km ) . Ceres , the asteroid belt 's only dwarf planet , is about 950 km in diameter , whereas 4 Vesta , 2 Pallas , and 10 Hygiea have mean diameters of less than 600 km . The remaining bodies range down to the size of a dust particle . The asteroid material is so thinly distributed that numerous unmanned spacecraft have traversed it without incident . Nonetheless , collisions between large asteroids do occur , and these can form an asteroid family whose members have similar orbital characteristics and compositions . Individual asteroids within the asteroid belt are categorized by their spectra , with most falling into three basic groups : carbonaceous ( C-type ) , silicate ( S-type ) , and metal-rich ( M-type ) . The asteroid belt formed from the primordial solar nebula as a group of planetesimals . Planetesimals are the smaller precursors of the protoplanets . Between Mars and Jupiter , however , gravitational perturbations from Jupiter imbued the protoplanets with too much orbital energy for them to accrete into a planet . Collisions became too violent , and instead of fusing together , the planetesimals and most of the protoplanets shattered . As a result , 99.9 % of the asteroid belt 's original mass was lost in the first 100 million years of the Solar System 's history . Some fragments eventually found their way into the inner Solar System , leading to meteorite impacts with the inner planets . Asteroid orbits continue to be appreciably perturbed whenever their period of revolution about the Sun forms an orbital resonance with Jupiter . At these orbital distances , a Kirkwood gap occurs as they are swept into other orbits . Classes of small Solar System bodies in other regions are the near-Earth objects , the centaurs , the Kuiper belt objects , the scattered disc objects , the sednoids , and the Oort cloud objects . On 22 January 2014 , ESA scientists reported the detection , for the first definitive time , of water vapor on Ceres , the largest object in the asteroid belt . The detection was made by using the far-infrared abilities of the Herschel Space Observatory . The finding was unexpected because comets , not asteroids , are typically considered to `` sprout jets and plumes '' . According to one of the scientists , `` The lines are becoming more and more blurred between comets and asteroids . ''"
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" Dwarf planet A dwarf planet is a planetary-mass object that is neither a planet nor a natural satellite . That is , it is in direct orbit of the Sun , and is massive enough for its gravity to crush it into a hydrostatic equilibrium shape ( usually a spheroid ) , but has not cleared the neighborhood of other material around its orbit . The term dwarf planet was adopted in 2006 as part of a three-way categorization of bodies orbiting the Sun , brought about by an increase in discoveries of objects farther away from the Sun than Neptune that rivaled Pluto in size , and finally precipitated by the discovery of an even more massive object , Eris . The exclusion of dwarf planets from the roster of planets by the IAU has been both praised and criticized ; it was said to be the `` right decision '' by astronomer Mike Brown , who discovered Eris and other new dwarf planets , but has been rejected by Alan Stern , who had coined the term dwarf planet in April 1991 . The International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) currently recognizes five dwarf planets : ; Pluto ; ; ; and . Brown criticizes this official recognition : `` A reasonable person might think that this means that there are five known objects in the solar system which fit the IAU definition of dwarf planet , but this reasonable person would be nowhere close to correct . '' Another hundred or so known objects in the Solar System are suspected to be dwarf planets . Estimates are that up to 200 dwarf planets will be identified when the entire region known as the Kuiper belt is explored , and that the number may exceed 10,000 when objects scattered outside the Kuiper belt are considered . Individual astronomers recognize several of these , and in August 2011 Mike Brown published a list of 390 candidate objects , ranging from `` nearly certain '' to `` possible '' dwarf planets . '' '' Brown currently identifies ten known trans-Neptunian objects -- the four accepted by the IAU plus , , , , and -- as `` virtually certain '' , with another twenty highly likely . Stern states that there are more than a dozen known dwarf planets . Only two of these bodies , Ceres and Pluto , have been observed in enough detail to demonstrate that they actually fit the IAU 's definition . The IAU accepted Eris as a dwarf planet because it is more massive than Pluto . They subsequently decided that unnamed trans-Neptunian objects with an absolute magnitude brighter than +1 ( and hence a diameter of ≥ 838 km assuming a geometric albedo of ≤ 1 ) are to be named under the assumption that they are dwarf planets . The classification of bodies in other planetary systems with the characteristics of dwarf planets has not been addressed .",
" Ring system A ring system is a disc or ring orbiting an astronomical object that is composed of solid material such as dust and moonlets , and is a common component of satellite systems around giant planets . A ring system around a planet is also known as a planetary ring system . The most prominent planetary rings in the Solar System are those around Saturn , but the other three giant planets ( Jupiter , Uranus , and Neptune ) also have ring systems . Recent evidence suggests that ring systems may also be found around other types of astronomical objects , including minor planets , moons , and brown dwarfs ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Adi Shankar was born in India.
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" Adi Shankar Adi Shankar ( born Aditya Shankar ; January 8 , 1985 ) is an Indian-born American film producer , film director , YouTube personality , and occasional actor , who is best known for being the youngest producer to have a number one film at the North American box office with The Grey . He is also known for his `` Bootleg Universe '' fanfilms which includes The Punisher : Dirty Laundry , and Power/Rangers . In 2014 Shankar ranked number 20 on GQ magazine 's list of `` Most Influential Global Indian Men . '' He and Spencer Silna run the production company 1984 Private Defense Contractors ."
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" Bengal Bengal ( -LSB- bɛŋˈɡɔːl -RSB- বাংলা / বঙ্গ ) is a geopolitical , cultural and historical region in Asia , which is located in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal . Geographically , it is made up by the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta system , the largest such formation in the world ; along with mountains in its north ( bordering the Himalayan states ) and east ( bordering Northeast India and Burma ) . Politically , Bengal is divided between the sovereign republic of Bangladesh , which covers two-thirds of the region , and West Bengal , which is a part of the Republic of India , in the western part of the region . In 2011 , the population of Bengal was estimated to be 250 million , making it one of the most densely populated regions in the world . An estimated 160 million people live in Bangladesh , while 91.3 million people live in West Bengal . The predominant ethno-linguistic group are the Bengali people , who speak the Indo-Aryan Bengali language . Bengali Muslims are the majority in Bangladesh . Bengali Hindus are the majority in West Bengal . Outside Bengal proper , the Indian territories of Tripura , Assam and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , as well as Myanmar 's Rakhine State , are also home to significant communities with Bengali heritage . Dense woodlands , including hilly rainforests , cover Bengal 's northern and eastern areas ; while an elevated forested plateau covers its central area . In the littoral southwest are the Sunderbans , the world 's largest mangrove forest and home of the Bengal tiger . In the coastal southeast lies Cox 's Bazaar , the longest beach in the world at . The region has a monsoon climate , which the Bengali calendar divides into six seasons . Bengal has played a major role in the history of Asia . In antiquity , its kingdoms were known as seafaring nations . At times an independent regional empire , the historical region was a leading power of the Indian subcontinent and the Islamic East . It had extensive trade networks . Bengali culture has been particularly influential in the fields of literature , music , art , architecture , sports , currency , commerce , politics and cuisine .",
" Goa Goa -LSB- ˈɡoʊ.ə -RSB- is a state in India within the coastal region known as the Konkan in Western India . It is bounded by Maharashtra to the north and Karnataka to the east and south , with the Arabian Sea forming its Western coast . It is India 's smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population . Goa has highest GDP per capita among all Indian states , that is two and a half times that of the country . It was ranked the best placed state by the `` Eleventh Finance Commission '' for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of life in India by the National Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators . Panaji is the state 's capital , while Vasco da Gama is its largest city . The historic city of Margao still exhibits the cultural influence of the Portuguese , who first landed in the early 16th century as merchants and conquered it soon thereafter . Goa is a former Portuguese province ; the Portuguese overseas territory of Portuguese India existed for about 450 years until it was annexed by India in 1961 . Goa is visited by large numbers of international and domestic tourists each year for its beaches , places of worship and world heritage architecture . It has rich flora and fauna , owing to its location on the Western Ghats range , a biodiversity hotspot ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Julia Stiles played Lumen Pierce.
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" Lumen Pierce Lumen Ann Pierce is a fictional character portrayed by Julia Stiles in the Showtime television series Dexter , season 5 . Lumen is introduced in the third episode ( `` Practically Perfect '' ) as a survivor of rapist-serial killer Boyd Fowler . She remains for the rest of the season , and leaves following the season 5 finale , `` The Big One '' . In season 5 , episode 5 , `` First Blood '' , Lumen is revealed to have been beaten and gang raped by a group of men , including Boyd Fowler . She witnesses Dexter Morgan kill Fowler , and thus becomes a key player in Dexter 's life . Dexter rescues her , but initially thinks he has no choice but to kill her in order to eliminate a witness . He eventually decides to spare her life , however . To earn Lumen 's trust , Dexter shows her the fate of Boyd 's dead victims , tells her he saved her from the same fate , and confides his wife was murdered by someone like Boyd . Lumen asks Dexter to help her seek revenge against her abusers , but he initially refuses . However , after Lumen continues on her own and targets the wrong suspect , Dexter teaches her the importance of knowing a person is guilty before killing him . He entreats her to leave Miami ; she agrees at first , but decides to stay after a pat-down at the airport brings back memories of her abuse . She goes out on her own and shoots one of her attackers , but panics not knowing what to do with his body ; she calls Dexter , who reluctantly helps her cover up the murder . That night , she tells him that killing the man brought her a sense of peace that she knows will not last ; she believes she will have to kill all of her attackers to get over her abuse for good . Dexter realizes that she harbors a `` Dark Passenger '' much like his and agrees to help , in part to find his own closure following Rita 's murder . The two then systematically hunt down and kill Lumen 's abusers , and in the process become lovers . Lumen leaves Dexter in the season finale , however , after realizing she no longer feels the need to kill . Lumen exited the show following the events of `` The Big One '' ."
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" Mona Lisa Smile Mona Lisa Smile is a 2003 drama film produced by Revolution Studios and Columbia Pictures in association with Red Om Films Productions , directed by Mike Newell , written by Lawrence Konner and Mark Rosenthal , and starring Kirsten Dunst , Maggie Gyllenhaal , Julia Roberts and Julia Stiles . The title is a reference to the Mona Lisa , the famous painting by Leonardo da Vinci , and the song of the same name , originally performed by Nat King Cole , which was covered by Seal for the movie . Julia Roberts received a record $ 25 million for her performance the highest ever earned by an actress at that time .",
" Leading lady Leading lady is a term often applied to the leading actress in the performance if her character is the protagonist . It is also an informal term for the actress who plays a secondary lead , usually a love interest , to the leading actor in a film or play . A leading lady can also be an actress of renown . For example , Lynn Fontanne and Helen Hayes were both referred to as the `` leading lady of the theatre '' in their time . Similarly , Mary Pickford was called the `` leading lady '' of the cinema . The term has been applied to an actress who is often associated with one particular actor . For example , Olivia de Havilland was Errol Flynn 's leading lady in several films , Katharine Hepburn had a similar association with Spencer Tracy , Lauren Bacall with Humphrey Bogart , and Maureen O'Hara with John Wayne . A leading lady is also an actress who is typecast in romantic supporting roles . The term can also be used collectively ; for example , the phrase `` Hollywood 's leading ladies '' can be used to refer to a group of notable , famous , or popular actresses . Many modern day leading ladies includes : Jennifer Aniston , Patricia Arquette , Angela Bassett , Claire Danes , Viola Davis , Mariska Hargitay , Angelina Jolie , Scarlett Johansson , Anna Kendrick , Jessica Lange , Jennifer Lawrence , Jennifer Lopez , Eva Mendes , Amy Poehler , Julia Roberts , Meryl Streep , Rebel Wilson , Kate Winslet and Sofia Vergara ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Will Ferrell worked on The Producers.
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" Will Ferrell John William Ferrell ( -LSB- ˈfɛrəl -RSB- born July 16 , 1967 ) is an American actor , comedian , producer , and writer . He first established himself in the mid-1990s as a cast member on the NBC sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live , and has subsequently starred in comedy films such as Anchorman : The Legend of Ron Burgundy ( 2004 ) , Talladega Nights ( 2006 ) , Step Brothers ( 2008 ) , The Other Guys ( 2010 ) and Anchorman 2 : The Legend Continues ( 2013 ) , all but one of which he co-wrote with his comedy partner Adam McKay . The two also founded the comedy website Funny or Die in 2007 . Other films roles include Elf , Old School ( both 2003 ) , Blades of Glory ( 2007 ) , and the animated films Megamind ( 2010 ) and The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) . Ferrell is considered a member of the `` Frat Pack '' , a generation of leading Hollywood comic actors who emerged in the late 1990s and the 2000s , including Jack Black , Ben Stiller , Steve Carell , Vince Vaughn , and brothers Owen and Luke Wilson . He received an Emmy Award nomination for his work on Saturday Night Live , and two Golden Globe Award nominations for The Producers ( 2005 ) and Stranger than Fiction ( 2006 ) . He was also named the best comedian of 2015 in the British GQ Men of the Year awards . Ferrell received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on March 26 , 2015 ."
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" Bewitched (2005 film) Bewitched is a 2005 American romantic comedy fantasy film written , produced , and directed by Nora Ephron , and starring Nicole Kidman and Will Ferrell alongside an ensemble cast featuring Shirley MacLaine , Michael Caine , Jason Schwartzman , Kristin Chenoweth , David Alan Grier , Heather Burns , Stephen Colbert , Carole Shelley and Steve Carell . The film follows an out-of-work actor ( Ferrell ) who discovers , in the making of a retooling of Bewitched , that his co-star ( Kidman ) is an actual witch . Produced by Columbia Pictures , the film is a re-imagining of the television series of the same name ( produced by Columbia 's Screen Gems television studio , now Sony Pictures Television ) . Bewitched opened theatrically in the United States and Canada on June 24 , 2005 to both critical and commercial failure , earning only $ 63 million in domestic grosses from an $ 85 million budget .",
" Zoolander Zoolander is a 2001 American comedy film directed by Ben Stiller and starring Stiller , Owen Wilson and Will Ferrell . The film contains elements from a pair of short films directed by Russell Bates and written by Drake Sather and Stiller for the VH1 Fashion Awards television specials in 1996 and 1997 . The short films and the film itself feature a dimwitted , narcissistic male model named Derek Zoolander , played by Stiller . The film involves Zoolander becoming the pawn of corrupt fashion executives who are plotting to assassinate the Prime Minister of Malaysia . The name `` Derek Zoolander '' was invented by Bates while he was editing the first short film , and was inspired by the names of two male models who both worked for Calvin Klein : the Dutchman Mark Vanderloo and the American Johnny Zander . A satire on the fashion industry , the film received generally positive reviews from critics and was a box office success . A sequel , Zoolander 2 , was released on February 12 , 2016 , to negative reviews . An animated series , Zoolander : Super Model , was released on Netflix UK in August 2016 ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Usain Bolt can run 100 meters in 40.00 seconds.
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" Usain Bolt Usain St Leo Bolt , OJ , CD ( -LSB- ˈjuːseɪn -RSB- born 21 August 1986 ) is a Jamaican sprinter . He is the first person to hold both the 100 metres and 200 metres world records since fully automatic time became mandatory . He also holds the world record as a part of the 4 × 100 metres relay . He is the reigning world and Olympic champion in these three events . Due to his unprecedented dominance and achievements in sprint competition , he is widely considered to be the greatest sprinter of all time . An eight-time Olympic gold medalist , Bolt won the 100 m , 200 m and 4 × 100 m relay at three consecutive Olympic Games , although he subsequently lost one of the gold medals ( as well as the world record set therein ) nine years after the fact due to teammate Nesta Carter 's disqualification for doping offences . He gained worldwide popularity for his double sprint victory at the 2008 Beijing Olympics in world record times . Bolt is the only sprinter to win Olympic 100 m and 200 m titles at three consecutive olympics ( 2008 , 2012 and 2016 ) , a feat referred to as the `` triple double . '' An eleven-time World Champion , he won consecutive World Championship 100 m , 200 m and 4 × 100 metres relay gold medals from 2009 to 2015 , with the exception of a 100 m false start in 2011 . He is the most successful athlete of the World Championships and was the first athlete to win three titles in both the 100 m and 200 m at the competition . Bolt improved upon his first 100 m world record of 9.69 with 9.58 seconds in 2009 -- the biggest improvement since the start of electronic timing . He has twice broken the 200 metres world record , setting 19.30 in 2008 and 19.19 in 2009 . He has helped Jamaica to three 4 × 100 metres relay world records , with the current record being 36.84 seconds set in 2012 . Bolt 's most successful event is the 200 m , with three Olympic and four World titles . The 2008 Olympics was his international debut over 100 m ; he had earlier won numerous 200 m medals ( including 2007 World Championship silver ) and holds the world under-20 and world under-18 records for the event . His achievements as a sprinter have earned him the media nickname `` Lightning Bolt '' , and his awards include the IAAF World Athlete of the Year , Track & Field Athlete of the Year , and Laureus World Sportsman of the Year ( four times ) . Bolt has stated that he intends to retire from athletics after the 2017 World Championships ."
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" 2009 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 100 metres The men 's 100 metres at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics were held at the Olympic Stadium on August 15 and August 16 . The two main contenders for the event were the reigning World Champion Tyson Gay and Usain Bolt , the reigning Olympic champion and world record holder . Gay entered the competition with a season 's best of 9.77 seconds ( an American record ) while Bolt 's season 's best was 9.79 seconds . Four other competitors had broken the 10-second barrier during the last months before the World Championship : former world record holder Asafa Powell , Olympic finalist Churandy Martina and emerging sprinters Daniel Bailey and Mike Rodgers . The first day saw a number of high-profile athletes eliminated ; Derrick Atkins , the 2007 silver medallist , did not pass the first round . Churandy Martina , area record holders Samuel Francis and Olusoji Fasuba , Simeon Williamson , and 2003 gold medallist Kim Collins were all knocked out in the quarter finals . Also , a double false start meant disqualification for the new European junior record holder Christophe Lemaitre . Gay , Powell and Rodgers ended with the fastest times of the day , although Bolt and Bailey comfortably won heat five , exchanging smiles and glances in the process . The semi-finals saw Bolt -- typically slow out of the blocks -- false start for the first time over 100 m , but he eventually finished in 9.89 seconds ( the fastest ever semi-final ) . Six of the eight qualifying athletes broke 10 seconds , and US champion Rodgers was the biggest name not to qualify . The final , which was advertised in Berlin as `` Das Duell '' between Gay and Bolt , proved to be historic . By the 20-metre mark , Bolt had already taken a slight lead of 0.01 seconds , and he continued to pull away from the rest of the pack until the finish . He finished in a world record-breaking time of 9.58 seconds , beating Gay by some distance , even though the American had run 9.71 seconds , which was the third fastest time ever . Bolt beat his own previous mark by over a tenth of a second , an achievement statisticians claimed was 20 years ahead of schedule in the long term scheme of the 100 metres world record progression . So emphatic was Bolt 's winning time , that both bronze medal winner Powell and sixth placed Dwain Chambers said they were happy just taking part in the fastest race in history .",
" Men's 200 metres world record progression The following table shows the world record progression in the men 's 200 metres , as ratified by the IAAF . The current record of 19.19 seconds was set by Usain Bolt at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics . The IAAF maintained separate records for 200 m over a straight track and over a curved track . It discarded records for the former after 1976 . The IAAF ratified the first record for 200 m ( bend ) in 1951 . `` y '' denoted times for 220 yards ( 201.17 m ) which were also ratified for the event . To June 21 , 2011 , the IAAF has ratified 24 world records in the event ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Paul Simon has an honorary degree.
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" Paul Simon Paul Frederic Simon ( born October 13 , 1941 ) is an American musician , singer-songwriter and actor . Simon 's fame , influence , and commercial success began as part of the duo Simon & Garfunkel , formed in 1964 with musical partner Art Garfunkel . Simon wrote nearly all of the pair 's songs , including three that reached No. 1 on the U.S. singles charts : `` The Sound of Silence '' , `` Mrs. Robinson '' , and `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' . The duo split up in 1970 at the height of their popularity and Simon began a successful solo career as a guitarist and singer-songwriter , recording three highly acclaimed albums over the next five years . In 1986 , he released Graceland , an album inspired by South African township music , which sold 14 million copies worldwide on its release and remains his most popular solo work . Simon also wrote and starred in the film One-Trick Pony ( 1980 ) and co-wrote the Broadway musical The Capeman ( 1998 ) with the poet Derek Walcott . On June 3 , 2016 , Simon released his 13th solo album , titled Stranger to Stranger , which debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard Album Chart and the UK charts . Simon has earned sixteen Grammys for his solo and collaborative work , including three for Album of the Year ( Bridge Over Troubled Water , Still Crazy After All These Years , Graceland ) , and a Lifetime Achievement Award . In 2001 , he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and in 2006 was selected as one of the `` 100 People Who Shaped the World '' by Time magazine . In 2011 , Rolling Stone magazine named Simon as one of the 100 Greatest Guitarists . In 2015 , he was named as one of the 100 Greatest Songwriters by Rolling Stone . Among many other honors , Simon was the first recipient of the Library of Congress 's Gershwin Prize for Popular Song in 2007 . In 1986 , Simon was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Music degree from Berklee College of Music , where he currently serves on the Board of Trustees ."
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" Professor Professor ( commonly abbreviated as Prof. ) is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries . Literally , professor derives from Latin as a `` person who professes '' being usually an expert in arts or sciences , a teacher of the highest rank . In much of the world , the unqualified word `` professor '' is used formally to indicate the highest academic rank , informally known as `` full professor '' . In some countries , the word professor is only used in this sense , whereas in other countries , the word professor is also used in titles of lower ranks such as associate professor and assistant professor . Professors conduct original research and commonly teach undergraduate , graduate , or professional courses in their fields of expertise . In universities with graduate schools , professors may mentor and supervise graduate students conducting research for a thesis or dissertation . Professors typically hold a Ph.D. , another doctorate or a different terminal degree . Some professors hold a master 's degree or a professional degree , such as an M.D. , as their highest degree .",
" Bachelor of Arts A Bachelor of Arts ( B.A. , or A.B. from the Latin artium baccalaureus or baccalaureus artium ) is a bachelor 's degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts , the sciences , or both . Bachelor of Arts degree programs generally take three to four years depending on the country , academic institution , and specific specializations , majors or minors . The word baccalaureus or baccalarium ( from the Latin bacca , a berry , and laureus , `` of the bay laurel '' ) should not be confused with baccalaureatus ( translatable as `` gold-plated scepter '' by using the Latina bacum and aureatus ) , which refers to the one - to two-year postgraduate Bachelor of Arts with Honours degree ( Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore ) in some countries . Diplomas generally give the name of the institution , signatures of officials of the institution ( generally the president or rector of the university as well as the secretary or dean of the component college ) , the type of degree conferred , the conferring authority and the location at which the degree is conferred . Degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment ; individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees . The Bachelor of Arts degree is usually attained in four years in Afghanistan , Lebanon , Armenia , Canada , Greece , Bangladesh , Azerbaijan , Egypt , Iran , Japan , Nigeria , Serbia , Spain , Pakistan , the Philippines , Thailand , Russia , Ireland , South Korea , Iraq , Kuwait , Turkey , the United States of America and most of the Americas . They generally last three years in nearly all of the European Union , and in Albania , Australia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , India , Israel , New Zealand , Iceland , Norway , Singapore , the Caribbean , South Africa , and Switzerland . In Pakistan , the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Girl with a Pearl Earring starred an actress.
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" Scarlett Johansson Scarlett Johansson ( -LSB- dʒoʊˈhænsən -RSB- born November 22 , 1984 ) is an American actress , model , and singer . She made her film debut in the fantasy comedy North ( 1994 ) . Johansson subsequently starred in Manny & Lo ( 1996 ) , and garnered further acclaim and prominence with roles in The Horse Whisperer ( 1998 ) and Ghost World ( 2001 ) . She shifted to adult roles with her performances in Girl with a Pearl Earring ( 2003 ) and Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) , for which she won a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role . Her subsequent films included A Love Song for Bobby Long ( 2004 ) , Match Point ( 2005 ) , The Island ( 2005 ) , The Black Dahlia ( 2006 ) , The Prestige ( 2006 ) , The Other Boleyn Girl ( 2008 ) , Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) , He 's Just Not That Into You ( 2009 ) , Don Jon ( 2013 ) , Her ( 2013 ) , Under the Skin ( 2013 ) , Lucy ( 2014 ) , The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) , and Ghost in the Shell ( 2017 ) . Since 2008 , Johansson has also portrayed the Marvel Comics character Black Widow in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . She won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play for her performance in the 2010 Broadway revival of A View from the Bridge . As a singer , Johansson has released two albums , Anywhere I Lay My Head ( 2008 ) and Break Up ( 2009 ) . Johansson is considered one of Hollywood 's modern sex symbols , and has frequently appeared in published lists of the sexiest women in the world . , she is the highest-grossing actress of all time in North America , with her films making over $ 3.6 billion . In 2016 , she was the highest-grossing actress , with a $ 1.2 billion total for the year .",
" Girl with a Pearl Earring (film) Girl with a Pearl Earring is a 2003 drama film directed by Peter Webber . The screenplay was adapted by screenwriter Olivia Hetreed , based on the novel of the same name by Tracy Chevalier . Scarlett Johansson stars as Griet , a young 17th-century servant in the household of the Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer ( played by Colin Firth ) at the time he painted Girl with a Pearl Earring ( 1665 ) in the city of Delft in Holland . Other cast members include Tom Wilkinson , Cillian Murphy , and Judy Parfitt . Hetreed read the novel before its publication , and her husband 's production company convinced Chevalier to sell the film rights . Initially , the production was to feature Kate Hudson as Griet with Mike Newell directing . Hudson withdrew shortly before filming began , however , and the film was placed in hiatus until the hire of Webber , who re-initiated the casting process . In this , which was his feature film debut , Webber sought to avoid employing traditional characteristics of the period film drama . Cinematographer Eduardo Serra used distinctive lighting and colour schemes similar to Vermeer 's paintings . Released on 12 December 2003 in North America and on 16 January 2004 in the United Kingdom , Girl with a Pearl Earring earned a worldwide gross of $ 31,466,789 . It garnered a mostly positive critical reception , with a 72 % approval rating from Rotten Tomatoes . Critics generally applauded the film 's visuals and performances while questioning elements of its story . The film was subsequently nominated for ten British Academy Film Awards , three Academy Awards , and two Golden Globe Awards ."
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" Lana Turner Lana Turner ( -LSB- ˈlɑːnə_ˈtɜrnər -RSB- born Julia Jean Turner ; February 8 , 1921 -- June 29 , 1995 ) was an American actress . Over the course of her nearly fifty-year career , Turner would achieve notoriety as both a pin-up model and a serious dramatic actress , as well as for her highly publicized personal life . In 1951 , she was named the most `` glamorous woman in the history of international art . '' Turner was discovered in 1936 at the Top Hat Malt Shop in Hollywood , California . At the age of 16 , she was signed to a personal contract by Warner Bros. director Mervyn LeRoy , who took her with him when he moved to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1938 . Turner attracted attention in her first film , LeRoy 's They Wo n't Forget ( 1937 ) , and she later starred in featured roles , often as an ingenue . Her auburn hair was bleached blonde for a 1939 film at MGM , and she remained blonde for the rest of her life , except for a few film roles . During the early 1940s , Turner established herself as a leading actress in such films as Johnny Eager ( 1941 ) , Honky Tonk ( 1941 ) , Ziegfeld Girl ( 1941 ) , and Somewhere I 'll Find You ( 1942 ) . She appeared in the 1941 horror film Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde , and her reputation as a glamorous femme fatale was enhanced by her performance in the film noir The Postman Always Rings Twice ( 1946 ) . Her popularity continued through the 1950s in such films as The Bad and the Beautiful ( 1952 ) and Peyton Place ( 1957 ) , for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress . Media controversy surrounded Turner in 1958 when her daughter , Cheryl Crane , stabbed Turner 's lover Johnny Stompanato to death in their Beverly Hills home ; a coroner 's inquest concluded that Crane had acted in self-defense . Turner 's next film , Imitation of Life ( 1959 ) , proved to be one of the greatest financial successes of her career , but onward from the early 1960s , her roles were fewer . Turner spent most of the 1970s and early 1980s in semiretirement , only working occasionally . In 1982 , she accepted a much publicized and lucrative recurring guest role in the television series Falcon Crest , affording the series the highest rating it ever achieved . Turner made her final film appearance in 1985 , and died from throat cancer in 1995 , aged 74 .",
" Mandy Moore Amanda Leigh Moore ( born April 10 , 1984 ) is an American singer-songwriter and actress . Moore first came to prominence with her 1999 debut single , `` Candy '' , which peaked at number 41 on the Billboard Hot 100 . After signing with Epic Records , she released her debut album , So Real , in 1999 . It went on to receive a Platinum certification from the RIAA . Her 2000 single , `` I Wan na Be with You '' , became her first Top 30 song in the US , peaking at number 24 on the Hot 100 chart . As of 2009 , Moore has sold more than 10 million albums worldwide , according to Billboard . In 2012 , Moore was ranked # 96 on VH1 's list of `` 100 Greatest Women in Music '' , as well as # 63 on their Sexiest Artists of All Time List . Outside of her musical career , Moore has also branched out into acting . In 2001 , she made her film debut in the comedy Dr. Dolittle 2 , though it was only a minor voice role . Later that year , she co-starred as Lana Thomas in the comedy The Princess Diaries with Anne Hathaway . In 2002 , she made her starring debut with Shane West as Jamie Sullivan in the romantic drama A Walk to Remember , which was based on Nicholas Sparks ' novel of the same name . Moore later voiced Rapunzel in the 2010 animated feature Tangled , and reprised the role in a 2017 television series based on the film . In 2016 , she began starring as Rebecca Pearson in the NBC family comedy-drama series This Is Us for which she received a Golden Globe Award nomination ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Empress Ki is a movie.
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" Empress Ki (TV series) Empress Ki is a television series starring Ha Ji-won as the titular Empress Gi . It aired on MBC from October 28 , 2013 to April 29 , 2014 on Mondays and Tuesdays at 21:55 for 51 episodes . The early working title was Hwatu ( ; lit . `` Battle of Flowers '' ) but the title was changed to prevent confusion with the similarly named playing cards ."
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" Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon ( English : I am crazy about Prem ) , is a 2003 Bollywood romantic comedy drama film by Sooraj R. Barjatya and a production by Rajshri . The film is a remake of the 1976 film Chitchor and features Hrithik Roshan , Kareena Kapoor and Abhishek Bachchan in the lead roles . The movie had a worldwide release on 26 June 2003 .",
" Regnal title A regnal title is the title held by a monarch while in office . Monarchs can have various titles , including king or queen , prince or princess ( Sovereign Prince of Monaco ) , emperor or empress ( Emperor of Japan , Emperor of India ) , or even duke or grand duke ( Grand Duke of Luxembourg ) or duchess . Many monarchs also are distinguished by styles , such as `` Majesty '' , `` Royal Highness '' or `` By the Grace of God '' . Sometimes titles are used to express claims to territories that are not held in fact ( for example , English claims to the French throne ) or titles not recognized ( antipopes ) . A pretender is a claimant to an abolished throne or to a throne already occupied by somebody else . Abdication is the resignation of a monarch ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the founding party of a socialist state.
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" Soviet Union The Soviet Union ( -LSB- Сове́тский Сою́з , r = Sovetskiy Soyuz -RSB- -LSB- sɐ ` vʲetskʲɪj sɐˈjʉs -RSB- ) , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ; Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик , -LSB- sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪsˈtʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk -RSB- ) , also known unofficially as Russia ( -LSB- Росси́я , Rossiya , rɐˈsʲijə -RSB- ) , was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991 . Nominally a union of multiple equal national Soviet republics , its government and economy were highly centralized in a state that was unitary in most respects . The country was a one-party federation , governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital . The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 , when the Bolsheviks , led by Vladimir Lenin , overthrew the Russian Provisional Government which had replaced Tsar Nicholas II . In 1922 , the Soviet Union was formed with the unification of the Russian , Transcaucasian , Ukrainian , and Byelorussian republics . Following Lenin 's death in 1924 and a brief power struggle , Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s . Stalin committed the state 's ideology to Marxism -- Leninism ( which he created ) , and initiated a centrally planned economy . As a result , the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization . Political paranoia was also fomented around Stalin , and the Great Purge was carried out to remove his opponents from the Communist Party through arbitrary arrests and persecutions of many people . Shortly before World War II , Stalin signed the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact agreeing to non-aggression with Nazi Germany , after which the two countries invaded Poland in September 1939 . In June 1941 , Germany invaded the Soviet Union , opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history . Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at intense battles such as Stalingrad . The territories overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the USSR . The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Eastern Bloc which united under the Warsaw Pact in 1955 confronted the Western states which united under NATO in 1949 . Following Stalin 's death in 1953 , a period of political and economic liberalization , known as `` de-Stalinization '' and `` Khrushchev 's Thaw '' , occurred under the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev . The Soviet Union took an early lead in the Space Race , with the first artificial satellite and the first human spaceflight . In the 1970s , there was a brief détente of relations with the United States , but tensions resumed with the Soviet -- Afghan War in 1979 . In the mid-1980s , the last Soviet leader , Mikhail Gorbachev , sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost and perestroika . The Cold War ended during his tenure , and in 1989 , Soviet satellite states in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist governments . This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well . The government initiated a referendum , boycotted by some Soviet republics , which resulted in the majority of participating citizens voting in favor of preserving the union as a renewed federation . In August 1991 , an abortive coup d'état was attempted by Communist Party hardliners . The Russian President Boris Yeltsin played a high-profile role in facing down the coup . On 25 December 1991 , Gorbachev resigned and the remaining twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states . The Russian Federation -- formerly the Russian SFSR -- assumed the Soviet Union 's rights and obligations and is recognized as the primary legal successor of the Soviet Union .",
" Communist Party of the Soviet Union The Communist Party of the Soviet Union , abbreviated in English as CPSU , was the founding and ruling political party of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR or Soviet Union ) . The CPSU was the sole governing party of the Soviet Union until 1990 , when the Congress of People 's Deputies modified the article of the constitution , which had granted the CPSU a monopoly over the political system . The party was founded in 1912 by the Bolsheviks ( the majority faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party ) , a revolutionary group led by Vladimir Lenin which seized power in the aftermath of the October Revolution of 1917 . The party was dissolved on 29 August 1991 on Soviet territory soon after a failed coup d'état and was completely abolished on 6 November 1991 on Russian territory . The CPSU was a communist party organized on the basis of democratic centralism , a principle conceived by Lenin that entails democratic and open discussion of policy issues within the party followed by the requirement of total unity in upholding the agreed policies . The highest body within the CPSU was the party Congress , which convened every five years . When the Congress was not in session , the Central Committee was the highest body . Because the Central Committee met twice a year , most day-to-day duties and responsibilities were vested in the Politburo , the Secretariat , and the Orgburo ( until 1952 ) . The party leader was the head of government and held the office of either General Secretary , Premier or head of state , or some of the three offices concurrentlybut never all three at the same time . The party leader was the de facto chairman of the CPSU Politburo and chief executive of the USSR ; the tension between the party and the state ( Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union ) for the shifting locus of power was never formally resolved , but in reality the party dominated , and a paramount leader always existed ( first Lenin and thereafter the General Secretary ) . The CPSU , according to its party statute , adhered to Marxism -- Leninism , an ideology based on the writings of Vladimir Lenin and Karl Marx , and formalized under Joseph Stalin . The party pursued state socialism , under which all industries were nationalized and a planned economy was implemented . Before central planning was adopted in 1929 , Lenin had introduced a mixed economy , commonly referred to as the New Economic Policy , in the 1920s , which allowed to introduce certain capitalist elements in the Soviet economy . After Mikhail Gorbachev took power in 1985 , at first trying to prop up the stagnant centrally planned economy , rapid steps were taken to transform the economic system in the direction of a market economy . Gorbachev and some of his allies envisioned the introduction of an economy similar to Lenin 's New Economic Policy through a program of perestroika , or restructuring , but the results of their reforms contributed to the fall of the entire system of government . A number of causes contributed to CPSU 's loss of control and the dissolution of the Soviet Union . Some historians have written that Gorbachev 's policy of glasnost ( political openness ) was the root cause , noting that it weakened the party 's control over society . Gorbachev maintained that perestroika without glasnost was doomed to failure anyway . Others have blamed the economic stagnation and subsequent loss of faith by the general populace in communist ideology ."
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" Hungarian People's Republic The Hungarian People 's Republic ( Magyar Népköztársaság ) was a socialist state that administered Hungary from 20 August 1949 until 23 October 1989 . It was governed by the Socialist Workers ' Party , which was under the influence of the Soviet Union . The state remained in existence until 1989 when opposition forces consolidated in forcing upon the government to abandon communism . The state considered itself the heir to the Hungarian Soviet Republic , which was formed in 1919 as the first communist state created after Soviet Russia . It was designated a people 's democratic republic by the Soviet Union in the 1940s . Geographically , it bordered Romania and the Soviet Union ( via the Ukraine ) to the east ; Yugoslavia to the south-west ; Czechoslovakia to the north and Austria to the west .",
" Dissolution of the Soviet Union The Soviet Union was dissolved on December 26 , 1991 . It was a result of the declaration number 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union . The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and created the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) , although five of the signatories ratified it much later or did not do it at all . On the previous day , Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev , the eighth and final leader of the Soviet Union , resigned , declared his office extinct , and handed over its powers -- including control of the Soviet nuclear missile launching codes -- to Russian President Boris Yeltsin . That evening at 7:32 , the Soviet flag was lowered from the Kremlin for the last time and replaced with the pre-revolutionary Russian flag . Previously , from August to December , all the individual republics , including Russia itself , had seceded from the union . The week before the union 's formal dissolution , 11 republics signed the Alma-Ata Protocol formally establishing the CIS and declaring that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist . Both the Revolutions of 1989 and the dissolution of the USSR also signalled the end of the Cold War . Several of the former Soviet republics have retained close links with the Russian Federation and formed multilateral organizations such as the Commonwealth of Independent States , Eurasian Economic Community , the Union State , the Eurasian Customs Union , and the Eurasian Economic Union to enhance economic and security cooperation . On the other hand , only the Baltic states have joined NATO and the European Union ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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The Super Nintendo Entertainment System is Nintendo's first home console.
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" Super Nintendo Entertainment System The Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( officially abbreviated the Super NES or SNES , and commonly shortened to Super Nintendo ) is a 16-bit home video game console developed by Nintendo that was released in 1990 in Japan and South Korea , 1991 in North America , 1992 in Europe and Australasia ( Oceania ) , and 1993 in South America . In Japan , the system is called the , or SFC for short . In South Korea , it is known as the Super Comboy ( 슈퍼 컴보이 Syupeo Keomboi ) and was distributed by Hyundai Electronics . Although each version is essentially the same , several forms of regional lockout prevent the different versions from being compatible with one another . It was released in Brazil on September 2 , 1992 , by Playtronic . The SNES is Nintendo 's second home console , following the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) . The console introduced advanced graphics and sound capabilities compared with other systems at the time . The development of a variety of enhancement chips integrated in game cartridges helped to keep it competitive in the marketplace . The SNES was a global success , becoming the best-selling console of the 16-bit era despite its relatively late start and the fierce competition it faced in North America and Europe from Sega 's Genesis/Mega Drive console . The SNES remained popular well into the 32-bit era , and continues to be popular among fans , collectors , retro gamers , and emulation enthusiasts , some of whom still make homebrew ROM images ."
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" Homebrew (video games) Homebrew is a term frequently applied to video games or other software produced by consumers to target proprietary hardware platforms ( usually with hardware restrictions ) not typically user-programmable or that use proprietary storage methods . This can include games developed with official development kits , such as Net Yaroze , Linux for PlayStation 2 or Microsoft XNA . Many homebrew games are offered as freeware , although others are offered for sale . One popular type of homebrew game is the fangame . In Japan , these games are usually called `` Dōjin soft '' . Homebrew games for older systems are typically developed using emulators for convenience , since testing them requires no extra hardware on the part of the programmer . Development for newer systems typically involves actual hardware given the lack of accurate emulators . Efforts have been made to use actual console hardware for many older systems , though . Atari 2600 homebrew developers use various methods , for example , burning an EEPROM to plug into a custom cartridge board or audio transfer via the Starpath Supercharger . Game Boy Advance homebrew developers have several ways to use GBA flash cartridges in this regard . Along with the Dreamcast , Game Boy Advance , and PlayStation Portable , the most frequently used platforms for homebrew development are older generations of consoles , among them the Atari 2600 and Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) . The Atari 2600 and NES use the 6502 instruction set , likely familiar to people who have programmed 8-bit home computers , such as the Commodore 64 or Apple II . Another factor in the popularity of older or portable systems for homebrew development , relative to modern consoles , is that their simplicity enables an individual or small group to develop acceptable games in a reasonable time frame . All major sixth generation consoles enjoy some popularity with homebrew developers , but less so than earlier generations . This is mostly the case because software production requires more resources , accurate emulators do not exist yet , and the consoles themselves often employ rather complex systems to prevent the execution of unauthorized code . Homebrew developers must often exploit loopholes to enable their software to run . Homebrewing is not only limited to games -- there are numerous demos that have been released for most systems with a homebrew scene .",
" Master System The Sega Master System is a third-generation home video game console that was manufactured by Sega . It was originally released in 1985 as the Sega Mark III in Japan . After being redesigned prior to its North American launch , the console was renamed Master System and released in 1986 in North America , 1987 in Europe , and 1989 in Brazil . The Master System was also released in Japan in 1987 with additional features over the overseas models . Both the Mark III and the original Master System models could play with both cartridges ( or `` Mega Cartridges '' , as they were officially called ) and the credit card-sized Sega Cards , which retailed at lower prices than cartridges but had lower storage capacity ; the Master System II and later models did not have the card slot . The Master System also featured accessories such as a light gun and 3D glasses which were designed to work with a range of specially coded games . Succeeding the SG-1000 , the Master System was released as a direct competitor to the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) in the third generation of video game consoles . The Master System was constructed with hardware superior to that of the NES , but failed to overturn Nintendo 's significant market share advantage in Japan and North America . However , it attained significantly more success in Europe and Brazil . The hardware of the Master System also shared many similarities with Sega 's handheld game console , the Sega Game Gear . Compared to its competition from Nintendo , the Master System 's game library lacks a number of well-received titles due to Nintendo 's licensing practices that restricted third-party developers from creating games for any system other than the NES . Sales of the console have been estimated between 10 and 13 million units , not including recent Brazil sales , compared to 62 million NES units sold . Reception to the system given in retrospect lends credit to the console 's role in Sega 's development of the Sega Genesis , as well as for having a number of well-received titles , particularly in PAL regions , but is generally critical of its small game library . As of 2015 , the Master System is the longest-lived game console ( 30 years and continuing ) , due to its popularity in Brazil ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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Joseph Fiennes has worked in stage acting.
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" Joseph Fiennes Joseph Alberic Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes ( -LSB- ˈfaɪnz -RSB- born 27 May 1970 ) is an English film and stage actor . He is known for his portrayals of William Shakespeare in Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) , for which he was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role , Sir Robert Dudley in Elizabeth ( 1998 ) , Commisar Danilov in Enemy at the Gates ( 2001 ) , and Monsignor Timothy Howard in the second season of the TV series American Horror Story ( 2012 -- 2013 ) . He currently stars in the drama series The Handmaid 's Tale ( 2017-present ) ."
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" Stage (theatre) In theatre and performing arts , the stage ( sometimes referred to as the deck in stagecraft ) is a designated space for the performance of productions . The stage serves as a space for actors or performers and a focal point ( the screen in cinema theaters ) for the members of the audience . As an architectural feature , the stage may consist of a platform ( often raised ) or series of platforms . In some cases , these may be temporary or adjustable but in theaters and other buildings devoted to such productions , the stage is often a permanent feature . There are several types of stages that vary as to the usage and the relation of the audience to them . The most common form found in the West is the proscenium stage . In this type , the audience is located on one side of the stage with the remaining sides hidden and used by the performers and technicians . Thrust stages may be similar to proscenium stages but with a platform or performance area that extends into the audience space so that the audience is located on three sides . In theatre in the round , the audience is located on all four sides of the stage . The fourth type of stage incorporates created and found stages which may be constructed specifically for a performance or may involve a space that is adapted as a stage .",
" Stage reading A stage reading is a form of theatre without sets or full costumes . The actors , who read from scripts , may be seated , stand in fixed positions , or incorporate minimal stage movement . A stage reading of a new play in development is an intermediate phase between a cold reading , with the cast usually sitting around a table , and a full production . A narrator may read stage directions aloud . The purpose is to gauge the effectiveness of the dialogue , pacing and flow , and other dramatic elements that the playwright or director may wish to adjust . Audience feedback contributes to the process . In play-development workshopping , the stage reading is one of the forms of workshop , along with the rehearsed reading , the exploratory workshop , and the full workshop production . It is an inexpensive way to get a new play in front of an audience . Stage readings that include members of Actors ' Equity in the cast are governed by that union 's Stage Reading Guidelines ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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fever
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GoldenEye is a spy organization.
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" Judi Dench Dame Judith Olivia Dench ( born 9 December 1934 ) , known as Judi Dench , is an English actress and author . Dench made her professional debut in 1957 with the Old Vic Company . Over the following few years , she performed in several of Shakespeare 's plays in such roles as Ophelia in Hamlet , Juliet in Romeo and Juliet , and Lady Macbeth in Macbeth . Although most of her work during this period was in theatre , she also branched into film work and won a BAFTA Award as Most Promising Newcomer . She drew strong reviews for her leading role in the musical Cabaret in 1968 . Over the next two decades , Dench established herself as one of the most significant British theatre performers , working for the National Theatre Company and the Royal Shakespeare Company . She achieved success in television during this period , in the series A Fine Romance from 1981 until 1984 , and in 1992 with a starring role in the romantic comedy series As Time Goes By . Her film appearances were infrequent and included supporting roles in major films such as A Room with a View ( 1986 ) supporting Maggie Smith , before she rose to international fame as M in GoldenEye ( 1995 ) , a role she continued to play in James Bond films until Skyfall ( 2012 ) . A seven-time Oscar nominee , Dench won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Queen Elizabeth I in Shakespeare in Love and has received nominations for her roles in Mrs Brown ( 1997 ) , Chocolat ( 2000 ) , Iris ( 2001 ) , Mrs Henderson Presents ( 2005 ) , Notes on a Scandal ( 2006 ) , and Philomena ( 2013 ) . She has also received many award nominations for her acting in theatre , film and television ; her competitive awards include six British Academy Film Awards , four BAFTA TV Awards , seven Olivier Awards , two Screen Actors Guild Awards , two Golden Globes , and a Tony Award . She has also received the BAFTA Fellowship ( 2001 ) and the Special Olivier Award ( 2004 ) . In June 2011 , she received a fellowship from the British Film Institute ( BFI ) . Dench is also a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts ( FRSA ) .",
" Martin Campbell Martin Campbell ( born 24 October 1943 ) is a New Zealand TV and film director , best known for directing Bond movies GoldenEye ( 1995 ) and Casino Royale ( 2006 ) . He also directed Green Lantern ( 2011 ) , The Mask of Zorro ( 1998 ) and The Legend of Zorro ( 2005 ) . Campbell has two sons , Fabio Campbell ( a popular DJ in London ) and Tomas Campbell , and a daughter , Elina Campbell ( 8 ) ."
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" Espionage Espionage ( colloquially , spying ) is the obtaining of information considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information . Espionage can be committed by an individual or a spy ring ( a cooperating group of spies ) , in the service of a government or a company , or operating independently . The practice is inherently clandestine , as it is by definition unwelcome and in many cases illegal and punishable by law . Espionage is a subset of `` intelligence '' gathering , which includes espionage as well as information gathering from public sources . Espionage is often part of an institutional effort by a government or commercial concern . However , the term is generally associated with state spying on potential or actual enemies primarily for military purposes . Spying involving corporations is known as industrial espionage . One of the most effective ways to gather data and information about the enemy ( or potential enemy ) is by infiltrating the enemy 's ranks . This is the job of the spy ( espionage agent ) . Spies can bring back all sorts of information concerning the size and strength of enemy forces . They can also find dissidents within the enemy 's forces and influence them to defect . In times of crisis , spies can also be used to steal technology and to sabotage the enemy in various ways . Counterintelligence operatives can feed false information to enemy spies , protecting important domestic secrets , and preventing attempts at subversion . Nearly every country has very strict laws concerning espionage , and the penalty for being caught is often severe . However , the benefits that can be gained through espionage are generally great enough that most governments and many large corporations make use of it to varying degrees . Further information on clandestine HUMINT ( human intelligence ) information collection techniques is available , including discussions of operational techniques , asset recruiting , and the tradecraft used to collect this information .",
" Federal Bureau of Investigation The Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States , which simultaneously serves as the nation 's prime federal law enforcement agency . Operating under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Justice , the FBI is concurrently a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence . A leading U.S. counterterrorism , counterintelligence , and criminal investigative organization , the FBI has jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes . Although many of the FBI 's functions are unique , its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB . Unlike the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , which has no law enforcement authority and is focused on intelligence collection overseas , the FBI is primarily a domestic agency , maintaining 56 field offices in major cities throughout the United States , and more than 400 resident agencies in lesser cities and areas across the nation . At an FBI field office , a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence . Despite its domestic focus , the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint , operating 60 Legal Attache ( LEGAT ) offices and 15 sub-offices in U.S. embassies and consulates across the globe . These overseas offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries . The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas , just as the CIA has a limited domestic function ; these activities generally require coordination across government agencies . The FBI was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation , the BOI or BI for short . Its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) in 1935 . The FBI headquarters is the J. Edgar Hoover Building , located in Washington , D.C."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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There is an American actress name Molly Bernard.
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" Molly Bernard Molly Kate Bernard ( born April 10 , 1989 ) is an American actress . She is best known for her role as Lauren Heller on the television series Younger ."
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" Mike & Molly Mike & Molly is an American sitcom created by Mark Roberts which aired on CBS from September 20 , 2010 to May 16 , 2016 , for a total of six seasons and 127 episodes . The series stars Billy Gardell and Melissa McCarthy as the eponymous Mike and Molly , a couple who meet in a Chicago Overeaters Anonymous group and fall in love . The 13-episode sixth season began airing on January 6 , 2016 . On January 12 , 2016 , CBS announced that it would cancel Mike & Molly after the sixth season concludes , electing not to renew its licensing agreement with Warner Bros. . Television , which ended after this season . The series finale aired May 16 , 2016 .",
" Mike & Molly (season 1) The first season of the television comedy series Mike & Molly aired between September 20 , 2010 and May 16 , 2011 , on CBS in the United States . The season was produced by Chuck Lorre Productions and Warner Bros. . Television , with series creator Mark Roberts serving as executive producer along with Chuck Lorre , James Burrows and Don Foster . The series focuses on the title characters Mike Biggs ( Billy Gardell ) and Molly Flynn ( Melissa McCarthy ) , a couple who meet at an Overeaters Anonymous meeting in Chicago , Illinois . After Molly , a primary-school teacher , invites police officer Mike to give a talk to her class , they begin dating . Molly lives at home with her mother Joyce ( Swoosie Kurtz ) , and sister Victoria ( Katy Mixon ) . Joyce is in an on-off relationship with widower Vince Moranto ( Louis Mustillo ) , who is often seen at the house . Mike lives alone in an apartment but is regularly kept company by his best friend and partner in the police force Carl McMillan ( Reno Wilson ) . Other prominent characters in the series include Carl 's grandmother Rosetta ( Cleo King ) ; Mike 's mother Peggy ( Rondi Reed ) and cafe worker Samuel ( Nyambi Nyambi ) . Season one of Mike & Molly consisted of 24 episodes and aired Mondays in the United States at 9.30 p.m. until April 11 , 2011 , with the final three episodes airing at 9.00 p.m. The season received mixed reviews from critics , some of whom believed the show was clichéd and re-trod the path of old sitcoms . Some critics questioned the subject matter , with one particularly controversial article from Marie Claire commenting on the idea of two overweight actors playing starring roles . Nevertheless , the series received average ratings of 11.14 million viewers , placing it as the number 35 most watched show of the television season . Melissa McCarthy won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series at the 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards for her performance as Molly , and the series was also nominated for a People 's Choice Award for Best New Comedy . Mike and Molly '' was renewed for a second season to premiere in the 2011 -- 12 television season ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Lisbon's status as a capital has never gone through an official confirmation.
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" Lisbon Lisbon ( -LSB- ˈlɪzbən -RSB- Lisboa , -LSB- liʒˈβoɐ -RSB- ) is the capital and the largest city of Portugal , with a population of 552,700 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km ² . Its urban area extends beyond the city 's administrative limits with a population of around 2.7 million people , being the 11th-most populous urban area in the European Union . About 2.8 million people live in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area ( which represents approximately 27 % of the country 's population ) . It is continental Europe 's westernmost capital city and the only one along the Atlantic coast . Lisbon lies in the western Iberian Peninsula on the Atlantic Ocean and the River Tagus . The westernmost areas of its metro area is the westernmost point of Continental Europe . Lisbon is recognised as a global city because of its importance in finance , commerce , media , entertainment , arts , international trade , education and tourism . It is one of the major economic centres on the continent , with a growing financial sector and one of the largest container ports on Europe 's Atlantic coast . Humberto Delgado Airport serves over 20 million passengers annually , as of 2015 , and the motorway network and the high-speed rail system of Alfa Pendular link the main cities of Portugal . The city is the 7th-most-visited city in Southern Europe , after Istanbul , Rome , Barcelona , Madrid , Athens and Milan , with 1,740,000 tourists in 2009 . The Lisbon region contributes with a higher GDP PPP per capita than any other region in Portugal . It 's GDP amounts to 96.3 billion USD and thus $ 32,434 per capita , 40 % higher than the average European Union 's GDP per capita . The city occupies 32nd place of highest gross earnings in the world . Most of the headquarters of multinationals in the country are located in the Lisbon area . It is also the political centre of the country , as its seat of Government and residence of the Head of State . Lisbon is one of the oldest cities in the world , and the oldest in Western Europe , predating other modern European capitals such as London , Paris and Rome by centuries . Julius Caesar made it a municipium called Felicitas Julia , adding to the name Olissipo . Ruled by a series of Germanic tribes from the 5th century , it was captured by the Moors in the 8th century . In 1147 , the Crusaders under Afonso Henriques reconquered the city and since then it has been a major political , economic and cultural centre of Portugal . Unlike most capital cities , Lisbon 's status as the capital of Portugal has never been granted or confirmed officially -- by statute or in written form . Its position as the capital has formed through constitutional convention , making its position as de facto capital a part of the Constitution of Portugal . Lisbon enjoys a Mediterranean climate . It has one of the warmest winters of any metropolis in Europe , with average temperatures 15 ° C during the day and 8 ° C at night from December to February . The typical summer season lasts about four months , from June to September , although also in April temperatures sometimes reach around 25 ° C."
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" Portugal Portugal ( Portuguese : -LSB- puɾtuˈɣaɫ -RSB- ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( -LSB- República Portuguesa , links = no -RSB- ) ( Portuguese : -LSB- ʁɨ ` publikɐ puɾtu ' ɣezɐ -RSB- ) In recognized minority languages of Portugal : República Pertuesa is a sovereign state located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe . To the west and south it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east and north by Spain . The Portugal -- Spain border is 1214 km long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union . The republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . The territory of modern Portugal has been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The Pre-Celts , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples . Portugal as a country was born in the aftermath of the Christian Reconquista against the Moors who had invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 711 AD and occupied most of it ever since . Precipitated by the seminal event for its foundation , the Battle of São Mamede , where Portuguese forces led by Afonso Henriques defeated forces led by his mother Theresa of Portugal and her lover Fernão Peres de Trava , which established the nation 's sovereignty against rival neighbor kingdoms . Following São Mamede , the future king styled himself Prince of Portugal . He would be proclaimed King of Portugal in the Battle of Ourique in 1139 and was recognised as such by neighbouring kingdoms in 1143 . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers . During this time , Portuguese explorers pioneered maritime exploration in the Age of Discovery , notably under royal patronage of Prince Henry the Navigator and King João II , with such notable discoveries as Bartolomeu Dias 's reach of the Cape of Good Hope ( 1488 ) , the Vasco da Gama 's sea route to India ( 1497 -- 98 ) and the discovery of Brazil ( 1500 ) . Portugal monopolized the spice trade during this time , and the Portuguese Empire expanded with military campaigns led in Asia . But the destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake , the country 's occupation during the Napoleonic Wars , the independence of Brazil ( 1822 ) , and the Liberal Wars ( 1828 -- 34 ) , all left Portugal crippled from war and diminished in its world power . After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy , the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established , later being superseded by the Estado Novo right-wing authoritarian regime . Democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974 . Shortly after , independence was granted to almost all its overseas territories . The handover of Macau to China in 1999 marked the end of the longest-lived colonial empire . Portugal has left a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today . Portugal is a developed country with a high-income advanced economy and a high living standard . It is the 5th most peaceful country in the world , maintaining a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government . It has the 18th highest Social Progress in the world , putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France , Spain and Italy . A founding member of NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries , it is also a member of numerous other international organizations , including the United Nations , the European Union , the eurozone , and the OECD . Portugal is a pioneer when it comes to drug decriminalization , as the nation decriminalized the possession of all drugs for personal use in 2001 . LGBT rights in Portugal have improved substantially in the past two decades and are now among the best in the world . Moreover , after years of investment and cooperation , Portugal marked a climax on renewable energy worldwide in 2016 , when it was powered for 107 consecutive hours exclusively by wind , sun , and water , which advocates say further shows fossil fuels are indeed replaceable .",
" Siege of Lisbon The Siege of Lisbon , from July 1 to October 25 , 1147 , was the military action that brought the city of Lisbon under definitive Portuguese control and expelled its Moorish overlords . The Siege of Lisbon was one of the few Christian victories of the Second Crusade -- it was `` the only success of the universal operation undertaken by the pilgrim army , '' i.e. , the Second Crusade , according to the near contemporary historian Helmold , though others have questioned whether it was really part of that crusade . It is seen as a pivotal battle of the wider Reconquista . The Fall of Edessa in 1144 led to a call for a new crusade by Pope Eugene III in 1145 and 1146 . In the spring of 1147 , the Pope authorized the crusade in the Iberian peninsula . He also authorized Alfonso VII of León and Castile to equate his campaigns against the Moors with the rest of the Second Crusade . In May 1147 , a contingent of crusaders left from Dartmouth in England . They had intended to sail directly to the Holy Land , but weather forced the ships to stop on the Portuguese coast , at the northern city of Porto on June 16 , 1147 . There they were convinced to meet with King Afonso I of Portugal . The crusaders agreed to help the King attack Lisbon , with a solemn agreement that offered to the crusaders the pillage of the city 's goods and the ransom money for expected prisoners . The siege began on July 1 . After four months , the Moorish rulers agreed to surrender on October 24 , primarily because of hunger within the city . Most of the crusaders settled in the newly captured city , but some of the crusaders set sail and continued to the Holy Land . Lisbon eventually became the capital city of the Kingdom of Portugal , in 1255 ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Brigitte Macron is only a preschool teacher.
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" Brigitte Macron Brigitte Marie-Claude Macron ( -LSB- bri.ʒit ma.ʁi klodə ma.kʁɔ -RSB- ; née Trogneux , -LSB- tʁɔ.ɲø -RSB- , previously Auzière , -LSB- o.zjɛːʁ -RSB- ; born 13 April 1953 ) is a high-school teacher and the wife of Emmanuel Macron , the President of the French Republic . , Brigitte Macron teaches literature at the élite lycée Saint-Louis de Gonzague in Paris ."
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" Secondary school A secondary school is both an organization that delivers education and the building where this takes place . A secondary school can deliver level two junior secondary education , level 3 ( upper ) secondary education phases of the ISCED scale or both . Level 2 junior secondary education is considered to be the second and final phase of basic education . Secondary schools typically follow on from primary schools and lead into vocational and tertiary education . Attendance is compulsory in most countries for students between the ages 13 and 16 . The organisations , buildings and terminology remain unique to each country .",
" Teacher A teacher ( also called a school teacher or , in some contexts , an educator ) is a person who helps others to acquire knowledge , competences or values . Informally the role of teacher may be taken on by anyone ( e.g. when showing a colleague how to perform a specific task ) . In some countries , teaching young people of school age may be carried out in an informal setting , such as within the family , ( homeschooling ) rather than in a formal setting such as a school or college . Some other professions may involve a significant amount of teaching ( e.g. youth worker , pastor ) . In most countries , formal teaching is usually carried out by paid professional teachers . This article focuses on those who are employed , as their main role , to teach others in a formal education context , such as at a school or other place of initial formal education or training ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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Muammar Gaddafi transformed a country into a socialist state.
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" Muammar Gaddafi Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi ( -LSB- ˈmoʊ.əmɑr _ ɡəˈdɑːfi -RSB- ; 20 October 2011 ) , commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi , was a Libyan revolutionary , politician , and political theorist . He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the `` Brotherly Leader '' of the Great Socialist People 's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011 . He was initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism , but he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory . Gaddafi was born near Sirte to an impoverished Bedouin family . He became an Arab nationalist while at school in Sabha , later enrolling in the Royal Military Academy , Benghazi . Within the military he founded a revolutionary cell which , in a 1969 coup , deposed the Western-backed Senussi monarchy of Idris . Having taken power , Gaddafi converted Libya into a republic governed by his Revolutionary Command Council . Ruling by decree , he ejected both Italian colonists and Western military bases from Libya while strengthening ties to Arab nationalist governments -- particularly Gamal Abdel Nasser 's Egypt -- and unsuccessfully advocating Pan-Arab political union . An Islamic modernist , he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and promoted `` Islamic socialism '' . The oil industry was nationalised , with the increasing state revenues used to bolster the military , fund foreign revolutionaries , and implement social programs emphasising house-building , healthcare , and education projects . In 1973 , he initiated a `` Popular Revolution '' with the formation of General People 's Committees , purported to be a system of direct democracy , but retained personal control over major decisions . He outlined his Third International Theory that year , publishing these ideas in The Green Book . In 1977 , Gaddafi transformed Libya into a new socialist state called the Jamahiriya ( `` state of the masses '' ) . Officially he adopted a symbolic role in governance but remained head of both the military and the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing dissent . During the 1970s and 1980s , Libya 's unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad , support for foreign militants , and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing left it increasingly isolated on the international stage . A particularly hostile relationship developed with the United States , United Kingdom , and Israel , resulting in the 1986 U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions . From 1999 , Gaddafi rejected Arab socialism and encouraged economic privatisation , rapprochement with Western nations , and Pan-Africanism ; he was Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 -- 10 . Amid the 2011 Arab Spring , protests against widespread corruption and unemployment broke out in eastern Libya . The situation descended into civil war , in which NATO intervened militarily on the side of the anti-Gaddafist National Transitional Council ( NTC ) . The government was overthrown and Gaddafi , who had retreated to Sirte , was captured and killed by NTC militants . A highly divisive figure , Gaddafi dominated Libya 's politics for four decades and was the subject of a pervasive cult of personality . He was decorated with various awards and lauded for his anti-imperialist stance , his support for Arab and then African unity , and for significant improvements that his government brought to the Libyan people 's quality of life . Conversely , domestically his social and economic reforms were strongly opposed by Islamic fundamentalists and he was internationally condemned as a dictator whose authoritarian administration violated the human rights of Libyan citizens and financed global terrorism ."
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" Libyan Arab Jamahiriya The Great Socialist People 's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya was a state that was declared by Muammar Gaddafi . On 2 March 1977 , the GPC , at Gaddafi 's behest , adopted the `` Declaration of the Establishment of the People 's Authority '' In the official political philosophy of Gaddafi 's state , the `` Jamahiriya '' system was unique to the country , although it was presented as the materialization of the Third International Theory , proposed by Gaddafi to be applied to the entire Third World . Gaddafi was designated the `` Leader '' of the Libyan state and was accorded the honorifics `` Guide of the First of September Great Revolution of the Socialist People 's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya '' or `` Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution '' in government statements and the official press . The Libyan government stated that the Libyan Jamahiriya was a direct democracy without any political parties , governed by its populace through local popular councils and communes ( named Basic People 's Congresses ) . Official rhetoric disdains the tribal bonds remaining primary , even within the ranks of the military of Libya .",
" Fascism Fascism -LSB- ˈfæʃɪzəm -RSB- is a form of radical authoritarian nationalism , characterized by dictatorial power , forcible suppression of opposition , and control of industry and commerce , that came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe . The first fascist movements emerged in Italy during World War I , before it spread to other European countries . Opposed to liberalism , Marxism , and anarchism , fascism is usually placed on the far-right within the traditional left -- right spectrum . Fascists saw World War I as a revolution that brought massive changes to the nature of war , society , the state , and technology . The advent of total war and the total mass mobilization of society had broken down the distinction between civilians and combatants . A `` military citizenship '' arose in which all citizens were involved with the military in some manner during the war . The war had resulted in the rise of a powerful state capable of mobilizing millions of people to serve on the front lines and providing economic production and logistics to support them , as well as having unprecedented authority to intervene in the lives of citizens . Fascists believe that liberal democracy is obsolete , and they regard the complete mobilization of society under a totalitarian one-party state as necessary to prepare a nation for armed conflict and to respond effectively to economic difficulties . Such a state is led by a strong leader -- such as a dictator and a martial government composed of the members of the governing fascist party -- to forge national unity and maintain a stable and orderly society . Fascism rejects assertions that violence is automatically negative in nature and views political violence , war , and imperialism as means that can achieve national rejuvenation . Fascists advocate a mixed economy , with the principal goal of achieving autarky through protectionist and interventionist economic policies . Since the end of World War II in 1945 , few parties have openly described themselves as fascist , and the term is instead now usually used pejoratively by political opponents . The descriptions neo-fascist or post-fascist are sometimes applied more formally to describe parties of the far right with ideologies similar to , or rooted in , 20th century fascist movements ."
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Bangalore was controlled by an Indian power for five decades.
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" Bangalore Bangalore -LSB- bæŋɡəˈlɔːr -RSB- , officially known as Bengaluru ( -LSB- ˈbeŋɡəɭuːɾu -RSB- ) , is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka . It has a population of about and a metropolitan population of about , making it the third most populous city and fifth most populous urban agglomeration in India . It is located in southern India on the Deccan Plateau . Its elevation is over 3000 ft above sea level , the highest of India 's major cities . A succession of South Indian dynasties , the Western Gangas , the Cholas and the Hoysalas , ruled the present region of Bangalore until in 1537 CE , Kempé Gowdā -- a feudal ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire -- established a mud fort considered to be the foundation of modern Bangalore . In 1638 , the Marāthās conquered and ruled Bangalore for almost 50 years , after which the Mughals captured and sold the city to the Mysore Kingdom of the Wadiyar dynasty . It was captured by the British after victory in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War ( 1799 ) , who returned administrative control of the city to the Maharaja of Mysore . The old city developed in the dominions of the Maharaja of Mysore and was made capital of the Princely State of Mysore , which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj . In 1809 , the British shifted their cantonment to Bangalore , outside the old city , and a town grew up around it , which was governed as part of British India . Following India 's independence in 1947 , Bangalore became the capital of Mysore State , and remained capital when the new Indian state of Karnataka was formed in 1956 . The two urban settlements of Bangalore -- city and cantonment -- which had developed as independent entities merged into a single urban centre in 1949 . The existing Kannada name , Bengalūru , was declared the official name of the city in 2006 . Bangalore is sometimes referred to as the `` Silicon Valley of India '' ( or `` IT capital of India '' ) because of its role as the nation 's leading information technology ( IT ) exporter . Indian technological organisations ISRO , Infosys , Wipro and HAL are headquartered in the city . A demographically diverse city , Bangalore is the second fastest-growing major metropolis in India . It is home to many educational and research institutions in India , such as Indian Institute of Science ( IISc ) , Indian Institute of Management ( Bangalore ) ( IIMB ) , National Institute of Fashion Technology , Bangalore , National Institute of Design , Bangalore ( NID R&D Campus ) , National Law School of India University ( NLSIU ) and National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences ( NIMHANS ) . Numerous state-owned aerospace and defence organisations , such as Bharat Electronics , Hindustan Aeronautics and National Aerospace Laboratories are located in the city . The city also houses the Kannada film industry .",
" Maratha Empire The Maratha Empire or the Maratha Confederacy was an Indian power that existed from 1674 to 1818 and ruled over much of the Indian sub-continent . The Marathas are credited to a large extent for ending the Mughal rule in India . The Marathas are a Hindu warrior group from the western Deccan Plateau ( present day Maharashtra ) that rose to prominence by establishing a Hindavi Swarajya . The Marathas became prominent in the seventeenth century under the leadership of Shivaji who revolted against the Adil Shahi dynasty and the Mughal Empire and carved out a kingdom with Raigad as his capital . Known for their mobility , the Marathas were able to consolidate their territory during the Mughal -- Maratha Wars and later controlled a large part of India . Chhattrapati Shahu , grandson of Shivaji , was released by Mughals after the death of Emperor Aurangzeb . Following a brief struggle with his aunt Tarabai , Shahu became ruler and appointed Balaji Vishwanath and later , his descendants , as the peshwas or prime ministers of the empire . Balaji and his descendants played a key role in expansion of Maratha rule . The empire at its peak stretched from Tamil Nadu in the south to Peshawar ( modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Pakistan ) in the north , and Bengal and Andaman Islands in the east . In 1761 , the Maratha Army lost the Third Battle of Panipat to Ahmad Shah Abdali of the Afghan Durrani Empire which halted their imperial expansion into Afghanistan . Ten years after Panipat , the young Peshwa Madhavrao I 's Maratha Resurrection reinstated Maratha authority over North India . In a bid to effectively manage the large empire , Madhavrao I gave semi-autonomy to the strongest of the knights , which created a confederacy of Maratha states . They became known as the Gaekwads of Baroda , the Holkars of Indore and Malwa , the Scindias of Gwalior and Ujjain , the Bhonsales of the Nagpur and the Puars of Dhar and Dewas . In 1775 , the East India Company intervened in a Peshwa family succession struggle in Pune , which became the First Anglo-Maratha War , resulting in the Maratha victory . The Marathas remained the preeminent power in India until their defeat in the Second and Third Anglo-Maratha Wars ( 1805-1818 CE ) which left the East India Company in control of most of India . A large portion of the Maratha empire was coastline , which had been secured by the potent Maratha Navy under commanders such as Kanhoji Angre . He was very successful at keeping foreign naval ships , particularly of the Portuguese and British , at bay . Securing the coastal areas and building land-based fortifications were crucial aspects of the Maratha 's defensive strategy and regional military history ."
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" West Bengal West Bengal ( -LSB- wɛst_bEN ` gawl -RSB- ) is an Indian state , located in Eastern India on the Bay of Bengal . It is India 's fourth-most populous state , with over 91 million inhabitants ( as of 2011 ) . It has an area of 34267 sqmi . A part of the ethno-linguistic Bengal region , it borders Bangladesh in the east , and Nepal and Bhutan in the north ; it borders five Indian states , Odisha , Jharkhand , Bihar , Sikkim and Assam . The state capital is Kolkata ( Calcutta ) , the seventh-largest city in India . The geography of West Bengal includes the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region in its extreme north , the Ganges delta , the Rarh region and the coastal Sundarbans . The main ethnic group are the Bengalis , with Bengali Hindus forming the demographic majority . Ancient Bengal was the site of several major janapadas . In the 2nd century BC , the region was conquered by the emperor Ashoka . In the 4th century AD , it was absorbed into the Gupta Empire . From the 13th century onward , the region was ruled by several sultans , powerful Hindu states and Baro-Bhuyan landlords , until the beginning of British rule in the 18th century . The British East India Company cemented their hold on the region following the Battle of Plassey in 1757 , and Calcutta served for many years as the capital of British India . The early and prolonged exposure to British administration resulted in expansion of Western education , culminating in development in science , institutional education , and social reforms of the region , including what became known as the Bengal Renaissance . A hotbed of the Indian independence movement through the early 20th century , Bengal was divided during India 's independence in 1947 along religious lines into two separate entities : West Bengal -- a state of India -- and East Bengal -- a part of the newly created Pakistan -- later becoming Bangladesh in 1971 . Between 1977 and 2011 , the state was administered by the world 's longest elected Communist government . A major agricultural producer , West Bengal is the sixth-largest contributing state to India 's net domestic product . The state capital Kolkata is known as the `` cultural capital of India '' . The state 's cultural heritage , besides varied folk traditions , ranges from notable authors in literature including Nobel-laureate Rabindranath Tagore to scores of musicians , film-makers and artists . West Bengal is also distinct from most other Indian states in its appreciation and practice of playing association football besides cricket , the national favourite sport .",
" Five-Year Plans of India From 1947 to 2017 , the Indian economy was premised on the concept of planning . This was carried through the Five-Year Plans , developed , executed , and monitored by the Policy Commission ( 1951 - 2014 ) and the NITI Aayog ( 2014 - 2017 ) . With the Prime Minister as the ex-officio Chairman , the commission has a nominated Deputy Chairman , who holds the rank of a Cabinet Minister . Montek Singh Ahluwalia is the last Deputy Chairman of the Commission ( resigned on 26 May 2014 ) . The Eleventh Plan completed its term in March 2012 and the Twelfth Plan is currently underway . Prior to the Fourth Plan , the allocation of state resources was based on schematic patterns rather than a transparent and objective mechanism , which led to the adoption of the Gadgil formula in 1969 . Revised versions of the formula have been used since then to determine the allocation of central assistance for state plans . The new government led by Narendra Modi , elected in 2014 , has announced the dissolution of the Planning Commission , and its replacement by a think tank called the NITI Aayog ( an acronym for National Institution for Transforming India ) ."
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Beauty Shop features an American.
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" Queen Latifah Dana Elaine Owens ( born March 18 , 1970 ) , known professionally by her stage name Queen Latifah , is an American rapper , songwriter , singer , actress , model , television producer , record producer , and talk show host . Born in Newark , New Jersey , she signed with Tommy Boy Records in 1989 and released her debut album All Hail the Queen the same year , featuring the hit single `` Ladies First '' . Her second album , Nature of a Sista ( 1991 ) , was her final album with Tommy Boy Records . Latifah starred as Khadijah James on the FOX sitcom Living Single , from 1993 to 1998 . Her third album Black Reign ( 1993 ) , spawned the single `` U.N.I.T.Y. '' , which won a Grammy Award and was successful on the Billboard Hot 100 . She then starred in the lead role of Set It Off ( 1996 ) and released her fourth album , Order in the Court , in 1998 , with Motown Records . Latifah gained mainstream success and acclaim with her performance in the film Chicago ( 2002 ) , receiving an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress . Latifah released her fifth album The Dana Owens Album in 2004 , and has since appeared in a number of films , such as Bringing Down the House ( 2003 ) , Taxi ( 2004 ) , Barbershop 2 : Back in Business ( 2005 ) , Beauty Shop ( 2005 ) , Last Holiday ( 2006 ) , Hairspray ( 2007 ) and Joyful Noise ( 2012 ) . In 2007 and 2009 , she released two more studio albums -- Trav ` lin ' Light and Persona . She created the daytime talk show The Queen Latifah Show , which ran from late 2013 to early 2015 on CBS . Latifah received critical acclaim for her portrayal of blues singer Bessie Smith in the HBO film Bessie ( 2015 ) , which she co-produced , winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie . She has long been considered one of hip-hop 's pioneer feminists . Queen Latifah received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2006 . Latifah 's work in music , film and television has earned her a Grammy Award , an Emmy Award , a Golden Globe award , three Screen Actors Guild Awards , two NAACP Image Awards , an Academy Award nomination and sales of over two million records .",
" Alicia Silverstone Alicia Silverstone ( -LSB- æˈliːsiə_ˈsɪlvəstoʊn -RSB- born October 4 , 1976 ) is an American actress , producer , author , and activist . She made her film debut in The Crush ( 1993 ) , earning the 1994 MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance , and gained further prominence as a teen idol when she appeared at the age of 16 in the music video for Aerosmith 's `` Cryin ' '' . She starred in the comedy hit Clueless ( 1995 ) , which earned her a multimillion-dollar deal with Columbia Pictures , and in the big-budget film Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) , playing Batgirl . She has continued to act in film and television and on stage . For her role in the short-lived drama comedy Miss Match ( 2003 ) , Silverstone received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy . A vegan , Silverstone has endorsed PETA activities and has published two nutrition books ."
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" Cameron Diaz Cameron Michelle Diaz ( born August 30 , 1972 ) is an American actress , producer , and former fashion model . She rose to stardom with roles in The Mask ( 1994 ) , My Best Friend 's Wedding ( 1997 ) and There 's Something About Mary ( 1998 ) , and is also known for voicing the character of Princess Fiona in the Shrek series ( 2001 -- 10 ) . Other high-profile credits include Charlie 's Angels ( 2000 ) and its sequel Charlie 's Angels : Full Throttle ( 2003 ) , The Sweetest Thing ( 2002 ) , In Her Shoes ( 2005 ) , The Holiday ( 2006 ) , What Happens In Vegas ( 2008 ) , My Sister 's Keeper ( 2009 ) , Knight and Day ( 2010 ) , The Green Hornet ( 2011 ) , Bad Teacher ( 2011 ) , What to Expect When You 're Expecting ( 2012 ) , The Counselor ( 2013 ) , The Other Woman , Sex Tape , and Annie ( all 2014 ) . Diaz received four Golden Globe Award nominations for her performances in Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) , Vanilla Sky ( 2001 ) , Gangs of New York ( 2002 ) and There 's Something About Mary ( 1998 ) , for the latter of which she also won the New York Film Critics Best Lead Actress Award . In 2013 , Diaz was named the highest-paid actress over 40 in Hollywood . As of 2015 , the U.S. domestic box office grosses of Diaz 's films total over US$ 3 billion , with worldwide grosses surpassing $ 7 billion , making her the third highest-grossing U.S. domestic box office actress ( after Scarlett Johansson and Emma Watson ) .",
" Samantha Bee Samantha Bee ( born October 25 , 1969 ) is a Canadian-American comedian , writer , producer , political commentator , actress , media critic , and television host . Bee holds both Canadian and United States citizenship after being naturalized as an American citizen . Bee is best known for being a correspondent on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , where she became the longest-serving regular correspondent . In 2015 , she departed the show after 12 years to start her own show , Full Frontal with Samantha Bee . In 2017 , Time named Bee one of the 100 most influential people in the world on their annual Time 100 list ."
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Stephanie Daley earned Tamblyn a nomination for best supporting female.
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" Stephanie Daley Stephanie Daley -- retitled What She Knew for US television -- is a 2006 film starring Amber Tamblyn , Melissa Leo , Tilda Swinton and Timothy Hutton . The film , which received a limited release in North America on April 20 , 2007 , focuses on the issue of teenage pregnancy . Stephanie Daley was developed at the Sundance Writers ' and Filmmakers ' Lab , and premiered at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival , where it won the Waldo Salt Screenwriting Award . The film also earned Tamblyn a nomination for best supporting female at the 2006 Independent Spirit Awards and the Leopard prize for best actress at the 2006 Locarno film festival ."
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" Marg Helgenberger Mary Marg Helgenberger ( born November 16 , 1958 ) is an American actress . She began her career in the early 1980s and first came to attention for playing the role of Siobhan Ryan on the daytime soap opera Ryan 's Hope from 1982 to 1986 . She is best known for her roles as Catherine Willows in the CBS police procedural drama CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( 2000 -- 12 , 2013 ) and the subsequent TV movie Immortality ( 2015 ) and as K.C. Koloski in the ABC drama China Beach ( 1988 -- 91 ) , which earned her the 1990 Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . She is also known for roles in the TV series Under the Dome and Intelligence , and the films Species ( 1995 ) , Species II ( 1998 ) , Erin Brockovich ( 2000 ) , and Mr. Brooks ( 2007 ) .",
" Debbi Morgan Deborah Ann `` Debbi '' Morgan ( born September 20 , 1956 ) is an American film and television actress . She played the role of Angie Baxter -- Hubbard on the ABC soap opera All My Children for which she was the first African-American to win the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 1989 . She is also known for her roles as the Seer in the fourth and fifth seasons of Charmed . In film , she received critical acclaim for her performance as Mozelle Batiste-Delacroix in Eve 's Bayou ( 1997 ) ."
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Whiskey Tango Foxtrot is a comedy film.
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" Whiskey Tango Foxtrot (film) Whiskey Tango Foxtrot is a 2016 American biographical war comedy-drama film directed by Glenn Ficarra and John Requa , and written by Robert Carlock , based on the memoir The Taliban Shuffle : Strange Days in Afghanistan and Pakistan by Kim Barker . The film stars Tina Fey , Margot Robbie , Martin Freeman , Christopher Abbott , Alfred Molina , and Billy Bob Thornton . It was released on March 4 , 2016 by Paramount Pictures , and was a box office bomb , grossing $ 24 million against its $ 35 million budget ."
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" Tango libre Tango libre is a 2012 comedy film directed by Frédéric Fonteyne . In January 2014 the film received ten nominations at the 4th Magritte Awards . The film centers on complicated personal relations between some prisoners in a French prison , their family members , and prison guards . A constant theme underlying the action is Argentine tango , which is learnt by many characters , both inside and outside the prison .",
" Drinking establishment A drinking establishment is a business whose primary function is the serving of alcoholic beverages for consumption on the premises . Some establishments may also serve food , or have entertainment , but their main purpose is to serve alcoholic beverages . There are different types of drinking establishment ranging from seedy bars or nightclubs , sometimes termed `` dive bars '' , to 5,000 seat beer halls and elegant places of entertainment for the elite . A public house , informally known as a `` pub '' , is an establishment licensed to serve alcoholic drinks for consumption on the premises in countries and regions of British influence . Although the terms are increasingly used to refer to the same thing , there is a difference between pubs , bars , inns , taverns and lounges where alcohol is served commercially . A tavern or pot-house is , loosely , a place of business where people gather to drink alcoholic beverages and , more than likely , also be served food , though not licensed to put up guests . The word derives from the Latin taberna and the Greek ταβέρνα / taverna . A brewpub is a pub or restaurant that brews beer on the premises . A beer hall is a large pub that specializes in beer . An Izakaya is a type of Japanese drinking establishment which also serves food to accompany the drinks . A speakeasy is an establishment that illegally sells alcoholic beverages ."
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Orson Welles produced, co-wrote, directed, and starred in Citizen Kane.
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" Citizen Kane Citizen Kane is a 1941 American mystery drama film by Orson Welles , its producer , co-screenwriter , director and star . The picture was Welles 's first feature film . Nominated for Academy Awards in nine categories , it won an Academy Award for Best Writing ( Original Screenplay ) by Herman J. Mankiewicz and Welles . Considered by many critics , filmmakers , and fans to be the greatest film of all time , Citizen Kane was voted as such in five consecutive British Film Institute Sight & Sound polls of critics , until it was displaced by Vertigo in the 2012 poll . It topped the American Film Institute 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies list in 1998 , as well as its 2007 update . Citizen Kane is particularly praised for its cinematography , music , and narrative structure , which have been considered innovative and precedent-setting . The quasi-biographical film examines the life and legacy of Charles Foster Kane , played by Welles , a character based in part upon the American newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst , Chicago tycoons Samuel Insull and Harold McCormick , and aspects of Welles 's own life . Upon its release , Hearst prohibited mention of the film in any of his newspapers . Kane 's career in the publishing world is born of idealistic social service , but gradually evolves into a ruthless pursuit of power . Narrated principally through flashbacks , the story is told through the research of a newsreel reporter seeking to solve the mystery of the newspaper magnate 's dying word : `` Rosebud . '' After the Broadway successes of Welles 's Mercury Theatre and the controversial 1938 radio broadcast `` The War of the Worlds '' on The Mercury Theatre on the Air , Welles was courted by Hollywood . He signed a contract with RKO Pictures in 1939 . Unusually for an untried director , he was given the freedom to develop his own story , to use his own cast and crew , and to have final cut privilege . Following two abortive attempts to get a project off the ground , he wrote the screenplay for Citizen Kane , collaborating on the effort with Herman Mankiewicz . Principal photography took place in 1940 and the film received its American release in 1941 . While a critical success , Citizen Kane failed to recoup its costs at the box office . The film faded from view after its release but was subsequently returned to the public 's attention when it was praised by such French critics as André Bazin and given an American revival in 1956 . The film was released on Blu-ray on September 13 , 2011 , for a special 70th anniversary edition .",
" Orson Welles George Orson Welles ( -LSB- ˈwɛlz -RSB- May 6 , 1915 -- October 10 , 1985 ) was an American actor , director , writer , and producer who worked in theatre , radio , and film . He is remembered for his innovative work in all three : in theatre , most notably Caesar ( 1937 ) , a Broadway adaptation of William Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar ; in radio , the legendary 1938 broadcast `` The War of the Worlds '' ; and in film , Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) , consistently ranked as one of the all-time greatest films . In his 20s , Welles directed a number of high-profile stage productions for the Federal Theatre Project , including an adaptation of Macbeth with an entirely African American cast , and the political musical The Cradle Will Rock . In 1937 he and John Houseman founded the Mercury Theatre , an independent repertory theatre company that presented a series of productions on Broadway through 1941 . Welles found national and international fame as the director and narrator of a 1938 radio adaptation of H. G. Wells ' novel The War of the Worlds performed for his radio anthology series The Mercury Theatre on the Air . It reportedly caused widespread panic when listeners thought that an invasion by extraterrestrial beings was actually occurring . Although some contemporary sources claim these reports of panic were mostly false and overstated , they rocketed Welles to notoriety . His first film was Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) , which he co-wrote , produced , directed , and starred in as Charles Foster Kane . Welles was an outsider to the studio system and directed only 13 full-length films in his career . He struggled for creative control on his projects early on with the major film studios and later in life with a variety of independent financiers , and his films were either heavily edited or remained unreleased . His distinctive directorial style featured layered and nonlinear narrative forms , uses of lighting such as chiaroscuro , unusual camera angles , sound techniques borrowed from radio , deep focus shots , and long takes . He has been praised as `` the ultimate auteur '' . Welles followed up Citizen Kane with 12 other feature films , the most acclaimed of which include The Magnificent Ambersons ( 1942 ) , Touch of Evil ( 1958 ) , and Chimes at Midnight ( 1966 ) . Other works of his , such as The Lady from Shanghai ( 1947 ) and F for Fake ( 1973 ) , are also well-regarded . In 2002 , Welles was voted the greatest film director of all time in two British Film Institute polls among directors and critics . Known for his baritone voice , Welles was an actor in radio and film , a Shakespearean stage actor , and a magician noted for presenting troop variety shows in the war years ."
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" Buddy Swan Paul `` Buddy '' Swan ( October 24 , 1929 -- March 21 , 1993 ) ( also credited as Buddy Swann ) was an American child actor , best known for playing the title character of the 1941 film Citizen Kane as an eight-year-old boy . He also appeared in the horror film The Ape , the horror comedy Scared Stiff , and the Academy-Award nominated film The Fighting Sullivans , playing one of the Sullivan brothers in their youth . Swan also appeared as a young actor in Broadway plays including Mr. Sycamore ( 1942 ) and The World We Make ( 1942 ) .",
" The Tartars The Tartars/I Tartari is a 1961 Italian/Yugoslavian international co-production film starring Victor Mature and Orson Welles ."
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Burundi has a climate.
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" Burundi Burundi ( -LSB- bəˈrʊndi -RSB- or -LSB- bəˈrʌndi -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Burundi ( Republika y' Uburundi , -LSB- buˈɾundi -RSB- République du Burundi , -LSB- buʁundi -RSB- or -LSB- byʁyndi -RSB- ) , is a landlocked country in the African Great Lakes region of East Africa , bordered by Rwanda to the north , Tanzania to the east and south , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west . It is also considered part of Central Africa . Burundi 's capital is Bujumbura . The southwestern border is adjacent to Lake Tanganyika . The Twa , Hutu and Tutsi peoples have lived in Burundi for at least 500 years . For more than 200 of those years , Burundi was an independent kingdom , until the beginning of the 20th century , when Germany colonised the region . After the First World War and Germany 's defeat , it ceded the territory to Belgium . Both Germans and Belgians ruled Burundi and Rwanda as a European colony known as Ruanda-Urundi . Despite common misconceptions , Burundi and Rwanda had never been under common rule until the time of European colonisation . Burundi gained independence in 1962 and initially had a monarchy , but a series of assassinations , coups and a general climate of regional instability culminated in the establishment of a republic and one-party state in 1966 . Bouts of ethnic cleansing and ultimately two civil wars and genocides during the 1970s and again in the 1990s left the country undeveloped and its population as one of the world 's poorest . 2015 witnessed large-scale political strife as President Pierre Nkurunziza opted to run for a third term in office , a coup attempt failed and the country 's parliamentary and presidential elections were broadly criticised by members of the international community . Burundi 's political system is that of a presidential representative democratic republic based upon a multi-party state . The President of Burundi is the head of state and head of government . There are currently 21 registered parties in Burundi . On 13 March 1992 , Tutsi coup leader Pierre Buyoya established a constitution , which provided for a multi-party political process and reflected multi-party competition . Six years later , on 6 June 1998 , the constitution was changed , broadening National Assembly 's seats and making provisions for two vice-presidents . Because of the Arusha Accord , Burundi enacted a transitional government in 2000 . In October 2016 , Burundi informed the UN of its intention to withdraw from the International Criminal Court . Burundi remains an overwhelmingly rural society , with just 13 % of the population living in urban areas in 2013 . The population density of around 315 people per square kilometre ( 753 per sq mi ) is the second highest in Sub-Saharan Africa . Roughly 85 % of the population are of Hutu ethnic origin , 15 % are Tutsi , and fewer than 1 % are indigenous Twa ( or Pygmies ) . The official languages of Burundi are French and Kirundi , although Swahili can be found spoken along the Tanzanian border . One of the smallest countries in Africa , Burundi has an equatorial climate . Burundi is a part of the Albertine Rift , the western extension of the East African Rift . The country lies on a rolling plateau in the centre of Africa . The highest peak , Mount Heha at 8810 ft , lies to the southeast of the capital , Bujumbura . The source of the River Nile is in Bururi province , and is linked from Lake Victoria to its headwaters via the Ruvyironza River Another major lake is Lake Tanganyika , located in much of Burundi 's southwestern corner . There are two national parks , Kibira National Park to the northwest ( a small region of rain forest , adjacent to Nyungwe Forest National Park in Rwanda ) , Ruvubu National Park to the northeast ( along the Rurubu River , also known as Ruvubu or Ruvuvu ) . Both were established in 1982 to conserve wildlife populations . Burundi 's lands are mostly agricultural or pasture . Settlement by rural populations has led to deforestation , soil erosion and habitat loss . Deforestation of the entire country is almost completely due to overpopulation , with a mere 230 mi2 remaining and an ongoing loss of about 9 % per annum . In addition to poverty , Burundians often have to deal with corruption , weak infrastructure , poor access to health and education services , and hunger . Burundi is densely populated and has had substantial emigration as young people seek opportunities elsewhere . The World Happiness Report 2017 ranked Burundi as the world 's second least happy nation with a rank of 154 ."
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" Kenya Kenya ( -LSB- ˈkɛnjə -RSB- -LSB- ˈkɛɲa -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Kenya , is a country in Africa and a founding member of the East African Community ( EAC ) . Its capital and largest city is Nairobi . Kenya 's territory lies on the equator and overlies the East African Rift covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from Lake Victoria to Lake Turkana ( formerly called Lake Rudolf ) and further south-east to the Indian Ocean . It is bordered by Tanzania to the south and southwest , Uganda to the west , South Sudan to the north-west , Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east . Kenya covers 581309 km2 , and had a population of approximately 48 million people in January 2017 . Kenya has a warm and humid tropical climate on its Indian Ocean coastline . The climate is cooler in the savannah grasslands around the capital city , Nairobi , and especially closer to Mount Kenya , which has snow permanently on its peaks . Further inland are highlands in Central and Rift Valley regions where tea and coffee are grown as cash crops which are major foreign revenue earners . In the West are Nyanza and Western regions , there is an equatorial , hot and dry climate which becomes humid around Lake Victoria , the largest tropical fresh-water lake in the world . This gives way to temperate and forested hilly areas in the neighbouring western region . The north-eastern regions along the border with Somalia and Ethiopia are arid and semi-arid areas with near-desert landscapes . Kenya is known for its world class athletes in track and field and rugby . Thanks to its diverse climate and geography , expansive wildlife reserves and national parks such as the East and West Tsavo National Park , Amboseli National Park , Maasai Mara , Lake Nakuru National Park , Aberdares National Park and white sand beaches at the Coastal region , Kenya is home to the modern safari and has several world heritage sites such as Lamu and numerous beaches , including in Diani , Bamburi and Kilifi , where international yachting competitions are held every year . The African Great Lakes region , which Kenya is a part of , has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Paleolithic period . By the first millennium AD , the Bantu expansion had reached the area from West-Central Africa . The borders of the modern state consequently comprise the crossroads of the Niger-Congo , Nilo-Saharan and Afroasiatic areas of the continent , representing most major ethnolinguistic groups found in Africa . Bantu and Nilotic populations together constitute around 97 % of the nation 's residents . European and Arab presence in coastal Mombasa dates to the Early Modern period ; European exploration of the interior began in the 19th century . The British Empire established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895 , which starting in 1920 gave way to the Kenya Colony . Kenya obtained independence in December 1963 . Following a referendum in August 2010 and adoption of a new constitution , Kenya is now divided into 47 semi-autonomous counties , governed by elected governors . The capital , Nairobi , is a regional commercial hub . The economy of Kenya is the largest by GDP in East and Central Africa . Agriculture is a major employer ; the country traditionally exports tea and coffee and has more recently begun to export fresh flowers to Europe . The service industry is also a major economic driver . Additionally , Kenya is a member of the East African Community trading bloc .",
" Uganda Uganda ( -LSB- juːˈɡændə -RSB- or -LSB- juːˈɡɑːndə -RSB- ) , officially the Republic of Uganda , is a landlocked country in East Africa . It is bordered to the east by Kenya , to the north by South Sudan , to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo , to the south-west by Rwanda , and to the south by Tanzania . The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria , shared with Kenya and Tanzania . Uganda is in the African Great Lakes region . Uganda also lies within the Nile basin , and has a varied but generally a modified equatorial climate . Uganda takes its name from the Buganda kingdom , which encompasses a large portion of the south of the country , including the capital Kampala . The people of Uganda were hunter-gatherers until 1,700 to 2,300 years ago , when Bantu-speaking populations migrated to the southern parts of the country . Beginning in 1894 , the area was ruled as a protectorate by the British , who established administrative law across the territory . Uganda gained independence from Britain on 9 October 1962 . The period since then has been marked by intermittent conflicts , including a lengthy civil war against the Lord 's Resistance Army in the Northern Region , which has caused hundreds of thousands of casualties . The official languages are English and Swahili , although `` any other language may be used as a medium of instruction in schools or other educational institutions or for legislative , administrative or judicial purposes as may be prescribed by law . '' Luganda , a central language , is widely spoken across the country , and several other languages are also spoken including Runyoro , Runyankole , Rukiga , and Luo . The president of Uganda is Yoweri Museveni , who came to power in January 1986 after a protracted six-year guerrilla war ."
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The Void was first shown at the 2016 Fantastic Fest.
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" The Void (2016 film) The Void is a 2016 Canadian horror film written and directed by Steven Kostanski and Jeremy Gillespie , and produced by Jonathan Bronfman and Casey Walker . It stars Aaron Poole as deputy Daniel Carter , Kenneth Welsh as Dr. Powell , Daniel Fathers as Vincent , Kathleen Munroe as Allison , and Ellen Wong as Kim . The plot follows a group of people who have been trapped in a hospital by a gathering of hooded cultists . The group soon discovers that the hospital has been inhabited by grotesque creatures . The film was originally crowdfunded on Indiegogo and had raised $ 82,510 . The film was originally shown at the 2016 Fantastic Fest and later at the Toronto After Dark Film Festival . It was given a limited theatrical release in April 2017 , initially opening in 31 theaters and later expanding to 50 . It grossed an estimated $ 55,000 on its opening weekend . The film received generally positive reviews from critics with many citing comparisons to horror films from the 1980s , but audience reception was less enthusiastic ."
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" Edinburgh Festival Fringe The Edinburgh Festival Fringe ( often referred to as simply The Fringe ) is the world 's largest arts festival , which in 2016 , spanned 25 days and featured 50,266 performances of 3,269 shows in 294 venues . Established in 1947 as an alternative to the Edinburgh International Festival , it takes place annually in Edinburgh , Scotland 's capital , in the month of August . It is an open access ( or `` unjuried '' ) performing arts festival , meaning there is no selection committee , and anyone may participate , with any type of performance . The official Fringe Programme categorises shows into sections for theatre , comedy , dance , physical theatre , circus , cabaret , children 's shows , musicals , opera , music , spoken word , exhibitions and events . Comedy is the largest section and the one that in modern times has the highest public profile , due in part to the Edinburgh Comedy Awards , which have launched the careers of many household names of British comedy . The Fringe has often showcased experimental , challenging or controversial works that might not be invited to a more conservative arts festival . The Festival is supported by the Festival Fringe Society , which publishes the programme , sells tickets to all events from a central physical box office and website , and offers year-round advice and support to performers . The Society 's permanent location is at the Fringe Shop on the Royal Mile , and in August they also manage Fringe Central , a separate collection of spaces in Appleton Tower and other University of Edinburgh buildings , dedicated to providing support for Fringe participants during their time at the festival . The Fringe board of directors is drawn from members of the Festival Fringe Society , who are often Fringe participants themselves -- performers or administrators . Elections are held once a year , in August , and Board members serve a term of four years . The Board appoints the Fringe Chief Executive ( formerly known as the Fringe Administrator or Director ) , who is currently Shona McCarthy and assumed the role in March 2016 . The Chief Executive operates under the chair , currently Professor Sir Timothy O'Shea .",
" Void (astronomy) Cosmic voids are vast spaces between filaments ( the largest-scale structures in the Universe ) , which contain very few or no galaxies . Voids typically have a diameter of 10 to 100 megaparsecs ; particularly large voids , defined by the absence of rich superclusters , are sometimes called supervoids . They have less than one-tenth of the average density of matter abundance that is considered typical for the observable Universe . They were first discovered in 1978 in a pioneering study by Stephen Gregory and Laird A. Thompson at the Kitt Peak National Observatory . Voids are believed to have been formed by baryon acoustic oscillations in the Big Bang , collapses of mass followed by implosions of the compressed baryonic matter . Starting from initially small anisotropies from quantum fluctuations in the early Universe , the anisotropies grew larger in scale over time . Regions of higher density collapsed more rapidly under gravity , eventually resulting in the large-scale , foam-like structure or `` cosmic web '' of voids and galaxy filaments seen today . Voids located in high-density environments are smaller than voids situated in low-density spaces of the universe . Voids appear to correlate with the observed temperature of the cosmic microwave background ( CMB ) because of the Sachs -- Wolfe effect . Colder regions correlate with voids and hotter regions correlate with filaments because of gravitational redshifting . As the Sachs -- Wolfe effect is only significant if the Universe is dominated by radiation or dark energy , the existence of voids is significant in providing physical evidence for dark energy ."
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Natalie Wood's birthday is July 20.
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" Natalie Wood Natalie Wood ( born Natalia Nikolaevna Zakharenko ; July 20 , 1938 -- November 28 or 29 , 1981 ) was an American film and television actress . She was known for her screen roles in Miracle on 34th Street , Splendor in the Grass , Rebel Without a Cause , The Searchers , and West Side Story . She first worked in films as a child , then became a successful Hollywood star as a young adult , receiving three Academy Award nominations before she was 25 years old . Wood began acting in movies at the age of four and , at age eight , was given a co-starring role with Maureen O'Hara in the classic Christmas film Miracle on 34th Street . As a teenager , her performance in Rebel Without a Cause ( 1955 ) earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . She starred in the musical films West Side Story ( 1961 ) and Gypsy ( 1962 ) , and received Academy Award for Best Actress nominations for her performances in Splendor in the Grass ( 1961 ) and Love with the Proper Stranger ( 1963 ) . Her career continued with films such as Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice ( 1969 ) . After this , she took a break from acting and had two children with different husbands , appearing in only three theatrical films during the 1970s . She was married to actor Robert Wagner twice , and to producer Richard Gregson . She had one daughter with Gregson , actress Natasha Gregson Wagner . Wood gave birth to Courtney Wagner during her second marriage to Wagner . Her younger sister Lana Wood is also an actress . Wood starred in several television productions , including a remake of the film From Here to Eternity ( 1979 ) for which she won a Golden Globe Award . During her career , her films represented a `` coming of age '' for both her and Hollywood films in general ."
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" Lana Wood Lana Wood ( born Svetlana Gurdin ; March 31 , 1946 ) is an American actress and producer . She is best known for her role as Plenty O'Toole in the 1971 James Bond film , Diamonds Are Forever . Her elder sister was film star Natalie Wood .",
" Miracle on 34th Street Miracle on 34th Street ( initially released in the United Kingdom as The Big Heart ) is a 1947 Christmas comedy-drama film written and directed by George Seaton and based on a story by Valentine Davies . It stars Maureen O'Hara , John Payne , Natalie Wood and Edmund Gwenn . The story takes place between Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day in New York City , and focuses on the impact of a department store Santa Claus who claims to be the real Santa . The film has become a perennial Christmas favorite . The film won Academy Awards for Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( Edmund Gwenn ) , Best Writing , Original Story ( Valentine Davies ) and Best Writing , Screenplay . It was also nominated for Best Picture , losing to Gentleman 's Agreement . In 2005 , the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' . The Academy Film Archive preserved Miracle on 34th Street in 2009 . Davies also penned a short novelization of the tale , which was published by Harcourt Brace simultaneously with the film 's release ."
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The Wolf of Wall Street premiered in New York City on December 17, 2013.
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" The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film) The Wolf of Wall Street is a 2013 American biographical black comedy crime film directed by Martin Scorsese . The screenplay by Terence Winter is adapted from the memoir of the same name by Jordan Belfort and recounts Belfort 's perspective on his career as a stockbroker in New York City and how his firm Stratton Oakmont engaged in rampant corruption and fraud on Wall Street that ultimately led to his downfall . Leonardo DiCaprio ( who also co-produced the film ) stars as Belfort , with Jonah Hill as his business partner and friend Donnie Azoff , Margot Robbie as his second wife Naomi Lapaglia and Kyle Chandler as Patrick Denham , the FBI agent who tries to bring him down . Matthew McConaughey , Rob Reiner , Jon Favreau , Joanna Lumley and Jean Dujardin are also featured . The film marks the director 's fifth collaboration with DiCaprio , after Gangs of New York ( 2002 ) , The Aviator ( 2004 ) , The Departed ( 2006 ) and Shutter Island ( 2010 ) , as well as his second collaboration with Winter after the television series Boardwalk Empire ( 2010 -- 14 ) . The Wolf of Wall Street premiered in New York City on December 17 , 2013 and was released theatrically on December 25 , 2013 in the United States , distributed by Paramount Pictures . The film was the first to be released entirely through digital distribution . It was a major commercial success , grossing more than $ 392 million worldwide during its original theatrical run to become Scorsese 's highest-grossing movie and the 17th-highest-grossing film of 2013 . The film was controversial for its morally ambiguous depiction of events , explicit sexual content , profanity , depiction of hard drug use and the use of animals during production . The film also caused controversy due to revelations that it was financed by illegally obtained funds from 1Malaysia Development Berhad ( 1MDB ) . The film received mostly positive reviews from critics , with praise for Scorsese 's direction , the comedic performance of DiCaprio and the fast-paced and consistent humor . The film was nominated for several awards including five nominations at the 86th Academy Awards ceremony : Best Picture , Best Director for Scorsese , Best Writing ( Adapted Screenplay ) for Winter and Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor nominations for DiCaprio and Hill , respectively . The film did not win in any category , although DiCaprio did win Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy at the 71st Golden Globe Awards , where the film was also nominated for Best Picture -- Musical or Comedy . It was also recognized by numerous other awards ceremonies , as well as guilds and critics ' associations . The word `` fuck '' and its numerous conjugations are said between 506 and 569 times , making this the film with the most uses of the word in a mainstream , non-documentary film ."
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" Jon Bernthal Jonathan Edward `` Jon '' Bernthal ( born September 20 , 1976 ) is an American actor best known for his television role as Shane Walsh on the AMC series The Walking Dead and film roles in The Wolf of Wall Street ( 2013 ) , Fury ( 2014 ) , Sicario ( 2015 ) , and The Accountant ( 2016 ) . He portrayed Joe Teague in Mob City and Frank Castle ( a.k.a. . The Punisher ) in the Netflix series Daredevil , and is set to reprise the latter role in the Netflix series The Punisher .",
" New York (magazine) New York is a bi-weekly magazine concerned with life , culture , politics , and style generally , and with a particular emphasis on New York City . Founded by Milton Glaser and Clay Felker in 1968 as a competitor to The New Yorker , it was brasher and less polite , and established itself as a cradle of New Journalism . Over time , it became more national in scope , publishing many noteworthy articles on American culture by writers such as Tom Wolfe , Jimmy Breslin , Nora Ephron , John Heilemann , Frank Rich , and Rebecca Traister . In its current incarnation under editor-in-chief Adam Moss , `` The nation 's best and most-imitated city magazine is often not about the city -- at least not in the overcrowded , traffic-clogged , five-boroughs sense '' , wrote then Washington Post media critic Howard Kurtz , as the magazine has increasingly published political and cultural stories of national significance . Since its redesign and relaunch in 2004 , the magazine has won more National Magazine Awards than any other publication , which includes the 2013 award for Magazine of the Year . It was one of the first dual-audience `` lifestyle magazines '' , and its format and style have been emulated by some other American regional city publications . In 2009 , its paid and verified circulation was 408,622 , with 95.8 % of that coming from subscriptions . Its websites -- NYmag.com , Vulture.com , The Cut , and Grub Street -- receive visits from more than 14 million users per month ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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The Capital District of New York includes Albany, New York.
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" Albany, New York Albany ( -LSB- ˈɔːlbəni -RSB- ) is the capital of the U.S. state of New York and the seat of Albany County . Roughly 150 mi north of New York City , Albany developed on the west bank of the Hudson River , about 10 mi south of its confluence with the Mohawk River . The population of the City of Albany was 97,856 according to the 2010 census . Albany constitutes the economic and cultural core of the Capital District of New York State , which comprises the Albany-Schenectady-Troy , NY Metropolitan Statistical Area , including the nearby cities and suburbs of Troy , Schenectady , and Saratoga Springs . With a 2013 Census-estimated population of 1.1 million the Capital District is the third-most populous metropolitan region in the state and 38th in the United States . Fortune 500 companies with offices in Albany include American Express , J.P. Morgan and Chase , Merrill Lynch , General Electric , Verizon , Goldman Sachs , International Paper , and Key Bank . In the 21st century , the Capital District has emerged as a major anchor of Tech Valley , the moniker describing the technologically-focused region of eastern New York State . This was the first European settlement in the state . It was settled by Dutch colonists who in 1614 , built Fort Nassau for fur trading and Fort Orange in 1624 . They formed successful relations with both the Mahican and the Mohawk peoples , two major Native American nations in the region . The fur trade attracted settlers who founded a village called Beverwijck near Fort Orange . In 1664 the English took over the Dutch settlements , renaming the city as Albany , in honor of the then Duke of Albany , the future James II of England and James VII of Scotland . The city was officially chartered in 1686 under English rule . It became the capital of New York State in 1797 , following the United States gaining independence in the American Revolutionary War . Albany is one of the oldest surviving settlements of the original British thirteen colonies , and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States . Its charter is possibly the longest-running instrument of municipal government in the Western Hemisphere . During the late 18th century and throughout most of the 19th , Albany was a center of trade and transportation . It is on the north end of the navigable Hudson River , was the original eastern terminus of the Erie Canal connecting to the Great Lakes , and was home to some of the earliest railroad systems in the world . Albany 's main exports at the time were beer , lumber , published works , and ironworks . Beginning in 1810 , Albany was one of the ten most populous cities in the United States , a distinction it held until the 1860 census . Albany is one of the first cities in the world to have installed public water mains , sewer lines , natural gas lines and electricity , infrastructure and utilities that attracted and supported substantial new industry to the city and surrounding area during the 19th century . In the 20th century , the city opened one of the first commercial airports in the world , the precursor of today 's Albany International Airport . During the 1920s a powerful political machine controlled by the Democratic Party arose in the state capital , connected to politics in New York City as well . It marshalled the power of immigrants and their descendants in both cities . The city 's skyline changed in the 1960s and 1970s with the construction of office towers around the Empire State Plaza and at the uptown campus of SUNY Albany , mainly under the direction of Governor Nelson Rockefeller . While Albany experienced a decline in its population due to urban sprawl and suburbanization , many of its historic neighborhoods were saved from destruction through the policies of Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd , the longest-serving mayor of any city in the United States . In the early 21st century , Albany has experienced growth in the high-technology industry , with great strides in the nanotechnology sector . Albany has been a center of higher education for over a century , with much of the remainder of its economy dependent on state government and health care services . The city has rebounded from the urban decline of the 1970s and 1980s , with noticeable development taking place in the city 's downtown and midtown neighborhoods . Albany is known for its rich history , commerce , culture , architecture , and institutions of higher education . Albany won the All-America City Award in both 1991 and 2009 ."
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" Hudson Valley The Hudson Valley comprises the valley of the Hudson River and its adjacent communities in the U.S. state of New York , from the cities of Albany and Troy southward to Yonkers in Westchester County . Depending upon the definition delineating its boundaries , the Hudson Valley encompasses a growing metropolis which is home to between 3 and 3.5 million residents centered along the north-south axis of the Hudson River .",
" New York Court of Appeals The New York Court of Appeals is the highest court in the U.S. state of New York . The Court of Appeals consists of seven judges : the Chief Judge and six associate judges who are appointed by the Governor to 14-year terms . The Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals also heads administration of the state 's court system , and thus is also known as the Chief Judge of the State of New York . The 1842 Neoclassical courthouse is located in New York 's capital , Albany ."
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Given a claim, retrieve documents that support or refute the claim
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